AN ANALSING OF URDU TRANSLATION OF GRIMM’S

FAIRY TALES
BY
IQRA ANWAR

REGISTRATION # 15001217010

BS ENGLISH (Applied Translation Studies)

Centre for Languages and Translation Studies

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT
Session 2015-2019
IqraAnwarEnglish(TranslationStudies)
2015-19

TRANSLATING CHILDREN LITERATURE: AN ANALSIS

OF URDU TRANSLATION OF GRIMM’S FAIRY TALES

A Thesis Submitted in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the

Award of Degree of

BS
In
English (Translation Studies)

BY
IQRA ANWAR

REGISTRATION # 15001217010

Centre for Languages and Translation Studies

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT
Session 2015-2019
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
No one can say that I am good everyone should admit that without the blessing of ALLAH
His people can’t acquire everything so I bow my head before Almighty Allah with gratitude.
First and foremost, praises and thanks to the ALLAH, the Almighty, for His showers of
blessings throughout my research work to complete the research successfully.
I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Mam Faria
Shaheen Assistant at University of Gujrat, Hafiz hayat campus for giving me the opportunity
to do research and providing invaluable guidance throughout this research. His dynamism,
vision, sincerity and motivation have deeply inspired me. He has taught me the methodology
to carry out the research and to present the research works as clearly as possible. It was a great
privilege and honor to work and study under his guidance. I am extremely grateful for what he
has offered me.
I thankfully acknowledge to Mam Faria Shaheen (Lecturer Department of Center for
Languages and Translation Studies, University of Gujrat, hafiz hayat campus) for inspiring
attitude, continuous encouragement during the whole session.
I am extremely grateful to my parents for their love, prayers, caring and sacrifices for
educating and preparing me for my future. I am very much thankful to my siblings, friends
Ayesha Irshad, Iqra Tariq, Beenish Asghar and Komal Mobeen for understanding and
continuing the support to complete this research work.

(Iqra Anwar)

i
 DEDICATION
I am dedicating this thesis to my beloved parents for all their affection and leadership, which
develop me in a shape that I make it up to this point. Also I am dedicating my work to my
‘Teachers” who filled me with courage and awareness to follow the best possible way, by
their distinctive style and by excellent teaching. Without their insight, knowledge and
direction, I would not have the objective to strive and be the best to achieve my dreams.

(Iqra Anwar)

ii
 DECLARATION
I, Iqra Anwar D/O Muhammad Anwar Javed Roll No. 15011517-010, student of BS English
(Applied Translation Studies), Department of CeLTS (Centre for Languages and Translation
Studies), University of Gujrat, hereby solemnly declared that the data quoted in this thesis
title “Translating Children Literature: An Analysis of Urdu Translation of Grimm’s Fairy
Tales” is based on my original work, and has not been submitted or published elsewhere. I
also solemnly declare that the entire thesis is free of deliberation plagiarism and I shall not use
this thesis for obtaining my other degrees from this or any other university or institution.

I also understand that if evidence of plagiarism is provided in my thesis at any stage, even
after the award of the degree, the degree shall be cancelled by University authority.

(Iqra Anwar)

I certify that Iqra Anwar D/O Muhammad Anwar Javed, Roll No. 15011517-010, student of
BS English (Applied Translation Studies), Department of CeLTS (Centre for Languages and
Translation Studies), University of Gujrat, worked under my supervision and above stated
declaration is true to the best of my knowledge.

_________________________________
Mam. Faria Shaheen (Research Supervisor)
Lecturer, Centre for Languages and Translation Studies,
University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.
Email: faria.shaheen@uog.edu.pk
Dated:3rd July 2019

iii
 THESIS COMPLETION CERTIFICATE
It is certified that this thesis titled “Translating Children Literature: An Analysis of Urdu
Translation of Grimm’s Fairy Tales” submitted by Iqra Anwar Roll # 15011517-010 BS English
(Translation Studies), Centre for Languages and Translation Studies, University of Gujrat,
Pakistan is evaluated and acceptance for the award of degree “BS” in English (Translation
Studies) by the following members of Thesis Viva Voce Examination Committee.

The evaluation report is available in the Directorate of Advance Studies and Research Board
of the University.

_________________________________________
Name Sir Abu Bakar
Lecturer of English Literature
University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.
Email: Muhammad.abubakar@uog.edu.pk
Dated: 3rd July 2019

_________________________________________
Mam. Faria (Research Supervisor)
Lecturer, Centre for Languages and Translation Studies,
University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.
Email: faria.shaheen@uog.edu.pk
Dated: 3rd July 2019

_________________________________________
Dr. Ghulam Ali
Head, Centre for Languages and Translation Studies,
University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
Email: g.ali@uog.edu.pk

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE
LIST OF APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………… VI
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………............ vii
CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………….. 01
1.1 Background of the Study ………………………………………………………... 05
1.2 The Purpose of the Study………………………………………………………… 06
1.3 Research Questions ……………………………………………………………… 06
1.4 Aims and Objectives ….…………………………………………………………. 06
1.5 Limitations……………………………………………………………………… 06
1.6 Chapters Summary………………………………………………………………. 06
CHAPTER-2: LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………… 08
2.1 Children Literature ……………………………………………………………… 08
2.2 Translation of Children Literature ………………………………………………. 12
2.3 Research Works in Children Literature……………………………..…………… 16
2.4 Methods and Strategies in Translation.……………………………………......... 22
CHAPTER-3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………… 26
3.1 Data Collection ………………………………………………………………….. 26
3.2 Framework ………………………………………………………………………. 27
3.3 Data Analytical …………………………………………………………… …….. 29
CHAPTER-4: DATA DISCUSSION……………………………………………………. 31
4.1 Translation Methods …………………………………………………………….. 32
4.2 Translation Strategy …………………………………………………………....... 50
CHAPTER-5: FINDINGS ………………………………………………………………. 66
CHAPTER-6: CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………… 68
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………… 76
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………. 77

v
 ABSTRACT
Literature is a reflection of life which is stretched to children literature also. Children
Literature is one of most contentious genre of writing. As children literature is for children for
all ages which is conveyed through short stories, fairy tales etc. Children enjoys the literature
through reading books as it built their vocabulary and make them fluent in speaking language.
The existing study focus to inspect the translation of children literature includes English Fairy
Tales which are Grimm fairy tales by Brother Grimm’s by using various methods and
strategies of translation. The short stories are translated from English language into Urdu
language by the researcher for the transfer of message to the target language readers
especially children of all ages It is suggested that the translations are done by using the
methods, strategies and procedures of translation given by Peter Newmark. 25% of data is
extracted and then methods, strategies and procedures are applied on it. The frequently used
methods and strategies are calculated with the help of the frequencies of the methods and
strategies the research questions are answered then the limitations of this study is shown. The
findings of this research indicate that communicative translation and free are used frequently
by the translator. Communicative translation method is used 32% on the translations of these
stories by the translator. The free translation is used 43% on the translation of Grimm Fairy
tales. Whereas the strategy paraphrase is frequently used on the translation which is 47%. The
results are shown by drawing pie charts. Recommendations are given by the translator that
further research can be done on the data by using various theories and frameworks of many
translation scholars. The translator can also applied any framework of the theorists like that of
Mona Baker, J.C Cart ford, Geoffrey Chancer and etc.

vi
 CHAPTER-01
INTRODUCTION
Literature is a reflection of life which is stretched to children literature also. Children’s Literature
is known as one of the most contentious genre of writing, not simply because of its content but
also because of its origin and purpose. It is the door through which a child is presented to the real
world. It has direct effect on child mind and thinking abilities. Children literature is for children of
all ages from a small child to an adolescence. Children have right to use to all methods of
literature it is important for the accomplishment of children. Through reading of Children
literature the children’s advanced emotional and cognitive abilities. Children literature has great
effect on children’s mind. Children’s literature great value because it builds personality and
community development. Children are vulnerable during the developmental ages, and children’s
literature can aid them progress in becoming thoughtful, intellectual, and responsive people.
Children’s literature is very appreciated in together the school locale and at home. Educators and
blood relative’s plays and important role to distinguish amongst excellence and regular literature,
in command to stretch student’s admission to the top books to inspire these significant standards
of literature and seeing developing areas. As children literature is for children for all ages which is
conveyed through short stories, fairy tales etc. Children enjoys the literature through reading
books as it built their vocabulary and makes them fluent in speaking language. There are various
definitions of children literature. As children’s literature can be a good quality especially written
for the children from birth to youth which comprises those themes children have so much attention
in. Providing children rights to all diversities of literature is indeed significant for their success.
Teachers, blood relation, and public followers must support pupils produce an interest and desire
for reading. Not merely is understanding literature significant in emerging mental services to be
capable to display in a institute or effort act, but it is valued for other reasons as well. While there
are uncountable standards in illuminating children to literature. This reinforces the intellectually
evolving sphere as it encourages profounder beliefs about literature. Excellence in literature fixes
not only to tell the student all they wants to see; it tolerates for some alteration in view. Separate
student may take rather totally unrelated missing from the portion of literature than the subsequent
reader, shaped on the two discrete views and competences. Scholars can study to judge and inspect
literature, as well as assess and see about the matter. Children’s Literature Translation come under
the type of Translation Studies and it is merely newly that it has continued deliberate. For a long
time, this area did not obtain credit from theorists, publishers, and academic institutions, which is
astonishing meanwhile children’s literature has been extensively transformed. Translating children
literature can be

(Page 1 of 77)
understood as it contains no different from decoding mature literature nevertheless many
valued professors of children literature and its translation approve that translating children
literature is different. Translating children’s literature comprises plentiful difficulties that
translating adult literature does not have. Obviously, translating children literature is
overstated by the translator’s contracts and principles as is translation of adult literature but
there are frequent sorts that have to be employed into assumed in translating children’s
literature that are not as applicable when translating for adults. Before translating children
literature the translator has to strength amongst numerous dissimilar predictions. The
translator must take into discussion the original author of the manuscript, he consumes to be
able to recall the original writer’s style in other linguistic; he also has to gross into variety the
child student and his infrequently very incomplete info of the world. The interpreter also take
into courtesy what is suitable by the adults of the target text and nation. Cultural influence
which enables itself in the translation of Children Literature and comprehends an approach
not understandable in inscription for Children Literature. This approach achieves as an effect
of the interaction. Children Literature that is vital in the foundation culture develops uncertain
after existence in translated into the target culture. Accordingly, when the source culture is
now developed and the target culture is leisurely slighter, the vigorous of translated Children
Literature takes a simpler portable. Translation, consequently, grants children to cultural
arrays they have never been visible to before while conserving the target culture from
undesired thoughts and standards. It is significant in two key features: the human feature
related to the interface which goes outside its target culture to spread further cultures. The
social aspect is related to the interest of a new approaching culture that improves the native
one. Translated literature is considered equally a vital fragment of the cultural, literary and
historical outline of the target language. It is typically in an outlying place, and, thus, adheres
to recognized standards and conventionalized replicas in the target language.
After it rises to the translation of Children Literature, several of the current limitations stand like
to persons in its text but with a fewer large viewpoint occupied into version and much additional
problematic essentials playing key parts in the decision production method. So translation is a
procedure of reworking the original writing translator immediately enhance discrete suggestion as
a reader who forces on the translated writing the understanding competences. Translator is added
probable to develop noticeable in the translation of children's literature and make variations now
the text taking into deliberation the culturally-determined welfares and skills of children at a sure
phase of growth. Later, in translating children literature more consideration would be compensated
to the target receivers who have slight awareness about the culture of the original text, and to what
is appropriate, or not, for them. Decisive what turns children, or not, be contingent mostly
happening on the translator's consciousness of the

(Page 2 of 77)
source and target language. And how much weirdness the target readers can receive or
unfluctuating transaction with. Translation, thus, presents children to cultural arrays they have
never been visible to before while conserving the target culture from undesired thoughts and
standards. It is significant in two key features: the human feature related to the interface which
goes outside its target culture to spread further cultures. The social aspect is related to the interest
of a new approaching culture that improves the native one. Translated of literature is mostly
considered as an important and vivacious part of both ST a TT national, legendary and old
summary in the way of the target language. It is archetypally popular a faraway domicile, besides,
consequently, obeys to documented ideals and copies fashionable the TT. Translation,
accordingly, gifts youngsters to traditional selections they consume never remained noticeable to
before though protecting the TT after favorite feelings and canons. It is weighty in double
significant structures: the hominoid article associated towards the border which energies external
to banquet added nations. The common piece is associated near the curiosity of new-fangled
forthcoming ethos that expands the instinctive lone. Rendered of nonfiction is frequently well-
thought-out as per a topmost and lively fragment of in cooperation ST a TT coast-to-coast,
imaginary and deep-rooted immediate now the mode of the TT. It is classically hip an outlying
residence, besides, accordingly, observes to standard principles and predictable facsimiles in the
TT culture. Mdallel (2003) opinions available that translation is the way a 'cross-cultural ST and
TT communication' besides that the way we inscribe for children rules toward a countless
gradation the technique they read aimed at them. For him, translation remains not lone a 'transfer
process of the language parts' but be too a cultural assignment. Consequently, assuming particular
in self-justifying countrywide entireties while in translation of children matures dynamic expressly
if in the ST and TT are in far-off distinct and in fit to different double disparate folk organizations.
According to Lathey (2006) translation of children literature is equally unalike in from
deciphering for grown creature in the two landscapes the common rank of families and their
extension and in the fecund of the way their literature is which in shot pronounce whatever written
in the books. She powerfully trusts that the "unsatisfactory relationship" amongst the adult as we
consider that a writer and the child as an important bookworm fixes oversee the method of
writings well as the way of children literature translation temporarily grownups knack the child's
in their performance. For her, the conveyance of children's literature procedure one language and
culture into another reproduces different prospects and explanations of childhood. Translated
children's literature is usually ignored because of its outlying location inside the "literary
polysystem" which permits translators a countless contract of liberty to operate the unique texts by
varying, increasing, editing, erasing or tallying to them in demand to follow to the target cultural
method. Noticeably, for children to assistance from the translated literature, the texts should

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communicate properly and hereafter be intratextually clear and readable, if children are thought to
enjoy the literature. Readability has been .beforehand seen as the simplicity of linguistic choices.
Translation of children literature is 'reading'. Both the translator as well as the reader teen-ager are
reflected as readers who have their own clarification of, correspondingly, ST/ the future child
reader and TT. O’Sullivan (2006a) also argues that, owing to the adaptation of translation to a
child interview, a narrator voice, diverse from that in the STs, can be distinguished in the TTs.
Desmidt (2006) opinions available that the likely properties of ordering “pedagogical norms” (i.e.
variations in satisfied, erection and grace) may clash with fictional standards and faithfulness to
the STs. O’Connell (2006) approves that CL has conventionally been seen as “someway second
part and useful somewhat than is of the tall superiority and inventive” and that children’s writers
have little professional deference and have inclined to be poorly waged. The interesting nature of
visual elements in CLT arises from their important part in children’s books and occasionally from
their culture-specific content. CLT scholarship deliberates the purposes of visual basics and how
these change in translation, as well as the influences which effect these changes. Though most
research emphases on the illustrations of children’s books, a numeral of revisions also inspect
other visual features, such as design, set-up, and outline and concealment design. Intertextuality,
consequently, seems to be challenging in CLT since children and adults may have dissimilar and
communal parts of Intertextual information, and because it may be additionally complex by
“intervisuality”, due to the meaning of visual basics in CL. Grimm Brother’s sections are
recognized for eras, since of this, these stories are many people’s picture of their infantile, and
they are permit finished spears. Even though these stories signify so much culture and folklore,
one must take a different point of view and really see what note these pieces are generous to the
forthcoming peers. Unhappily, numerous of these posts might seem meaningless nonetheless in
realism, they are damaging in the long-run. These stories impart people that stepmothers are
menacing, that attractiveness was important to achievement and that males and females have
secure parts in civilization. This must not remain the circumstance since stepmothers are not by
way wicked as they are represented, intellect should increase overhead decent appearances and
female’s container be as solid and equivalent as males, not the characteristic damsel in suffering.
These short stories of Grimm fairy tales are translated into Urdu language by the translator.
Translated data is collected on excel, sentences are counted and 25% of the data is extracted by the
translator. Providing children contact toward complete diversities of works is indeed significant
for their achievement. Teachers, blood relation then public members must support pupils grow
passion of reading and writing through building academic skills they have major issue in building
cognition process of the children. Although here remain uncountable morals in skimpy children to
literature. This fortifies the intellectual evolving sphere as it encourages profounder

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alleged approximately in fiction. Superiority of literature organizes not communicate the
student all they wants to distinguish from aimed at certain change in opinion. Discrete student
can income somewhat totally divergent part from the individual point of view towards the
audiences and the literature loving students. Shaped on the bases of binary viewpoints besides
competences. Children literature propose a road aimed to pupils to absorb approximately their
personal social mores and the opinions of supplementary persons. Children’s literature
benefits pupils develop emotive aptitude. Stories stimuli the students to encourage sensitive
and proper enlargement. ChL covers countless instants of disaster when includes fonts brand
good choices and strategy the details aimed at their choices which are a significant ability for
broods to tell and understand demonstrated. Children literature is some sort of value as helps
it indorses charm and community advance. Children remain actual defenseless throughout the
developing eons then children literature container aid them grow hooked on kind, smart then
responsive societies.
1.1 Background of the Study
This study focus on translating children literature and its stories analysis using methods and
strategies of translation. As many problems involves while translating the English text to Urdu
problems like specific cultural terms, technical problems and linguistics problems. To overcome
these problems translator should comprehends the knowledge of the both ST and the
TT. Relevant research studies shows that there are many researches done in this field. The study is
distinguished from the previous researches as it contains the translation methods and strategies
applied on the short translated stories of Grimm Fairy tales. Many researches are done in this field
but this study is different in this sense that it uses methods, strategies and procedures of translation
on the translated text. Many researchers in this field are very helpful in building a relationship
between a child and the narrator of the story. The methodology used here is finding frequently
used methods and strategies which is applied on the translated Grimm fairy tales. Many of
Grimm's creepiest tales are best right for 13 years to adult, such as The Girl without Hands and
The Juniper-Tree. The Brothers Grimm are maybe the well-known tellers in the domain. Many
ages have delivered meanwhile the period Jackob and Wilhelm Grimm
free their "Children's and household tales". The first Bulk of Grimm’s' fairy stories is out in 1812
then the next - in 1814. The first publication besides is actual unsure, together in entrance and
volume nearby remained solitary 83 fairy stories, associated to the 200 today. This edition is
published in 2001. Most of the short stories from this book Grimm fairy tales are moral stories like
the short story “The Juniper Tree” is a distressing explanation of a young boy killed by
stepmother. Obviously, stepmothers are repeatedly wicked in these sections. Meaningful that the
lad will receive all upon his ancestor’s demise the stepmother beheads the old boy when he
spreads addicted to a box for an apple. Not deficient anybody to distinguish what occur while

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the stepmother plans a strategy to type her daughter trust she did it, and then, the stepmother
prepares the unfortunate boy and foods him to his father! The young girl then inters the bones
beneath the juniper tree where the little boy’s mother was also submerged. The boy tries into a
bird and croons his story to numerous people, who give him a gold chain, red shoes, and a
burden. The fowl stretches the father the chain, the little girl the shoes, and the stepmother
well, the bird drops the millstone on her head. Though categorized as “Fairy Tales,” the
stories composed here are not essentially of a calm nature and influence not be an appropriate
for all children. Many of Grimm's stories are a fanciful appropriate for young children who
are prepared to hold a bit additional adventure, flawless for kids excited, somewhat than
scared, when the bad hardened wolf with evil strategies comes baring claws and teeth! Many
of Grimm's creepiest tales are best right for 13 years to adult. According to Klingberg and
Mary Orvig’s work in their volume of Children ‘literature especially Fiction in way the
Needles evaluated that translator should favor those strategies which preserve the source
culture and the reader can know about the source of stories, from where they come. As
cultural influence is concerned it serves as the bridge between the meaning and that of
children’s opinion. A cultural feature which creates translation of Children Literature realizes
an important angle which is not obvious in writing for Children Literature. Children Literature
that is central in the ST culture develops doubtful after translated into the TT culture.
Consequently, when the ST is now higher and the TT is measured lesser, the rank of this
translated Children Literature takes a severer folding is anxious in the translations.
1.2 The Purpose of the Study
This study is to translate the children literature into Urdu language so it can be effortlessly
available for the target text readers whose language is Urdu. Basically, the main and the foremost
purpose of the study is increased the Urdu vocabulary of the children, made them enable to use
proper Urdu in the society, making them more interested in Urdu language and its use. Providing
them with Urdu translated fairy tales for building a path for scholars to acquire approximately
their private cultural inheritance and the cultures of other societies. Children have right to use to
all forms of literature it is significant for the success of children. Through reading of Children
literature the children’s developed emotional and cognitive abilities. Stories especially fairy tales
can have emotional and moral effect on children’s. Children’s literature provides many lessons
especially the moral lessons and it contains moment of crisis when some character uses moral
standards for the betterment of the people. Children’s literature provides contributions to the
growth of a more compassionate human being.

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 1.3 Research Questions

This study main focus can be formulated into in these two questions which is the basis of
this thesis.

1. What are the translation methods, strategies and procedures used in translating Grimm
Fairy tales into Urdu?
2. What are various translation methods, procedures and strategies used in translation of
Grimm Fairy tales?
1.4 Aims and Objectives
The study targets at the succeeding objectives which are:
1. To highlights the translation methods used in translating Grimm’s Fairy tales.
2. To highlight translation strategies and procedures used in Translating Grimm’s Fairy
tales.
1.5 Limitations of the Study
This research is limited toward the variables associated with research questions which were
the methods, strategies and procedures of translation and strategies the translator used on the
translated data in the research. This translation is limited for the children of age 4 years to a
young adult. It contain only children literature fairy tales as fairy tales is the genre of children
literature. It covers only one genre of children literature no other genres. The translation
includes specific vocabulary only for children it does not contain slangs words any other
words which are not suitable for children.
1.6 Overview of the chapters
Chapter two consists of the relevant literature studies having all the definitions of children
literature by various authors according to their own concepts, its history which includes the time of
its origin to the most advancement in the modern era, genres which includes fairy tales, fantasy,
fiction and many others. Literature for children literature values and its importance and the
researches done in this field by various theorists and the method and strategies explored by various
theorist while working on children literature and how they used these on the data.
Chapter number three consists of methodology used in the research. It also contains data
discussion that where the data is taken and how it is collected and extracted from the whole
data, the framework which is the methods, strategies and procedures of translation of Peter
Newmark and various other framework of the theorists who conducted research in translation,
methods and procedure. Then the data is analyzed by using these methods, strategies and
procedures.
Chapter number four contains data discussions in which the data is analyzed by using
methods, strategies and procedures of translation by using examples from the translated
Grimm fairy tales than the frequencies is calculated from the data and pie chart of the
frequencies and method plus strategies are formed. At the last the translator explains the
frequently used method and strategies in the translated Grimm fairy tales.

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Chapter five contains the discussion of the findings drawn from this study by the researcher. At the
end the translator explains the frequently used method and strategies in the translated Grimm fairy
tales.
Chapter six contains of the conclusion of the research and the recommendations given by the
translator.

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 CHAPTER-02
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review is divided into four sections, first section includes definitions of children
literature by numerous authors and second section includes translation of children literature
and the third section includes the study works of various theorists in this field. The last
section includes the related research works related to translation methods, strategies and
procedures.
2.1 Children Literature
As children literature is for kids for all ages which is conveyed through short stories, fairy
tales etc. Children enjoys the literature through reading books as it built their vocabulary and
makes them fluent in speaking language. There are various definitions of children literature.
As children literature contain a good feature especially written for the kids from birth to
puberty which includes those themes whom children have so much interest.
As Lynch Brown and Carol Tomlinson defines children literature as “Children’s literature is
good quality trade books for children from natal to puberty covering topics of relevance and
interests to children of those ages, through prose and poetry, fiction and nonfiction” (Brown
& Tomlinson, 1999). As it is hard to define children literature another author Peter Hunt says
that “it is a term used to define both the academic discipline and set of texts” (Hunt, 1999).
Another author Helen Huus of children literature gives the definition of children literature,
“Literature for children includes such writings prepared especially for them, plus writings
they have appropriated as their own. It includes those literary works children can read for
themselves or can understand at their levels of maturity” (Huus, 1981). Children literature one
of the paramount of literature as Margaret Marshall defines children's literature as "the printed
expression which together grips structures such as: theme stuff, characters and situation, grace
of text and usage of language accessible from a perspective which counterparts the child's
perception" (Marshall, 1988). Another well knew author Diana Hutchroft defines children
literature as “They are stories and poems read to children for themselves, those we read as
teachers and parents those make up for themselves and share with friends (Hutchcroft, 1997).
It is the property of children literature as it have various definitions James Smith defines
children's literature in terms of children as undeveloped adults. He believes that the criteria
relevant to adult literature and the criteria relevant to children's literature differ markedly in
important ways.” (Smith, 1967). Highlighted definition of Sam McDowell is that “children's
literature is separate since adults' literature in relations of its sorts. They preserve that
children's literature is portion of literature as a entire, here are certain strong differences
amongst children's and grown literature” (Mcdowell, 1973). Highlights the difficult subject of
demanding to outline and classify children’s literature Roger Sam says that “Children’s
literature is merely legendary classification that describes an interview somewhat than a
subject or an author” (Sale, 1992).
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One of the definition of children literature given by Perry Nodelman that “Children’s literature is
not fair literature printed for children in concentration, nor is it fair literature that occurs to be
recite by children.” (Nodelman, 1992 ). Children’s literature is well-defined by Michael Steig as
mature usage and what children recite goes to the amount of maxim that all literature is children’s
in a central logic” (Steig, 1993). Children literature can be considered as the simplest form of
literature. Although it is like a literature but children literature is distinguished from adult
literature in its form, values and norms (Lukens & Stephans , 2003) .The definition that children
literature is not just on the level of text it is also close to the other features also including the
public, actors and the publication market. Which is consider as the most important part of the
feature of children literature on the stage of textual studies.(O’Sullivan, 2005).
This accompaniments with another author’s definition “Sarah Trimmer in 1803 as it is
mention that the children’s choice of reading any book must be considered in mind. It should
not consider as a book which contains some slangs and other text that is not suitable for kids
of this age” (Trimmer, 1973).The definition of children’s literature by John Rowe Townsend
apprehensions: “the last book which contains some practical definition and explanation of
children literature which is on the mind of kids.”(Townsend, 1971). Definition of Children’s
literature by Marjorie Hancock as “literature can only be read when the child have interest in
reading the literature. The pictures in the books are quite interesting and build children’s
interest on reading them.” (Hancock, 2000). Whereas another well-known author of children
literature “Charles Temple thought that some children literature books contains moral lessons
for the children which are very important for the reader. It there are many moral lessons in it
then it is not considered as an important book” (al, 1998). Whereas “Robert Bator declares
that Detractors frequently avoid description totally. It is out-of-date to grip any meaning of
children’s literature. Toward escaping explanation might remain toward abscond restraints.
Nonetheless restraint, demarcates. Some literature focused at a superior spectators is an
unavoidably incomplete literature. Literature for children resolve endure mainly a
disapprovingly uncharted and unclear land if its limits are not distinct.” (Bator, 1983).
Authors of children literature maintain the importance of children literature and then trying to
define children literature in their own sense of mind that since children cannot be distinct
simply their literature also is outside designation. ( Glazer & Williams , 1979)
As these definitions are concerned children literature concerns its history dated back to a thousand
years. As the past of children’s literature may remain drafted back from thousands of years.
Nursery rhymes, folktales and lullabies formed the basis of the oldest children's literature of the
world and enjoyed wide support among children since the dawn of human civilization.
Panchatantra is one of the oldest collection of stories for children and best known for its moral
theme. Hertal, a learned American editor, believes that the original work was composed in

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Kashmir of India about 200 B.C Originally, they were in oral form and gradually took the
written shape through different languages and dialects of the world. Centuries ago before
printed books were common, fairy tales and legends were repeated by travelling story-tellers,
who transformed events' and characters as they went along. Even so we find the same basic
stories in the folklore of many countries, for example, Cinderella, sometimes with pumpkin
coach and sometimes, without appear in folktales of Germany, France, England, Greece,
Egypt and Scandinavia. In Asia, especially in China, the appearance of children's literature
was the same, the forms also were in oral. The storyteller stretched its glory during the reign
of Melody House (960-1279 AD). Nowadays, these sections remain still castoff to train the
children in their school. In the 17th century, there was a strong stress upon religious literature
for which chapbooks with tiny paperbacks appeared in colonies. These little books of sixteen,
thirty-two or sixty-four pages were small folded booklets usually sold. By the middle of the
18th century, there was a shift from the knowledge based upon religious approvals to
knowledge aimed through human investigations. However, in the additional partial of the 20th
century, the modern trends in children’s literature have been widely influenced by radio,
television, world events and dynamic trends in education.
Genre of children literature includes Picture Records. Children's records which bring an "optical
knowledge" to a section with photographs. Here can remain or cannot remain writing with the
book. There are amusing records for fresh, non-reading children. The photographs stay the
important and eye catching part of the book that grow publics' consideration, nonetheless the
writing is likewise wanted to widespread the story. In well-written picture books, they work
together in a unified fashion. Traditional Literature remain the sequences permitted downcast
since group to group, altering gradually finished period are named traditional literature. Now
numerous habits what brands them thus charming so to give a connection amongst the historical
and the upcoming. The stories recalling greatly of the original taste and text have to be variant in
discreet resources to remain open in disparate ages. Traditional literature is an abundant initial fact
to present children to the notion of a story and present those to diverse sorts of stories or types.
That comprises classic which remains a unevenly recite work recognized as unresolved in its arena
outstanding in pattern extended afterward first journals where it is translated, adapted and
delivered in manifold editions and lasts to be the theme of reproach. Epic contains long stories of
human adventure and heroism recounted in many episodes. Some epics are told in verse. Epics are
beached in folklore containing their characters and imagination both anthropological and
marvelous. Fairy tale is the genre of children which is consists of the stories which are imagine by
the children in their developing stage which usually contains magical realisms, imaginative images
and heroic characters giving people some morals and mental building. Some of the fairy tales are
the cultural folktales which contains the specific

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folktales of any culture. Fable a little account in stanza or style that usages physical fonts to
fast or show an ethical message. They are the oldest of fairy takes related to folktales of any
culture. Fantasy practices the text of children literature usually the study of fiction which is an
important part of children literature that contains some supernatural events and the
happenings whish are not real. As the orally told fairy tale which contains some narrative
story containing oral traditions of any culture and superficial elements of the story. Folktale a
small story deep-rooted in the spoken custom of a specific philosophy that might comprise
unlikely or mystical fundamentals. Numerous of the fairy tales are consist of myths, legends
and folktale of any tradition. Fractured fairy tales are outdated fairy tales through a
contemporary rotation or a fiction voiced since a new standpoint. Legend an old-style story of
known event occasionally around the life of a nationwide folk superman which might cover
literature or paranormal basics nonetheless is careful toward consuming certain foundation in
past detail. Mystery contain an over-all unique short story or play around a rare incidence
such as a homicide or vanishing. Poetry is one of the genre contains deliberately shaped in
musical procedure using some imaginative and symbolic use of language in a text. Which
gives some best expression of words used to impress the reader and contains erythematic
phrases and clauses in the text. Sci-Fi is considered as the most tremendously creative
procedure of narrative founded on technical supposition typically depicting lifetime besides
escapade in the upcoming or on additional earths frequently includes interplanetary or period
travel. Short Story is a effort of undersized literature usually two thousand and ten thousand
words length which the writer limits the story to a solitary charm temporary in an incomplete
location typically on the one point of space and time to have unified effect.
Providing children contact toward complete diversities of works is indeed significant for their
achievement. Teachers, blood relation then public members must support pupils grow passion of
reading and writing through building academic skills they have major issue in building cognition
process of the children. Although here remain uncountable morals in skimpy children to literature.
This fortifies the intellectual evolving sphere as it encourages profounder alleged approximately in
fiction. Superiority of literature organizes not communicate the student all they wants to
distinguish from aimed at certain change in opinion. Discrete student can income somewhat totally
divergent part from the individual point of view towards the audiences and the literature loving
students. Shaped on the bases of binary viewpoints besides competences. Students learn to judge
and examine literature, as well as evaluate and imagine about the topic. Children literature propose
a road aimed to pupils to absorb approximately their personal social mores and the opinions of
supplementary persons. Children’s literature benefits pupils develop emotive aptitude. Stories
stimuli the students to encourage sensitive and proper enlargement. ChL covers countless instants
of disaster when includes fonts brand good choices and strategy

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the details aimed at their choices which are a significant ability for broods to tell and
understand demonstrated. Children literature is some sort of value as helps it indorses charm
and community advance. Children remain actual defenseless throughout the developing eons
then children literature container aid them grow hooked on kind, smart then responsive
societies. Children literature is extremely valuable in both the school setting and at home.
Teachers and parents should both be able to differentiate between quality and average
literature, in order to give students access to the best books to inspire these important values
of literature and as developmental areas. Children’s literature helps in appreciating case of
given that a coincidental to retort to works, as considers well towards national evidence,
expressive intellect and inspiration, public and behavior evolution which involves some
literature antiquity to pupils crosswise in the clusters. Illuminating litters to brilliance
everything ampule stretch to the creation of accountable, active, and nice entities.
A fourth significance of literature for children is its involvement near the growth of a more
concerned or human being. In this present world of violence, the concerned individual is often
overlooked.
Children’s literature benefits in growing instance of certain work that is spontaneous near
response towards works, by way of reflecting, glowing near state suggestion, dramatic
intellect and stimulus, free and comportment progress which encompasses selected prose
ancient times to learners sloping in the gatherings. Helpful in litters to braininess the whole
thing vessel to spring to the conception of answerable, full of life, and good beings.
A quarter implication of non-fiction for kids is that one participation close the development of
an additional alarmed or anthropological existence. In this current biosphere of strength, the
worried distinct is repeatedly overlooked.
A fifth value of good literature consists in its cultural store of facts which enhances learning
in other areas such as history, art, and topography. Some pupils can identify with the heroic
impulse through reading mediaeval legends which provoke the mind with acts of powers.
2.2 Translation of Children Literature
The translator firstly does the translation of the source text into target language keeping in view
the TT culture and language. Many difficulties are faced by the translator including technical,
cultural and linguistic problems. The themes are translated in such a way that the beauty of the
expressions of the ST in TT remains. The restrictions like the social, political and economic are to
be kept in mind while translating them. The feminist role of children especially girls that they are
totally girlish or they are tomboys walk, talk and wear clothes like boys. The world of literature
for children is related to the reality and imaginativeness in the text. The translator done the
translation by using methods, strategies and procedures for the fairy tales translation.

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The terms in stories of children literature when doing its translation like gender roles and the use
of grammatical categories of Urdu language so that the problems can be overcome easily. Children
Literature and its translation falls below in category of Translation Studies and it is only lately that
it has remained studied. For a long time, this area did not obtain credit from theorists, publishers,
and academic institutions, which is astonishing meanwhile children’s literature has been
extensively transformed. Translating literature of children canister stand realized as actuality no
unlike since translating grown-up prose but then again several revered doctors of children
literature besides its translation approve that translating literature of children is distinct.
Translating literature of children comprehends frequent hitches that translating adult literature no
contain value. Visibly, translating literature of children is embroidered by the translator’s
arrangements and principles as it contain is translation literature nonetheless here are many
topographies that contains to consider in busy hooked on believed in translating literature for
children that remain not by way of appropriate when translating for grownups. When translating
literature for children the researcher consumes to constancy amongst many dissimilar predictions.
The researcher consumes toward income hooked on discussion the unique novelist of the volume
the unique writer’s chic in other linguistic plus the intake of form the child researcher and his
infrequently actual incomplete material of the biosphere. There searcher too takes the revenue
hooked on care what to measure in TT and ST.
Resembling first researcher then the interpreter of literature for children is powerfully aware
of the part that translating is considers as consistent act among authenticity to the use of
original then the eloquence of the translation. Translation is considers as not lone translation
after one verbal to another added then after single culture one source language to alternative
target language. Translators of translating children literature partake to consider a cognizant
of the situation that teenager bibliophiles cannot be in expectable to have academic common
gen of extra cultures, idioms and natural features as mature students have.
Like principal scientist then the linguist of poetry for kids is forcefully responsive of the portion
that deciphering is deliberates as steady turn between validity to custom original before the
articulateness of translation. Conversion is deliberates by way of not unique paraphrase after one
and only verbal to added supplementary then afterwards lone nation one cause verbal to another
goal verbal. Translators of decoding children literature participate to deliberate an alert of the
condition that youth bibliophiles be in expected to consume abstract public facts of spare
principles, set phrase and normal geographies as matured schoolchildren partake.
After it rises to the translation of Children Literature, numerous of literature present limitations are
similar toward persons in its writing then through it is a fewer larger viewpoint taken hooked on
considerations and much more problematic fundamentals singing key heroes in way to the
judgment construction progression. The factors are lack of data and information of the target

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writing outstanding to be the absence in of reliable literature of children supplies obtainable the
persons turn towards the literature translation for children. So translation is considered as a
procedure of rephrasing on of the unique writing decoder directly enhance the separate suggestion
as be a booklover who militaries on in the interpreted manuscript the interpretation aptitudes.
Consequently impartial in comparable inscription for children literature translation and is oversaw
through the researcher opinions then visions to broods and in the way by the TT and ST.
Translators is consider as the key of this act and should be done to advance the reader’s
understanding of foreign cultures. Translator should favor those strategies which reserves the
source culture and the reader can tell about the foundation of stories, from where they come. The
absence in the info by compliments to statistics nonetheless by way of aimed at sign on the
translators themselves then the setting in the way which there is activities income residence, here
also remains a ration of ambiguity. The translated files do in the way which not existing the radical
and community background of way in the action. Besides, it not so sure that the translator is
indefinite whether it is the children literature translation are writers of Children Literature in their
target language or it is not TT language. It is important since in the way of the researcher and
translator’s mindfulness of translation of the rank and children’s position
TT and ST and most important the purposes besides motives in arrears the way translations show
important and a chief character for the magazine communities and rules in universal after taking
translated children literature. The inevitability for the translation is the most crucial a cultural term
one next it stirs the way cultural discussion and spreads in the translation of the
child’s well environment.
Translation, thus, presents children to cultural arrays they have never been visible to before while
conserving the target culture from undesired thoughts and standards. It is significant in two key
features: the human feature related to the interface which goes outside its target culture to spread
further cultures. The social aspect is related to the interest of a new approaching culture that
improves the native one. Translated of literature is mostly considered as an important and
vivacious part of both ST a TT national, legendary and old summary in the way of the target
language. It is typically in an outlying place, and, thus, adheres to recognized standards and
conventionalized replicas in the target language. Mdallel (2003) opinions available that translation
is the way a 'cross-cultural ST and TT communication' besides that the way we inscribe for
children rules toward a countless gradation the technique they read aimed at them. For him,
translation remains not lone a 'transfer process of the language parts' but be too a cultural
assignment. Consequently, assuming particular in self-justifying countrywide entireties while in
translation of children matures dynamic expressly if in the ST and TT are in far-off distinct and in
fit to different double disparate folk organizations. According to Lathey (2006) translation of
children literature is equally unalike in from

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deciphering for grown creature in the two landscapes the common rank of families and their
extension and in the fecund of the way their literature is which in shot pronounce whatever written
in the books. She powerfully trusts that the "unsatisfactory relationship" amongst the adult as we
consider that a writer and the child as an important bookworm fixes oversee the method of
writings well as the way of children literature translation temporarily grownups knack the child's
in their performance. For her, the conveyance of children's literature procedure one language and
culture into another reproduces different prospects and explanations of childhood. Translated
children's literature is usually ignored because of its outlying location inside the "literary
polysystem" which permits translators a countless contract of liberty to operate the unique texts by
varying, increasing, editing, erasing or tallying to them in demand to follow to the target cultural
method. Noticeably, for children to assistance from the translated literature, the texts should
communicate properly and hereafter be intratextually clear and readable, if children are thought to
enjoy the literature. Readability has been .beforehand seen as the simplicity of linguistic choices.
Translation of children literature is 'reading'. Both the translator as well as the reader teen-ager are
reflected as readers who have their own clarification of, correspondingly, ST/ the future child
reader and TT.
Landers (2001) is added that overall translation to observation on the literature for children
translation and further exactly on the way philosophical thoughts that will be occupied into
version. He contends that translators would contain superior rights in adapting the foreign
language culture and the traditions that TT audiences cannot stand involved now. He trusts that
such matters as enchanted, discrimination, society, sex bias, domestic strife, separation, demise
and restrictions must be not involving be comprised translation of children literature and most
important the translator would be conscious of the failures produced by the such features.
O'Connell (2006) adopts that the literature translation of children underwent difficulties in little
situation just like original children's literature organized, meanwhile the original material is
measured of peripheral concern to journalists notwithstanding the circumstance that in literature
for children and its translation show noteworthy part in the children's teaching, training as well as
performing. For her, these rules of translating for children are moral, conceptual, decent, spiritual,
etc. These standards in the way of regulating what is to be translated, when the medium mostly
used where and they variants regularly. They could differ from one language to another language,
nation to nation and group to the making of generation. O'Sullivan (2006:
98) considers a translator is added probable to develop noticeable in children literature and its
translation and make variations in the way of text taking into deliberation the culturally-
determined welfares and skills of children at a sure phase of growth. Later, in literature
translation for children more consideration would stay compensated to the TT who have slight
awareness about the culture of the original text, and to what is appropriate, or not, for them.

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Decisive what turns children, or not, be contingent mostly on way of the translator's consciousness
of ST and TT and how much weirdness the target readers can receive or unfluctuating transaction
with. Conferring to Shavit (1986) literature translation for children stand permitted to operate the
text easily due to the marginal children literature’s position within the literary system. Children
literature and its translation can filter the text over a process of 'ideological purification' which
includes written exclusion of positive passageways or ideas if they are to do the readers any
destruction or destroy them. CLT scholarship displays that translations for children also aid an
array of meanings, imitate to socio-educational customs and are prejudiced by altering ideologies.
O’Sullivan (2013) claims that CLT is the site of a tightness amongst pedagogical considerations
(the necessity to familiarize the translated text to children’s open abilities) and the straightforward
purpose of translated literature, that of enabling children’s interaction with foreign cultures. This
pressure effects translators’ choices concerning the degree of domestication or foreignisation of
foreign elements in the STs.
O’Sullivan (2006a) also argues that, owing to the adaptation of translation to a child interview, a
narrator voice, diverse from that in the STs, can be distinguished in the TTs. Desmidt (2006)
opinions available that the likely properties of ordering “pedagogical norms” (i.e. variations in
satisfied, erection and grace) may clash with fictional standards and faithfulness to the STs.
O’Connell (2006) approves that CL has conventionally been seen as “someway second part and
useful somewhat than is of the tall superiority and inventive” and that children’s writers have little
professional deference and have inclined to be poorly waged. The interesting nature of visual
elements in CLT arises from their important part in children’s books and occasionally from their
culture-specific content. CLT scholarship deliberates the purposes of visual basics and how these
change in translation, as well as the influences which effect these changes. Though most research
emphases on the illustrations of children’s books, a numeral of revisions also inspect other visual
features, such as design, set-up, and outline and concealment design. Intertextuality, consequently,
seems to be challenging in CLT since children and adults may have dissimilar and communal parts
of Intertextual information, and because it may be additionally complex by “intervisuality”, due to
the meaning of visual basics in CL. Translation methods may be inclined by the implication of
exact allusions in a text and the position decided by translators to a text’s intertextuality.
Translating amongst languages which have grammatical gender for nouns and languages which do
not have it is an encounter which occurs more often in CL, since the public use of incarnate or
personified characters, especially animals According to Klingberg and Mary Orvig’s work in their
volume of Children ‘literature especially Fiction in way the Needles evaluated that translator
should favor those strategies which preserve the source culture and the reader can know about the
source of stories, from where they come. As cultural influence is concerned it serves as the bridge
between the meaning

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and that of children’s opinion. Cultural features which creates translation of Children Literature
realizes an important angle which is not obvious in writing for Children Literature. Children
Literature that is central in the ST culture develops doubtful after translated into the TT culture.
Consequently, when the ST is now higher and the TT is measured lesser, the rank of this translated
Children Literature takes a severer folding is anxious in the translations. The language use by the
researcher in translation of children literature is quite sensitive in its application for the reading of
children. The use of those words which are not in the mind of children causing challenging for the
children in understanding these stories. The researcher style and form plays an important role like
in fiction, fairy tales. Animals are given human like characteristics they talk, walk on two legs, and
eat like human using spoons and other tools.
2.3 Research Works in Children Literature
There are numerous theoretical works conducted in translating children literature few of them
are included in this study. The researcher in his research on Tale popular Orange relating to
children literature uses analytical method on Tale in Orange and its Translation. Various
strategies are used to find the terminology aimed to children which have particular TT AND
ST information through three features includes in equivalence on the tale and functional
equivalence theory. The limitation of this research includes only shows functional
equivalence theory (Zhong, 2017). Whereas in their research on Children's literature the
Bahrainin children used quantitative and qualitative survey on children literature books. The
results which are composed shows severe shortage in the establishment of having decent
literature for children and plenty of literature volumes. The research limited toward variables
which are linked with the research questions including primary schools (Nokhada & A.H,
1999). While working on Children literature and its translation an overview the researcher
uses statistical study on books for children like Winnie the Pooh, Moomins, Mr. Christmas
and Swimmy. The result of this research was related to connection and adaption strategies on
these books. The research is only limited to these books (Wohlgemuth, 1998). On exploring
cultural difference through translation in children’s literature by applying descriptive study. In
which cultural embeddedness of language and the hermeneutic nature of translation on short
stories the results shown here were grammar and vocabulary and their understanding to
register and style in English and German. The study is limited to only German into English
translations (Metcalf, 2003).
Another famous researcher centers on how translators integrate structural shifts into their
schedule and whether structural shifts help the literary translators to better transmission the
sense in structural shifts conducting on the text of translating children literature using
exploratory manner result shows that how translators unite structural shifts into their program
and whether structural shifts aid in building the fictional translators toward well transfer the

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meaning. This study is narrow to structural shifts and kinds of structural shifts (Akbari,
2012) . The research stresses on initial polysystem where video games and children’s books
can be planned for their creative value and translation of these multimedia shared
entertainment software products for foreign locations require by applying exploratory method.
The result shown here is a game software and translation of children literature and polysystem
theory. The research is limited to polysystem theory (Merino, 2009) .On investigating using
translating children literature through the use in recent ages for the language Dutch plus an
reflective explanation by applying exploratory approach on Questioners and Dutch and
English books to find the cultural terms in American era while doing translation of literature
for children The limitations includes to Dutch and English translation of children literature
books (Sas, 2010). Working on the difficulties present in translating children literature uses
exploratory approach to find translator a merit in translation, comparative and
interdisciplinary studies which he/she deserves in history and society (Xeni, 2011).
Translating for the children especially literature for the East by using exploratory method main
criteria influencing the translation and publication of children’s books with the economic and
ideological factors. The major focus is increasing the publication and finding the ideological and
philosophical features. This literature was developed in the era of world war which is used by
applying exploratory approach on it. The finding includes economic and ideological factors East
German children’s literature. The research is too limited to East German literature especially for
children. Additional research in the era of children literature includes the ethics of translating
children literature and arranging the images and illustrations and there influences on strategies of
translation using analytical approach in the research. The findings embraces making teachers and
young learner aware of good English skills. The study is limited to lessons included in five major
instructors and only a many of them have books which contains focuses on the translation of
children literature (Chang, 2007). The exploration on translating children literature which contains
ST and TT in translations of African culture terms into English language. Focuses on linguistic
standards culture translation of terms in translating children literature from Southern Africa into
English language that uses qualitative investigation of translation by having samples from ST and
TT with the various books of same genre. The outcomes includes the occurrence of using more
than two strategies of translation which is mostly used in the translation of ST and TT versions of
various culture turns.
Translated books or translations were only in Afrikaans and English language which is the
limitation of this research. As there are many researches on children literature includes translating
the names of places, things, place and animals which is included in the most famous novel Alice’s
adventures in wonderland as a case in point which emphases mostly on translating the names and
the usage of these proper names in translating children literature. This study uses

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descriptive approach in the research. The findings includes eight translators use various strategies
like cultural distance, culture markers, allusions, transliteration, eponyms for finding proper
names. Only uses translation strategies for finding proper names (Nord, 2003). The research
conducted on the usage of foreign English children literature and its translations in the Taiwan
culture which focuses the translations of the names which included in children’s literature usually
fantasy. It uses exploratory approach and findings includes Herman’s translating the names form
native language to second language and divided them into various procedures of translation. It is
the property of children literature that all the research done in this field is unique to some point so
the research Translating Children’s Literature which is done in the era of Arabians they translate
arts which focuses on children literature translation in Arab world uses exploratory approach to
find position of translating literature especially for children of all ages in Arab world. And the
Translation is a cross-cultural communication (Mdallel, 2019). Translating the literature and its
challenges including children literature emphases on translating for children by considering the
issues translators faces during the translations have engaged with specific texts using exploratory
approach to find issues in translating children literature and which is limited only to Issues in
children literature (Arizpe, 2007) . The study translating children’s literature: some insights from
corpus stylistics focuses on with its explicit constrains, and literature for children and its
translation trades with two corpus linguistic techniques: keyword and cluster analysis specific
cases of repetition uses exploratory approach to find translational universals in literary translation
of Harry Potter and Winnie the Pooh limited to Translational Universals only (Cermakova, 2018).

As children literature is concerned there are many areas of research in it one of them is a
exploratory research in analyzing fantasy literature which includes first five novels of Harry Potter
to find the strategies of translation related problems in bowering cultural terms their equivalent
Taiwanese varieties. The results shows Microstructural level examination of the cultured items
plus is limited to take only culture items such as names of f foodstuffs and things. The research on

Anthroponomy of translating children literature in 20 th and 21st century son so the recent ages
focuses on translation studies besides children literature relationship and the translation strategies
used in translating the literature. It uses analytical approach in translating the literature for children
that enables the translator to turn from twenty century to twenty-first century on which is limited
near only studies (Fornalczyk, 2007).
Anthroponomy of translation and the descriptive study of translating children literature which
is used in English and Arabic of the fantasy literature focuses on conducting the present study
is to inspect translation of children's literature between two remote languages, via English and
Arabic, an area which has remained relatively unexplored. It uses exploratory approach on the
study examines the institutional content and interactional forin of eight well-known fairy tales

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in English and Arabic to determine how the translator interferes with the 'institutional content'
and 'interactional form' of fairy tales to express his/her hidden and obvious ideologies. The
ideology includes in of the (ST) does not suit (TT) society's ideology to find the disguised
reader of the TT is considered as less able than the ST is. The study concludes that in
translating for children correspondence of interaction between ST and TT should be
conserved unless there is a thoughtful objective that serves an ideological purpose behind not
preservative it narrow (Mouzughi, 2005). Using the strategy adaptation in translating the
children literature of the short story “The Rose Tree” study emphases on to shed light on the
problems in adapting children literature when translating, to make attention in the subject and
to draw devotion to the difficulties of translation of children’s literature uses analytical
method toward excerpt and discover the key views of the two scholars in adapting children’s
literature ,demonstrating some problems of translation in that field through analyzing the
translation of the short story: The Rose Tree into Arabic because this may help us to
comprehend suitably the massive and ironic methods that are exposed in the field and it is
restricted to only English to Arabic translation (Ratiba, 2014). Translating the novel the
adventures of Alice in the Italian area and their translation in use to Italy emphases in the
investigation of translating literature of children in translation uses theoretic approaches. The
analytical agenda that provisions the textual analysis draws on Antoine Berman’s method for
the analysis of literary translations to generate synchronic and diachronic exploration of six
Italian Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland translations across century (1872-1988) the
analysis concluded that in the period examined the relationship between adults and children
progressively became more relaxed, and the distance (Berrani, 2017).
The analytical research of literal studies and its challenges in the translations of the novel the
Prophet t which uses comparative research on two Arabic translations of K. Gibran the Prophet to
find comparison between Gibran Kahlil’s the novel and its two translations in Arabic. In other
words, what the translator aimed at translating them and showing the identity and it’s (Boushaba,
1988). The research uses the problems of translating the children literature through the perspective
of using them in translation uses explanatory research emphases to highpoint some comprehensive
academic parts regarding translations of children literature. The issue is very important to resolve
it which includes many debates was done by the scholars in choosing what and which translation
method is used in translating the literature for the TT audiences especially children. The finding
shows the most important framework used in translating the children literature. It is shown that
there is no specific translation of children literature that includes variety of themes, genres and
cultural terms that becomes the part of children literature (Aida Alla, 2015). Translating children
literature focuses on translation of children literature Children’s literature and its translation
examine the adult dominance on a connection with

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polysystem theory which uses translating children literature of Moomins, Mr. Christmas, Swimmy
and Winnie the Pooh to find comparison and adaption strategy in translation of children literature
(1998; Thomson-Wohlgemuth, 1998). Children literature books study is done in Bahrain the main
aim of the approach is to promote the children literature and enlarging the quality of that literature.
It emphasis on finding the values of children literature and its books gives to children upon
reading them. Literature studied in Braham uses a quantitative and qualitative survey style
research approach. It has found that there is a serious lack age of quality children literature which
is read in schools for the e children of all ages. There was a serious deficiency in the provision of
good and suitable children's literature and books in Bahrain in general and in the primary schools
in particular. There is insufficiency in translating children literature and the quality of this
literature was not quite good in the schools and that makes children mental development poor and
lacks the interest of children’s in literature. It is shows that there is a large difference between the
reading habits of the male and female audiences.
Finding the differences between that translations of children literature in Saudi Arabia and
this translations focus on using the cultural terms especially socio-cultural terms to show the
ethics of translating the literature which emphasis the good quality of translations The study
show the relationship between the key features of translations and these features produces
translations good for students the main framework applied Toury’s rules system, translation
stream idea of (Heilbron and Sapiro), and the process method argued by Lefevere there are
numerous children literature books which is translated and available for the TT readers. These
translations are in English and Arabic scripts for the analysis of these translations on micro
and macro textual levels and to finds the cultural ethics which is used in the field of children
literature. Each country hs its own laws and regulations rearing the translations the translators
personal and professionals ethic plays an important role in that process integrates together
measureable and qualitative methods (Alsiary, 2016). The abnormal behavior of the literal
text and the self-translations of that text to show the rhyme schemes applying the framework
of Nadia’s functional correspondence. The results show that there is quite rhythmical patterns
found in both English and Chinese texts its limitations are not for the translators only but for
the TT audiences also. The determination of rhythm is altogether aimed at message, deprived
of the situation transportation of sense, it resolve misplace its heaviness (Ding, 2008).
The usage of children literature in Russian Translations of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
the study concentrations on influence and specialist situations reading the usage of which are
often analytical method in a Russian background its locations to control in translation and
pamphlet of children’s literature. This proposal observes three Russian translations of Lewis
Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland published before, during and after the Soviet Era.
The pre-Soviet translation has many deletions, related particularly to the violent scenes of the

(Page 22 of 77)
book. The Soviet translation is a literal rendering of Carroll’s original story. Finally, the post-
Soviet translation is a creative work, which contains many additions that bring the story closer
to the mentality and understanding of the Russian readership (Karvounidou, 2017) . The
emphasis of translating children literature for the children lives in Italy contains the two
comparable corpuses of the translated text and shows the interrelationship between the two
texts. The foreign literature when translated it contains the elements of translator’s poetics and
ethical norms. This research is done by using explanatory studies. It illustrated that
distinguished political features used in strategies of control shows that children literature is
readied, printed and published at the same time. (Carta, 2012).
The limitations presented in literary translation of Ghazalyat of Hafez the focus of this study
is to analyzed the poems with the other translation to find the matter of limitations presented
in both translations.. Hafez Poetry to find semantic equivalence in literary translation the
limitations a literary translator is that if he does not have the knowledge of both ST and TT so
there occurs no matching points in them. The translated text meninges and terms conveyed the
rhyme scheme and the author’s point of view. The translations of the short story captain
underpants and its ideological and cultural adaptations which are used in the translations and
Bakhtin’s concept of dialogism is applied to the Captain Underpants writings examination
from cultural besides linguistic standpoint uses analytical and exploratory. These translations
show the views of translators in the decision making process also the tasks stood by
translation for younger students (Asiain, 2015). Using emotional images in literary
translations and the paper show that these emotional words and feelings are quite difficult to
translate in the novels emotional words uses comparative analysis the writers originate to the
following conclusion that the same emotional pattern are show in all three translations which
includes English and in Russian. (Petrova & Rodionova, 2016).
An Experiment in Evaluating the Quality of Translations focuses on to lay the foundations for
a systematic procedure that could be applied to any scientific translation uses three human and
three mechanical translations into English of four passages from a Russian work on
cybernetics translations into English of four passages from a Russian work on cybernetics by
applying experimental approach. The results shows "mono- lingual" translation more reliable
than "bilingual" raters translations is limited only to English passages from a Russian work on
cybernetics (Carroll, 1996). Evaluation of translation errors including procedures and criteria
this study show the main idea adapted by the translators in translating the foreign language
with the help of borrowing techniques and quality assent of the translator. Evaluation of
Translation Errors in students' translations uses descriptive approach to explore some different
methods include to remove the error importance included in translation (Elmgrab, 2003).

(Page 23 of 77)
The testing of translation by using translation strategies and methods. The study compare two
comprehend like from English and Turkish which is done in three possible ways using human
translation, machine-aided human translation plus human-aided machine translation which
includes native speakers of the applying exploratory approach. The results first contains the
questionnaire there is no significant differences were found in them when used machine
translation the texts follows the same criteria. (Sahin & Dungan, 2014) . Translation
evaluation done at the surface of a texts using an initial study focuses on the usage of
evaluations of translations and it contains 48 texts by 88 subjects to find the features and
aspects present in relationship between translation evaluation and certain features on the
surface of texts uses the some of them are done using the various software exploratory in
nature. The consequence displays strongest result is connected to output that the additional
whole the conversions the advanced the decisions delivered by evaluators. Limited to merely
translation evaluation (Conde, 2011). The study of applying different translation evolutions
strategies to be used on electric process. The aim of the paper is that more processes can be
used in translation of texts and its evolutions applying descriptive approach results shows the
strategies are studied based on five points.(Mobaraki & Aminzadeh, 2012).
2.4 Methods and Strategies in Translation
Several methods and strategies are used in translating the data. Some of the recognized
theorists works on translation methods and strategies. The article Translation procedures,
strategies and methods the paper major focus is to find any similarities and differences
between procedures and in applying exploratory method to find cultural terms by applying the
various strategies, procedures and methods (Ordudari, 2007). Translation of culture specific
elements and the problems faced by the translator in doing that. The research shows various
methods and strategies regarding cultural terms and to find that these problems can be solved
by applying them relating exploratory approach on literary text to find the results includes
four passages that is done on cultural terms. The paper contains ninety-six readers who
attends the classes of English and Spanish translations so by way to examine the dissimilar
translation strategies recycled by scholars while translating it. (Guerra, 2012).
Procedures, techniques and strategies applied on translation procedure. The major focus s to
bring all the operations together and then analyzed in one language to alternative. This article
show many terms regarding the process operators using exploratory method to examines and
categorize the several studies done in it. Then results shows most frequently used operator.
Translation strategies are used in translating the interlingual subtitling in which the strategies were
in translating form English subtitles into Persian to calculate the frequency of them. It is a corpus
based research which includes the analysis of two scripts of five movies subtitles used

(Page 24 of 77)
exploratory studies. The findings show that Gottlieb’s strategies applied on the subtitling of
( Ghaemi & Benyamin , 2011).
Using the techniques of translation and dynamic method. The strategies is explained they are
usually used to translate the works including Arabic translations Hundred Years of Solitude
by Garcia Marquez by using analytical approach to find a the techniques used in this study
and the cultural elements studied (Molina & Albir, 2019). The section of the book title as
“Translation Procedures” contains the procedures applied on the translational shifts this
chapter reviews a taxonomy of translation procedures used for dealing with the translation
shifts proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) applying exploratory technique to discover
translation approaches, procedures (Tadeusz , 2015).
Doing the comparison of translation strategies by using comparison of various theories. It
contains the use of different theories in the process of translation strategies. By applying
Baker (1992) classifications of techniques (Owji, 2013).using the strategies of translation on
the ‘Little Prince’ the current study tried to investigate the most frequently used Malone
translation strategies in the translation of “Little Prince” from English into Persian and to find
various uses of translation. The sentences were analyzed and compared and strategies were
found ( Arjomandi & Kafipour , 2016).
Translation strategies applied in the comparative analysis novel in finding cultural specific
words English literature including ‘Wuthering Heights’, ‘The Scarlet Letter’, ‘Pride and
Prejudice’ and ‘Gone with the Wind’ their translations from beforehand and afterward the
Islamic Revolution is likened and analogized (Fahim & Mazaheri, 2013).
Applying “Chesterman theory” for Japanese translated text. This paper focuses on to find and
apply the theories with the framework of Chesterman. Applying exploratory studies on the accents
of Japanese people. To discover applied approaches or strategies in translations of printed
Japanese texts (Bode, 2009). The research on strategies of translation this concerns with the
translation strategies and their usage. The present study is first approached to solve assumptions
about strategies of translation through relating exploratory studies. To find Hejwowski (1992) give
the concept straightforward translation strategies are used for specific frame and process. (ptonska,
2014). Strategies explored in economic terms and their translations into English and Persian.
Framework of by Vinay and Darblenet (1995) is used for the exact translations of these texts all
pointing on particular language matters related to the stadium of economics overwhelming
exploratory educations. The consequences of the study too bare the greatest frequently used
translation strategy is Literal translation ( Heshmatifar & Biria , 2015). The study like using the
framework of Newmark’s Procedures for the translations of religious plus cultural terms and to
explored the differences present in it. It uses exploratory approach on The Pilgrim’s Progress by J.
Bunyan and its corresponding translated Persian .The findings

(Page 25 of 77)
indicated that there is no point is using the exact strategy for the translation mainly adaptation
is used (MasoudSharififar, 2009).
Having the strategies of Geoffrey Chaucer the author argues that the current T.S uses modern
strategies modern. The use of specific ST and the implementations of strategies. They varied
from word-by-word kinds to sense for sense primary philosophical difficulties in by
descriptive method the results shows reduction translation strategy in instruction to decrease
the sense of the ST (Malaczkov, 2001).
In another article exploring Newmark’s communicative translation and text typology
translation theory’s main worries are to regulate suitable translation methods for the broadest
potential variety of scripts or text-categories by using exploratory research. The translator
necessity first control the main function of a single text, or regulate the language function of
all part of the same text, and therefore accept own suitable translation strategies and
comparative approaches, whichever semantic translation or communicative translation
(Zheng, 2017). Whereas in the article a study on semantic and communicative translation of
magical things in Harry Potter.
In Communicative translation as a new approach in translation with reference from English
and Kurdish. Its main focuses a communicative act. It includes the same restrictions that label
the act of communication between any two individuals. The central purpose of translation is
helping as a multicultural multi-lingual message means amongst people (Ali, 1-9).
The article Communicative Translation in Foreign Language Education. According to changed
teaching approaches popular in particular periods, there used to be the times of its great popularity
as well as the times of its unawareness and even exclusion. Yet numerous groups of using
translation have lately started a discussion of re-examining the portion of translation in overseas
linguistic education. As in consequence new period of ‘communicative’ translation has been
presented. What is communicative translation and why must it be comprised in foreign language
education? (Bírová, 2006).As the strategies includes paraphrasing, domestication and
foreignization, equivalence, naturalization, sense for sense, compensation etc. As seeing
paraphrasing as a translation strategy the main focus of the article is that how paraphrasing
strategy is used in translation of The Pill of Murti-Bing comprise the comparison of matching of
micro-texts of both the original and the translated type. This paper contains eight sections of the
novel have been analyzed from the viewpoint of paraphrasing as a translation strategy that has ran
to the last form of the American translation. It can be specified however that the translator clearly
provisions the reader’s text dispensation action as she smears the comments of deletion and
construction. Responsibility so the translator together eases the response of the work and arrays
the strategies for its clarification (Wille, 2013).

(Page 26 of 77)
 CHAPTER-03
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This section consists of three parts data collection, framework and data analysis.
3.1 Data Collection
Data consists of English short stories tilted as Grimm Fairy Tales as it is considered as an
imaginary story published for kids and children of all ages , typically comprising at minimum
one imaginative scene(enchanted, dragons, pixies, apparitions, goblins, enchantresses, etc.)
distressing people, animals, and things. It is written by The Brothers Grimm Jacob and
Wilhelm. Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm are the famous German brothers who cooperated
as authors, philologists, cultural researchers, and lexicographers to make the best-known
folktales of the 19th century. Though categorized as “Fairy Tales,” the stories composed here
are not essentially of a calm nature and influence not be an appropriate for all children. Many
of Grimm's stories are a fanciful appropriate for young children who are prepared to hold a bit
additional adventure, flawless for kids excited, somewhat than scared, when the bad hardened
wolf with evil strategies comes baring claws and teeth! Many of Grimm's creepiest tales are
best right for 13 years to adult, such as The Girl without Hands and The Juniper-Tree. The
Brothers Grimm are maybe the well-known tellers in the domain. Many ages have delivered
meanwhile the period Jackob and Wilhelm Grimm free their "Children's and household tales".
The first Bulk of Grimm’s' fairy stories is out in 1812 then the next - in 1814. The first
publication besides is actual unsure, together in entrance and volume nearby remained solitary
83 fairy stories, associated to the 200 today. This edition is published in 2001. Most of the
short stories from this book Grimm fairy tales are moral stories like the short story “The
Juniper Tree” is a distressing explanation of a young boy killed by stepmother. Obviously,
stepmothers are repeatedly wicked in these sections. Meaningful that the lad will receive all
upon his ancestor’s demise the stepmother beheads the old boy when he spreads addicted to a
box for an apple. Not deficient anybody to distinguish what occur while the stepmother plans
a strategy to type her daughter trust she did it, and then, the stepmother prepares the
unfortunate boy and foods him to his father! The young girl then inters the bones beneath the
juniper tree where the little boy’s mother was also submerged. The boy tries into a bird and
croons his story to numerous people, who give him a gold chain, red shoes, and a burden. The
fowl stretches the father the chain, the little girl the shoes, and the stepmother well, the bird
drops the millstone on her head.
Grimm Brother’s sections are recognized for eras, since of this, these stories are many people’s
picture of their infantile, and they are permit finished spears. Even though these stories signify so
much culture and folklore, one must take a different point of view and really see what note these
pieces are generous to the forthcoming peers. Unhappily, numerous of these posts might seem
meaningless nonetheless in realism, they are damaging in the long-run. These stories
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impart people that stepmothers are menacing, that attractiveness was important to
achievement and that males and females have secure parts in civilization. This must not
remain the circumstance since stepmothers are not by way wicked as they are represented,
intellect should increase overhead decent appearances and female’s container be as solid and
equivalent as males, not the characteristic damsel in suffering. These short stories of Grimm
fairy tales are translated into Urdu language by the translator. Translated data is collected on
excel, sentences are counted and 25% of the data is extracted by the translator.
3.2 Framework
The translation methods, strategies and procedure are applied on the translated data which is
given by (Newmark, 1988) on the data which is different from these researches. It is first
translated into Urdu language and then put in tabular form by the translator. The approaches
of translation are word for word translation, literal translation, communicative translation,
adaptation, free translation and faithful translation. As the methods are applied similarly the
strategies are also applied. If one sentence contained more than one strategy than the
sentences are repeated and then the other strategy is applied on this data.
The article Translation procedures, strategies and methods the paper major focus is to find any
similarities and differences between procedures and in applying exploratory method to find
cultural terms by applying the various strategies, procedures and methods (Ordudari, 2007).
Translation of culture specific elements and the problems faced by the translator in doing that.
The research shows various methods and strategies regarding cultural terms and to find that
these problems can be solved by applying them relating exploratory approach on literary text
to find the results includes four passages that is done on cultural terms. The paper contains
ninety-six readers who attends the classes of English and Spanish translations so by way to
examine the dissimilar translation strategies recycled by scholars while translating it. (Guerra,
2012).
Procedures, techniques and strategies applied on translation procedure. The major focus s to
bring all the operations together and then analyzed in one language to alternative. This article
show many terms regarding the process operators using exploratory method to examines and
categorize the several studies done in it. Then results shows most frequently used operator.
Translation strategies are used in translating the interlingual subtitling in which the strategies were
in translating form English subtitles into Persian to calculate the frequency of them. It is a corpus
based research which includes the analysis of two scripts of five movies subtitles used exploratory
studies. The findings show that Gottlieb’s strategies applied on the subtitling of ( Ghaemi &
Benyamin , 2011). Using the techniques of translation and dynamic method. The strategies is
explained they are usually used to translate the works including Arabic translations Hundred Years
of Solitude by Garcia Marquez by using analytical approach to find a the

(Page 28 of 77)
techniques used in this study and the cultural elements studied (Molina & Albir, 2019). The
section of the book title as “Translation Procedures” contains the procedures applied on the
translational shifts this chapter reviews a taxonomy of translation procedures used for dealing
with the translation shifts proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) applying exploratory
technique to discover translation approaches, procedures (Tadeusz , 2015).
Doing the comparison of translation strategies by using comparison of various theories. It
contains the use of different theories in the process of translation strategies. By applying
Baker (1992) classifications of techniques (Owji, 2013).using the strategies of translation on
the ‘Little Prince’ the current study tried to investigate the most frequently used Malone
translation strategies in the translation of “Little Prince” from English into Persian and to find
various uses of translation. The sentences were analyzed and compared and strategies were
found ( Arjomandi & Kafipour , 2016).
Translation strategies applied in the comparative analysis novel in finding cultural specific
words English literature including ‘Wuthering Heights’, ‘The Scarlet Letter’, ‘Pride and
Prejudice’ and ‘Gone with the Wind’ their translations from beforehand and afterward the
Islamic Revolution is likened and analogized (Fahim & Mazaheri, 2013).
Applying “Chesterman theory” for Japanese translated text. This paper focuses on to find and
apply the theories with the framework of Chesterman. Applying exploratory studies on the
accents of Japanese people. To discover applied approaches or strategies in translations of
printed Japanese texts (Bode, 2009). The research on strategies of translation this concerns
with the translation strategies and their usage. The present study is first approached to solve
assumptions about strategies of translation through relating exploratory studies. To find
Hejwowski (1992) give the concept straightforward translation strategies are used for specific
frame and process. (ptonska, 2014). Strategies explored in economic terms and their
translations into English and Persian. Framework of by Vinay and Darblenet (1995) is used
for the exact translations of these texts all pointing on particular language matters related to
the stadium of economics overwhelming exploratory educations. The consequences of the
study too bare the greatest frequently used translation strategy is Literal translation
( Heshmatifar & Biria , 2015). The study like using the framework of Newmark’s Procedures
for the translations of religious plus cultural terms and to explored the differences present in
it. It uses exploratory approach on The Pilgrim’s Progress by J. Bunyan and its corresponding
translated Persian .The findings indicated that there is no point is using the exact strategy for
the translation mainly adaptation is used (MasoudSharififar, 2009).
Having the strategies of Geoffrey Chaucer the author argues that the current T.S uses modern
strategies modern. The use of specific ST and the implementations of strategies. They varied from
word-by-word kinds to sense for sense primary philosophical difficulties in by descriptive

(Page 29 of 77)
method the results shows reduction translation strategy in instruction to decrease the sense of
the ST (Malaczkov, 2001).
In another article exploring Newmark’s communicative translation and text typology
translation theory’s main worries are to regulate suitable translation methods for the broadest
potential variety of scripts or text-categories by using exploratory research. The translator
necessity first control the main function of a single text, or regulate the language function of
all part of the same text, and therefore accept own suitable translation strategies and
comparative approaches, whichever semantic translation or communicative translation
(Zheng, 2017). Whereas in the article a study on semantic and communicative translation of
magical things in Harry Potter.
In Communicative translation as a new approach in translation with reference from English
and Kurdish. Its main focuses a communicative act. It includes the same restrictions that label
the act of communication between any two individuals. The central purpose of translation is
helping as a multicultural multi-lingual message means amongst people (Ali, 1-9).
The article Communicative Translation in Foreign Language Education. According to changed
teaching approaches popular in particular periods, there used to be the times of its great popularity
as well as the times of its unawareness and even exclusion. Yet numerous groups of using
translation have lately started a discussion of re-examining the portion of translation in overseas
linguistic education. As in consequence new period of ‘communicative’ translation has been
presented. What is communicative translation and why must it be comprised in foreign language
education? (Bírová, 2006).As the strategies includes paraphrasing, domestication and
foreignization, equivalence, naturalization, sense for sense, compensation etc. As seeing
paraphrasing as a translation strategy the main focus of the article is that how paraphrasing
strategy is used in translation of The Pill of Murti-Bing comprise the comparison of matching of
micro-texts of both the original and the translated type. This paper contains eight sections of the
novel have been analyzed from the viewpoint of paraphrasing as a translation strategy that has ran
to the last form of the American translation. It can be specified however that the translator clearly
provisions the reader’s text dispensation action as she smears the comments of deletion and
construction. Responsibility so the translator together eases the response of the work and arrays
the strategies for its clarification (Wille, 2013).
3.3 Data Analysis
These short stories of Grimm fairy tales are translated into Urdu language by the translator.
Translated data is collected on excel, sentences are counted and 25% of the data is extracted by the
translator. A table is created in Microsoft office file which is consists of four columns. Methods,
strategies and procedures are useful of translation by Newmark (1988) remain applied on the
translated sentences. The analysis is done on the bases of methods, strategies and

(Page 30 of 77)
procedures of translation given (Newmark, 1988). The methods are Word for word, literal,
communicative, Adaptation, Free and Faithful. These methods are associated to the entire
writing and functional on sentences of translated stories translation strategies are also applied
on the data. Some scholars like Bode (2009), Ordudari (2007), ptonska (2014) and Arjomandi
& Kafipour (2016) defines translation strategies according to their own terms.
Than the methods and strategies are explored which is used on the sentences by the translator.
Table is arranged according to the methods used and frequency is calculated. As the methods are
functional similarly the strategies are also applied. These methods are connected to the entire text
and applied on the sentences of translated stories translation strategies are also applied on the data.
Some scholars like Bode (2009), Ordudari (2007), ptonska (2014) and Arjomandi & Kafipour
(2016) defines translation strategies according to their own terms. If one sentence contained more
than one strategy than the sentence is repeated and then the other strategy is applied on it. Most
frequently used method and strategy is calculated by the translator. Applying different translation
strategies, characterized translation strategies to diverse clusters such as tricky documentation,
language examination, storing and recovery, over-all exploration and collection, intrusive and
cognitive strategies, writing, deletion and duty checking (Gerloff, 1998). Others theorists like
Venuti (1995) tis of the view that that translation strategies include the elementary responsibilities
of choosing the TT to be translated and emerging a technique to interpret it trusts in strategy as a
sequence of capabilities, a regularity of stages, that courtesy acquirement, packing and operation
of info (Jaaskelainen, 1993). Translation strategy by Lörscher, (1991) is “a possibly mindful
process for the answer of a problematic issue which a discrete is happened with when decoding a
text sector from one language to additional”. In the words of Chesterman (1997) “global
strategies” are practical in reply to the query “how to translate this text or this kind of text”,
although “local strategies” agree to the query “how to translate this structure”. Vinay and
Darbelnet reference first two methods of translating: direct, or literal and oblique translation
(Vinay & Darbelnet, 1998). As Königs (1996) Translation strategies are “procedures, frequently of
an extremely separate compassionate which are functional when a ST is transported into the TT”
and which “can, but need not, result in a best translation”. The data is segmented by using the
using the well-known software’s like OMEGAT, translation cafe, JAVA are the software’s which
is used on the extraction of the 25% data from the whole data that is translated by the researcher or
translator.

(Page 31 of 77)
 CHAPTER-04
DATA DISCUSSION
This section contained the analysis of translated short stories Grimm fairy tales by brothers
Grimm’s into Urdu language for the target audience. The analysis is done on the bases of
methods, strategies and procedures of translation given by (Newmark, 1988). The methods are
Word for word, literal, communicative, Adaptation, Free and Faithful translation. These
methods are related to the whole text and applied on sentences of translated stories translation
strategies are also applied on the data. Some scholars like Bode (2009), Ordudari (2007),
ptonska (2014) and Arjomandi & Kafipour (2016) defines translation strategies according to
their own terms.
4.1 Translation Methods
Peter Newmark references the alteration amongst translation methods, procedures and
strategies. That translation methods relay to whole writings, translation procedures are applied
for sentences and the lesser elements of language". Word-for-word translation: in which the
SL word order is preserved and the words translated individually by their most common
meanings, out of context. Given are the methods of translation:
Literal method of translation is in which the SL linguistic assemblies are distorted to their
adjacent TL contemporaries nevertheless the philological words are once more translated
independently out of context.
Faithful translation method is that which struggles to yield the particular situational logic of
the original classified the limitations of the TL grammatical assemblies.
Semantic method of translation is that which varies from 'faithful translation' simply in as out-
of-the-way as it requirement to gross extra type of the artistic implication of the SL writing.
Adaptation translation method is the undeveloped process of translation, principally dispensed
regularly for displays and verse, focusses, forms, systems are stereotypically well-preserved
in the SL philosophies is transformed to the TL nation and the text is adapted.
Free method of translation when yields the TL writing deprived of the beauty, technique, or
contented of the original.
Newmark’s organization of translation methods and procedures comparatively joints with that
of Vinay and Darbelnet nevertheless is far more exhaustive. It is too originated on the conflict
amongst literal and free translation. Translation methods “the most important block of the
verified procedure which is applied on the whole text and have more degree of expressions.”
(Konigs, 1996).

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In literal translation the SL structures mainly the grammatical ones are converted to the most
nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words present in it are translated out of the context.
(Newmark, 1988) Literal, or word for word are the methods of translation in which there is
the straight transmission of grammatically and idiomatically suitable TL text in which the
translators’ profession is restricted to witnessing the dedication to the language subjections of
the TL. (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1998). Literal translation is doubtless the firstborn kind of
translation exercise. It includes the transportation of denotative sense of expressions and
sentences in a text from one language to alternative. As literal translation workings where he
(Page 33 of 77)
sees correspondence amongst the two languages where there is relations of semantics and
structure. Literal translation is where original forms of the text are revised as near to as
possible in order to preserve the meanings. Literal translation sometimes named as word-for-
word translation. The translators pursues as distant as conceivable to seizure the exact
language of the original text then the individual grace of all author. A literal translation is of
words, idioms, and figures of speech in which significances in indistinct, unusual and
occasionally preposterous translations besides it slight communication worth. Literal
translation is the first stage in translation then a good translator leaves a literal form only in
the case of a vocative or educational manuscript, seriously on paper. As a good translator I
always tried to avoid translate word for word. Reforming translation is translating the
believed behindhand the words present between words sometimes or translating the
implication, which is a process which some translation respect as the part of heart dominant
subject of translation. Procedures of the original stand reserved as abundant as thinkable. The
translator’s follows as reserved as thinkable to imprisonment the full wording contains in the
original text then the individual elegance of all writer. It comprises the distribution of
denotative sense of expressions and sentences in a writing from one language to another.

(Page 34 of 77)
Here are some examples from the text Grimm fairy tales which were translated into Urdu. As
“Lucky beings.” (Grimm fairy tales) page no.9

The translation of underlined word is ‫۔تھاہنسسیوپڑیاکسےمیں قمخلوقسمتشخونا‬

In the translation, the translator has conveyed the SL message and SL sense in the TL
translation so that the target audiences can easily understand it. Whereas in this example:

(Page 35 of 77)
 ‫ک‬
"‫" استاسلیکوطلیدمتیاسےناےنپامکلےکےیالکمایکاھت۔‬

In the above example, the translator is trying to do the straight transmission of SL text into a
then idiomatically and grammatically fitting TL text without limiting the language in TT
;Another example
Deep gloomy wood” (Grimm fairy tales) page no.14 “
‫ک‬ ‫ک‬
"‫رپاتلحموہارکتااھت۔وج ایکاریتکلگنجےک ددرایمن ںیمواعق اھت۔ اوراسلحم ںیمفیعض رپیریتہیھ ۔‬ ‫" یسکزامےنںیمایک‬

The grammatical structure of the SL is transformed toward their likely TL equals and the lexical
words like (a deep gloomy wood) as ‫ایک تاریک جنگل‬are translated singly out of the context. SL
message and SL sense is conveyed by the translator in the
translation. " fairy shape " (Grimm fairy tales) page no.14
" ‫" وہرپیوجلکشاچیتہُاسںیمآاجیتیھ۔‬

" ‫" وہاسرادنکاتوتاولّیکلکشںیمرپوازایکرکیتیھکاترھپیھبکیلبیکرطحکلمںیموھگیتمیھنکیلراتوکوہوبڑیھ وعرتیک لکش ںیمواسپآ اجیت۔‬

‫ک‬ ‫ک‬ ‫ک‬ ‫قع‬

‫بل‬
‫ےےکتاس ےسزگرتاوتویہمجاجتااورایکدقمیھبآےگںیہنبڑھتاتااھت۔وہآیتاوراوکسآزادرک د یتیھ۔‬ ‫جبوکیئیھبونوجانآدیماےکس‬

‫ک‬
‫ایکدنوہلگنجںیملہچدقیمرکےنےکےیلےئگاتہکوہھچکدبڑاہنتکوہ اجےئ ۔‬

<‫وہایکدشکلشامیھ۔وسرجرغوبوہےن ےسےلہپیکآخڑیرکںیندروتخںیکیبمل‬
‫۔‬‫ےھت‬ <‫شاویخںڑپریہںیھتاوروتکبڑسبےساورپوایلشاخےساگاتاگرے‬

In these translations, the translator is trying to transport SL sense in the TL translations

consequently that the TT audiences can easily understand it. The translator done the straight

)Page 36 of 77(
transmission of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate sentences TL
text in which the translators bounds in detecting the devotion of the language subjections of
the TL. The translator is using literal method in translating these sentences SL message is
transported in the TL sentences. Lexical words are translated out of the context with most
suitable equivalents in the TL culture. As these translations are completed on the bases of
literal method given Peter Newmark.

(Page 37 of 77)
Communicative translation involves in giving the exact contextual sense of the ST in a way
that the content besides language stand suitable and logical to the student. Communicative
translation is suitable on behalf of translation of agreements, proverbs then some social
features. It is making similar result on the TT as ST have on ST audiences.

(Page 38 of 77)
Communicative translation method carries the situational and contextual meaning from source text
to target text. Communicative translation modifies the content and language in such a way that the
text and vocabulary must be comprehensible and acceptable to the readers of target text.
Communicative translation method is used to transfer the conventions, cultural expressions and
proverbs. It is used to play the similar function of text, the function which source text plays on its
culture, the target text also plays the similar function in its target culture. Communicative
translation method is not accurate as faithful or semantic translation methods

(Page 39 of 77)
which conveys the exact meaning and sticks to the ST. It deals with the quality and accuracy
of the translated text from the view of target readers. The translation by using this method the
production is close to the target language reader on cultural and social levels. It is used for the
translation of proverbs, idioms and clichés. This is used to translate source language concepts
into target language known expressions. This method is used to keep the message clear and
simple. By using this translation method the target text is written in creative style. According
to linguistics the translation of same situation, source text uses source expression and target
text uses target expressions in communicative translation method.

Communicative method is typically for the translation of phrases, maxims or clichés as the
translator’s main concerned is SL knowledge of words into TL. Communicative allows the
method keeps the meaning humble, strong and passing and written in imaginative flair.
According to linguists, communicative translation is shaped when aimed at an identical

(Page 40 of 77)
condition the SL uses a SL appearance and TT uses a TT expression for conforming TT.
(Newmark, 1988)

Here are some examples of communicative translation method from translated fairy tales by
Brothers Grimm’s.

‫مطم‬
"‫تم‬ ‫ںؤجاہون‬،"‫"۔ںہویتادہرمشوچھااتمہیںمیں"کہانےیےبھیڑ‬

As Communicative translation determinates to contract the contextual logic of the original in a

way that the both language and the TT text remains readable and easily presents to the TT reader.
In this example the word “advice” is translated as " ‫"ہروشم‬which is the exact contextual meaning of
the original and acceptable in target culture also. Similarly in the second example, the word
“ashes” is translated as " ‫ "ھکار‬and can also be translated as " ‫"کاخ‬but it contextual meaning of the
original gives exact word "‫"ھکار‬and is acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. In the
third example, inns word is translated "‫"ےناخرفاسم‬and can also be translated
(Page 41 of 77)
as "‫ہوٹل‬the exact contextual meaning is" "‫"مسافرخانہ‬. In the fourth and fifth examples, Puss word
is translated as "‫"بلی‬there are many other Urdu language for puss but this word is more
contextually acceptable to the readership. And the word golden as has a ‫ سنہری‬Communicative
translation as the word lazily as ‫خراماں خراماں‬liberal broadcast of foreign essentials hooked

on his own culture and his linguistic where compulsory. The words ‫دنیگ‬, ‫تاکاوروھٹڑی‬،‫وھچیٹ آںیھکن‬

communicative translation is probable to be humbler, clearer, more direct, more conventional

to a particular register of language and tending to under translate. This method have a direct
focus on the reader or listener of target language that hope there is no difficulties and the
.target text is easily and effectively understood by the readers

‫وسیلیتیٹیبےکتاسایکوخوصبرتارپیناھتوجہکاجدویئاھت۔سجیکوہجےساسیکنہباسےستہبدسحرکیتیھایکدناسےن< اینپامں ےساہک‬

‫ہک اےسہڑاحلںیموہارپیناچ ہیئ ےوجایکسنہبےکتاسے۔‬

‫ک‬

‫دلجیہامہتوہوکگایکوھچتایس< دنی آیئسجرپوکیئپںیہناھتہنیہاسرپےسزگےناکوکیئاوررطہقیاھت<۔‬

‫رمےغےنہیدےتھکیوہےئہکدوونںوتوھچےٹےسںیہاوریگھبںیمزتکادہہگجیھبںیہنںیلےگاسےنانوکاسودعےرپگبںیمےنھٹیبیکااجزت‬

‫دے دی ہکوہہنوتگبوکدنگاہنرکںیےئگاورہنیہرمیغےکتاؤںرپخڑںیھےئگ۔‬
‫رساےئےکامکلےن اںیہنرےنکیکااجزت ںیہندیویکہکناسوکوہولگ< دبزیمتےگلنکیل اوہنںےن تہبےھجلسوہےئ ادناز‬

‫ںیماسےساتبتیکاور اےس رمیغاک داتکوہاانڈہیھبشیپایکوج< اس ےنراےتس ںیمداتکاور ہیودعہیھبایکہک< وہ اسوک خطبیھبدے<‬

‫دںیےئگ< وجروزاہن ایک انڈہد یتے ۔‬

‫(‪)Page 42 of 77‬‬
 ‫ک‬
‫ک‬
‫درجاھتسجرپوسےنےک سُباےتگےھت۔‬ ‫یسکادشتاہےکتاسایبکوخوصبرتاغتاھتاورُباساغتںیمایبک‬

‫ک‬
‫ب‬
‫انوبیسںیکہشیمہیتنگیکاجیتیھاورجبہییاجےتےھتوتاتپاتگالھتہکہڑراتانوبیسںںیمےسایاغئکبوہتا۔‬

‫ک‬
‫ک‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬
‫رپدنہُاڑتاآتکاوج ارراوسےناکاھت‪،‬اورُوہیہاسرپدنےےن سبوکچنم امررکاناتا‬ ‫رپڑھپڑھپاےنیکآوازیئایئدیاوررھپایک‬ ‫اورجراتب ےکارہتےجبُاسوکب‬

‫اگلرک اسوکریتامرا۔‬ ‫رشوعایک‪،‬وتاابغنتےکےٹیبےنالھچنب‬

‫وجردنہ ھٹیبرک وسرج وک دےنھکییگالوروجرنڈالےکساسھتیہھٹیبایگاور دوونں ارسفدہ ےھت۔اوکنوہج ولعممہن‬

‫یھنکیالاسیاتگل اھت ےسیج وہ ایکدورسے ےس ہشیمہ ےکےیلبجڈاوہرےںیہوہاکیفدور اآےکچ ےھت ۔‬

‫‪Communicative translation gives the precise situational meaning of the source text in a way that‬‬
‫‪the content and language are acceptable and understandable to the reader. Communicative‬‬
‫‪translation method is suitable for transfer of conventions, proverbs and some cultural aspects.‬‬
‫‪It have similar influence on the TT as ST have on source audiences. This translation method‬‬
‫‪is used by many translators because it has similar effect on the target text readers on cultural,‬‬
‫‪.educational and social levels‬‬

‫(‪)Page 43 of 77‬‬
It is freest translation method of translation which is mostly used for plays humors and poems; the
character, theme and plots are commonly preserved, the source language culture transformed to
the target language culture. The text is rewritten in this type of translation. The disgraceful
exercise of literal translation of poems and dramas and then rewritten by a recognized playwright
or poetess/poet has formed many bad adaptations and transfer, but other adaptations have saved
period theatres. Adaptation may be considered as number of translate processes which outcome in
a text that is not believed as a translated text but is yet known as demonstrating a ST of
approximately the same contextual meaning and length. As such, the term must hold many unclear
ideas such as rewriting, imitation and many other ideas. Harshly speaking, the adaptation
translation method requires acknowledgement of translated text as non-adaptation, as it is a more
reserved mode of transfer of meaning and context. The historical and parasitic concepts of
translation builds the history of adaptation. There are three types of adaptation. Collocation
Adaptation is recently mentioned as if a language was only a

(Page 44 of 77)
terminology for a collection of worldwide concepts which would be easily translate from one
language into another language. English concepts can be replaced easily with Arabic concepts
on the base of equivalence and vice versa. There are a lot of variations between two languages
on linguistic, cultural, technical and usage level. Due to which, learning a new language is
much easier as compared to transferring meaning from one language to another language. But
it is known as a fact that each language determines or categorizes the world and world-view
differently and languages spoken in all over the world do not simply name current
classifications, but they eloquent their own. Cultural Adaptation refers to culture as a broad
term which covers all the things related to human life. It also defines the huge range of
attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, customs, social habits and all human production etc. of the
membership of a particular society. Vinay & Darbelnet (1958/1995) defines that ‘Adaptation
is a translation method which is used in normal routine this type of texts are not present in the
society therefore enabling it to regenerate the text. It considers as the freest form of
translation. This translation method is used in the translation of dramas, movies and poetry.
The basic elements of ST including characters, themes and plots are transferred according to
target culture. The purpose behind using this translation method is that the ST culture is not
related to TT culture and those concepts and expressions do not exist in the target culture. The
context is transferred through two languages and in their cultures by using this method.
Some examples from the translated Grimm fairy tales like ‘Heaven forbid’ translated as ‫اک ادخ‬
‫فوخ‬which domestically used for the target language culture. Like bonnet and clogs as ‫ےھچل ےت وج‬
‫ ےنب ےس یڑک„„ل روا یپ„„وٹ„ یالو‬which is also domesticated. Like trough translated as ‫ اگن„„وڈ‬which is
domestically used. Pan is translated domestically as ‫یڈناہ‬, pan adapted as ‫نیپ‬.
When associating translation and adaptation, we are associating two ways of communicating a
message. In countless belongings it is incredible to translate a text without making an
adaptation, as a “literal” translation of the message would origin a loss of all or part of the
meaning for the target audience. It is significant to know when to adapt a message when an
appearance might have a more suitable equivalent for an assumed situation. This creates us
recovering translation professionals. Adaptation, is also known as the substitution of the
cultural elements in which there is a replacement of the ST in TT which is more adjustable in
that TT culture. This type of text is more effectively used text.

(Page 45 of 77)
The determination of free method of translation is make the ST message preserve despite the
contextual meanings is changed. The word of the ST should be in there original positions.
These variations can be seen in the texts like social, genre setting or any authentic texts. These
changes differ permitting to the TT. This method is the coolest type of translation method it
does not relate to the situation of the text so it is called as free translation. This type of
translation method transfer the contextual meanings of the ST and it does not pay attention to
the style, form and content of the text. Free translation is suitable in situation the making the
translation problematic. This type translation is not so much powerful and attractive in the
context of translation studies.

(Page 46 of 77)
 ‫‪In the examples from translated stories the translator uses free translation method like in the‬‬
‫‪;example‬‬

‫ک‬
‫ک‬ ‫ک‬
‫"اولعممت اوہنں ےن ٹیپ رھب رکویمے اناےیل ےھت ہک اناک انلچدوشار اھتات رھپوہ تہب س ےھت۔ ھچک ںیہن‬

‫ہکوہانوکدیپلےنلچےساقرص ےھت۔"‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ولعمماترھپ اوہنں ےنویمے< رس رپ ا اھر ےھ ےھت‬

‫(‪)Page 47 of 77‬‬
‫"اور رھپ رسیتے ےٹیب ےن رہپہ دےنی یک شیپ شک یک ‪،‬ےلہپ وتاابغبت ن ے ُناےس ااجزت ہن دی ہکُاسوکوکیئاصقننہن وہ‬
‫‪،‬آخڑاکروہامن ایگ‪ ،‬اور ونوجان رہپہدےنی‬

‫ک‬
‫ےکےیلدرجےکےچینٹیالیگ<‬
‫۔"‬

‫لڈارمےغےنانویمںےکوکلھچںیکدمد ےسیگھبانباترشوعرکدیاورجببوہلمکمایتر وہیئگوترمیغکلھچاگلرکیھگبںیم ھٹیب یئگ۔ رمےغ یگھبیکرںین‬

‫ڑکپیل اوروہرھگیک رطف رواہن وہےئگ< ۔‬

‫ایکدہعفاکذرکےہکایکوعرتیکدوبکییکاںیںیھتوجہکالصںیمایکوعرتںیہنہکلبایخڑلییھ۔ایککیٹیبتہبدبوصرتاور اچالکیھ سج ےسوہتہب‬

‫ایپر رکیتیھ< ویکہکنوہ ایکس یگس یٹیبیھ۔< اوردورسییٹیبتہبوخوصبرتاور ایھچیھرگموہاسےسدشنکڈرفنت< رکیتیھ ویکہکنوہ<‬

‫ایکسوسیلیت یٹیبیھ۔‬

‫راتوکوبڑیھوعرت اردیشیگ ےس اےنپ داںیئ اہھت ںیماہلکڑیےیل< رمکے ںیم دالخ وہیئ۔‬

‫اوراسےنوسحمسایکہکوہاہبتڑیکرطف< یٹی ے۔رھپ اسےن دوونں اہوھتں ےساہلکڑیوک< ڑکپااور اینپ یہ یٹیباکرس اکٹ ڈاال۔‬

‫دوزیشہےن اجدویکڑھچیا اھیئاور اسےن رمیوہیئڑلیکاک رس ا اھکاتاور وخنےک نیتےک< رطقےفڑشرپرگے؛اکیرتسبےک‬

‫اسےنم‪ ،‬اکیاوریچبتاخےن ںیم‪،‬اور اکیڑیسویھںرپ۔‬

‫‪Free translation duplicates the material deprived of the manner it is gratified by not using the‬‬
‫‪content of the original. It make the paraphrasing of the text longer then the ST hence known‬‬
‫‪as 'intralingual translation. It can and cannot follows the original content of the ST. it differs‬‬
from the literal translation in that sense that the does not uses ST structure or the direct
equivalents (Page 48 of 77)
word in the TT. Free is a kind of translation method which preserves the original meaning of the
original it uses the methods which are natural to the TT by covering the words and style so that
some translation remains change. Free translation considers as type of idiomatic translation. Free
translation enables compassionate translation that has extra unneeded substantial matter which
remains not included in ST. Though, this type of translation is mainly changed and dignified
acceptable and usual. Though, usually used to bring any type of funniness and message in the TT
culture. It brings the response those interpretation before reach it and the content is not
fundamentally the similar as that of the ST. Free translation method crops the TL text deprived of
the content, form, or satisfied of the source text. It reserves the meaning of ST and produce natural
form of TT. The order and syntax of SL are arranged according to the conventions and norms of
target language. It produces text which is easy to understand for the target readers. The form of ST
is converted into form of TT. It uses rephrasing strategy to reword the text. It uses the expansion
and reduction techniques to produce the texts.

(Page 49 of 77)
It tries to produce the exact situational meaning of the source text within the restraints of the
target language structures of grammars (Newmark, 1988). The translator uses translation
method which transfers the meaning and content of source text within the barriers of the target
language. The term faithful translation is occasionally observed as an equivalent to the view
equivalent translation. Actuality fairly comparable in their over-all meaning these concepts
are considered by some alterations at the similar period. Therefore, faithful translation is used
mostly to signify the uppermost level of interpretation of the denotative and connotative
meanings of linguistic units, the articulacy and pragmatic intent of the SL word or text with
the help of available means of the TL. It keeps stability between the literal meaning of source
language text and target language structures. It aims at producing more exact meaning of the
ST. TL grammar is kept into consideration in this type of translation. By using this translation
method, translator must be faithful with the ST.
4.2 Translation strategy
Some scholars like Bode (2009), Ordudari (2007), ptonska (2014) and Arjomandi & Kafipour
(2016) defines translation strategies according to their own terms. If one sentence contained
more than one strategy than the sentence is repeated and then the other strategy is applied on
it. Most frequently used method and strategy is calculated by the translator. Gerloff (1998)
refers different applying translation strategies and categorized translation strategies to varied
collections including language examination, tricky documentation, recovery and storing,
assortment and general exploration, disturbing and mental strategies, writing, obliteration and
liability checking.
Venuti (1995) gives the view that for the translation of TT, choice of translation strategies matters
a lot. Translator has the responsibility to choose accurate translation strategies to deal with
translation problems and difficulties which occur because of linguistic, cultural, cognitive,
background knowledge variations. Emerging a method to understand it trusts in strategy as a
sequence of competences, a orderliness of phases, that politeness requirement, packing and
procedure of information (Jaaskelainen, 1993). Lörscher (1991) defines translation strategy as

(Page 50 of 77)
it is a perhaps cognitive process for the answer of a challenging issue which a distinct is
occurred with when decoding a source text part to target text part of language to extra”.
Chesterman (1997) stressed on “global strategies” are applied in reply to the question that
how the texts are translated related to different kinds and fields. While on the other hand
“local strategies” agree to the question that how to translate the syntax of the text. Vinay and
Darbelnet refers two main methods of translation: direct translation which is also known as
literal and oblique translation (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1998).
Königs (1996) defines Translation strategies as the procedures used frequently in the translation
process while transferring cultural-specific idioms, proverbs, terms and collocations from source
language text to the target language text. Applying different translation strategies, characterized
translation strategies to diverse clusters such as tricky documentation, language examination,
storing and recovery, over-all exploration and collection, intrusive and cognitive strategies,
writing, deletion and duty checking (Gerloff, 1998). Others theorists like Venuti (1995) tis of the
view that that translation strategies include the elementary responsibilities of choosing the TT to
be translated and emerging a technique to interpret it trusts in strategy as a sequence of
capabilities, a regularity of stages, that courtesy acquirement, packing and operation of info
(Jaaskelainen, 1993). Translation strategy by Lörscher, (1991) is “a possibly mindful process for
the answer of a problematic issue which a discrete is happened with when decoding a text sector
from one language to additional”. In the words of Chesterman (1997) “global strategies” are
practical in reply to the query “how to translate this text or this kind of text”, although “local
strategies” agree to the query “how to translate this structure”. Vinay and Darbelnet reference first
two methods of translating: direct, or literal and oblique translation (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1998). As
Königs (1996) Translation strategies are “procedures, frequently of an extremely separate
compassionate which are functional when a ST is transported into the TT” and which “can, but
need not, result in a best translation”.
Kearns states the translation strategies as a cognitive phenomenon in this sense strategies are
unidentifiable in the translated text. A deep critical analysis is required to identify such applied
translation strategies during translation (Kearns, 2009). Séguinot states the usage of translational
strategies which are the mostly applied global strategies used in the process of translation by the
translators. It contains translating without any issue, checking the errors involved leaving those
errors which are at the meaning level when stopping at clause, phrase or sentence (Seguinot,
1998). Baker states those eight strategies which are used in translating the text that involves by
applying a general term or a neutral term, using substitution or borrowing and calque. Translation
by applying paraphrase strategy which includes omission, addition and expansion (Baker, 1992).
Bergen emphasis that these strategies are alike the organ heart which supplies blood to all parts of
the body (Bergen, 2010). Malone emphasis on the

(Page 51 of 77)
application of nine translational strategies which are applied in the process of translation that
includes reordering and diffusion, equation and amplification, divergence, convergence and
substitution (Malone, 1988).
As strategies includes paraphrasing, domestication and foreignization, equivalence,
naturalization, sense for sense, compensation etc. As seeing paraphrasing as a translation
strategy the main focus of the article is that how paraphrasing is used in translation of the pill
of Murti Bing comprise the comparison of matching of micro-texts of both the original and
the translated type. This paper contains eight sections of the novel which are analyzed from
the viewpoint of American translation.it can be specified however the translator clearly
provisions the reader’s text dispensation action as she smears the comments of deletion and
construction. Responsibility as a translator together eases the response of the work and arrays
the strategies for its classification (Wille, 2013).

Paraphrasing as a translation strategy or technique would have to be considered as

paraphrasing within a paraphrase (or paraphrasing a paraphrase) which seems an unnecessary
complication. Paraphrasing means rewording. It consists of reduction, omission and addition.
This is a presentation or description of sense of some section of a text. It is mainly used in those
texts which contains no reference when written poorly or when contains significant omissions and
suggestions. One must be cautious in listing paraphrases in process of translation,

(Page 52 of 77)
subsequently the term is mostly used in free method of translation. The process is mostly
negligible reorganizing a vague or incomprehensible sentence, in order to explain it.
In these examples the translator uses paraphrasing strategy and the method is literal translation.
The translator uses reduction in which the translator uses few words then the source text in the
target text. Later in examples like example number 4 and 5 he uses addition strategy and later
in other omission and reduction. Vinay and Darbelnet coined this term. In this process the
source text meanings are transferred in the target text in another way. It changes the viewpoint
and perspective to express the same message. This strategy is used when the target language do
not accept the literal translation. It is in the hand of translator to express a message which was
convey in a negative tone with a change into positive tone. It uses the alternatives in the form
of abstract for concrete, cause for effect, reversal of term, active for passive, space for time and
intervals and limits. By using this strategy, the ST meaning are restated or reword according to
the target language norms and forms. Paraphrasing means an additional manner of expression.
In past, when word for word a literal translation was considered as the main methods of
translation, it was believed that paraphrasing has no connection with translation. It was thought
that if the concern is about transferring meaning then both terms are related but translation deals
with the transfer of meaning from one language to another language but paraphrasing deals
with the translation of meaning in the same language. This method is very well-known in the
translation of literature. So the product of translation comes through using this strategy is based
on translator’s choice. It impact positively on the style of writing. It plays an important role in
explanation and clarification of the text. It is very useful to produce a reader oriented text. This
produces the text which is more accurate and natural. It preserves the essential meaning of
source text and converts them into target culture. This method is also used to improve the
quality of the text.
Addition
It refers to the extra information which is not present in the source text but added into the target
language text. It may consist of statements related to information which is hidden in the ST. the
translator plays double roles while doing translation, the decoder of source text and encode the text
into new target text. it may involves explications and explanations. The syntactic and semantic
differences in both languages requires for using this translation strategy. This strategy can be used
to make connections and links within two different ideas, words and sentences. Addition is used to
clear a concept of source text into target text. Translator can add new information into the target
text for this purpose. It creates the equivalence of meaning and do not bother the form and length
of the text. Translators use this translation strategy to make the text understandable for the readers.
According to Newmark, three types of addition can be done in a text which are related to topic,
linguistics and explanation of words. Puspitasari stated that

(Page 53 of 77)
six types of addition can be done within a text translation i.e. explain the terms, adding info.
For particular purpose, to shift of voice, variations in word class, amplification of explicit status
into implicit and categories.
Reduction
In reduction strategy the words of source text are reduced into target text. There must be many
logical reasons behind the reduction of the words. There are many words in the St which convey
the same meaning so the translator reduce those words or sentence into one expression. But one
thing that a translator must keep in mind is that no damage the coherence of the text. He must sure
that no important information of the source text is omitted. According to Nida & Taber (2003),
reduction is a process in which ST is reduced by deleting some words in TT with similar meaning.
There are many types of reduction can be done in the text such as simplify the doublets, reduce the
repetition, omission of specification, loss of conjunction, reduction of formulas. It refers to change
in alphabets during translation. The source text alphabets are changed with the target text
alphabets. It focuses on the pronunciation of the words.

(Page 54 of 77)
Sense-for-sense translation basically involves the translation of contextual meanings of each
sentences in the text as it is against the word for word strategy. it is the strategy in which
sense is transferred not keeping in view the word order but keeping in mind the original
meanings present in the text And even if it is done, the meaning and the flow of the sentences
should be framed in such a way that the flow of the sentence should always be maintained and
that too in an artistic way. The main purpose of the translation is to convey the meanings in
such a way that it is easily readable to the audiences of the target text. Sense-for-sense
translation is actually improved by the majority of translators because it not only transports
the text meanings but also reach to broader audience and assistances students comprehend
forcefully about the culture individualities and variations.
In the following examples from translated fairy tales basically Grimm fairy tales into Urdu
language following examples show in this strategy.

(Page 55 of 77)
‫"آرگمتےھجمریمادنیگالرکدوےئگوتںیموہ سبھچکرکوںیئگوجمتوبولےئگ۔"زہشادی ےنڈنیمکوکوجابدتکا۔ڈنیمکےناانپرس ےرےتاک‬

‫ےکادنررکےک< وغہطاگلدتکااوروھتریدبکڑےندعبیہوہدنیگےکاسھتواسپآایگاوراسوکوفارےےکانکرےکنیھپدتکا۔"<‬

‫انوک اوالدیک تہب وخاشہ یھ اور اسیک ویبی دن داتداعںیئامیتگنیھنکیل رھپیھب< انیکوکیئ اوالدہن وہیئ۔‬

‫ریشولمڑییکاستحیصنرپتہبوخشوہااور< وخیشےسولمڑیوکوھگڑےےکاسھتادنےنھترپااجزتدےدی۔ب‬

‫ک‬
‫ب‬ ‫بغ‬
‫ادشتاہوکاسرپتہ صہآتکااورُاسےناابغ‬
‫وکاسریراتدرجےکےچینرہپہدےنیوکاہک۔‬ ‫نت‬ ‫ب‬
‫ّ‬

‫اابغنےناےنپبڑےےٹیبوکرہپہدےنیوکاہکاورجبراتبےکارہبتےجبوہوسایگ‪،‬اورحبصوہیئ وتایکاورسکباغئباھت۔‬

‫‪The focus of the source text is to transfer the meanings in the target text so that it can be‬‬
‫‪understood by the audiences. The sense of the sentences are conveyed properly and clearly in‬‬
‫‪the target text. This strategy helps understand cultural differences easily. It focus on the sense‬‬
‫‪of the message not on the word order . It makes clear that the sense of the message is‬‬
‫‪.conveyed and understood by the audiences clearly or not‬‬
)Page 56 of 77(
Omission is the type of translation strategy which usually involves means omitting a term,
expression and element when translating the source text into the target text. This strategy
plays the most important role in the cross-cultural clashes that develops in between the source
language and target language cultures. It is used frequently in subtitling. Translator mainly
omitted the terms or expression while translating the text which contains no equivalent in the
target language and enhances the value of source text (Ivacovoni, 2009). In
the following translated Urdu fairy tales example the translator uses omission strategy as

‫بجوہبوالیباہنڈیںیمڈالریہیھوتااچہکنایکنیباسںیمےساہتڑوسیھکاھگسےکتاساجرگِااورایبکدماتلجوہوکہلئاسدوونںےکاورپرگِایگ۔‬

)Page 57 of 77(
 ‫ک‬
‫"ںیموخشیتمسقےسیتلجوہیئآگںیمےسُالھچرکآتاوہں۔کک آرگ ںیم اینپرطف ےسوکشش رکاتوتارریرطحآگںیملجےک‬،‫وتوکےلئےنوجابدتا‬
‫ک‬
‫راھکوہاجتا"۔‬

‫وجںیہزہشادیےناانپدنیگداھکیُاسوکدھکی< رکوخشوہیئاوراسو ُکا< اھرکزیتیےسرھگاھبگیئگڈنیمکےکارےبتںیموساچیھبںیہن۔‬

‫ک‬
<‫ےھ ےھت ہک اولعممتاوہنںےنٹیپرھبرکویمےاناےیل ےھتہکاناکانلچدوشاراھتاتکرھپوہتہبس< ےھت۔ھچکںیہنولعمماترھپاوہنںےنویمےک‬
‫رسرپ ا اھر‬

‫۔‬ ‫وہانوکدیپلےنلچےساقرصےھت‬
ِ

The translator omitted these underlined words in this translation but the overall sense is cleared
without translating them. Translator also omitted some expressions in these examples to make the
sentences short so that the reader would find it not boring enough to cancel the plan of reading it.
Omission, whereby is that cultural reference is omitted altogether. Omission, whereby is that
cultural reference is omitted altogether. In omission translation strategy, a word or number of
words are dropped from the original text. This translation strategy is used when there is no
equivalent of source text word has its equivalent in the target language. If the word is translated
without any equivalent expression or idiom, the transfer of meaning may become non-vital . Such
words are omitted but their explanations are given in the footnotes to facilitate the readers in
understanding the context and meanings of the words. Translators can frequently do simple
.omissions of such words which create translation difficulty and problems

)Page 58 of 77(
In the translation process, domestication and Foreignization strategies are used to deal with
linguistic and cultural elements of source and target languages.

The Domestication strategy is used to give the target-culture-oriented translation.by using this
translation strategy the unusual cultural expressions of the source language are replaced with the
similar equivalent cultural expression of target language to create fluent and familiar text for the
readers/audience. Domestication of a text is done by transcription and transference of the textual
element. Translating consists of rewriting the target language the closest natural equivalent of the
original language message, in term of meaning and style of both languages. By using this strategy,
the linguistic and cultural differences and difficulties of both source and target languages can
resolve by the translator. The translator does this so that the reader can clearly see the relevance of
the target language with the source language. It is usually occurred when the translator wants to
remove the strangeness between the texts of the different cultures. As it the strategy which fully
used in doing the translation of children literature because it is
(Page 59 of 77)
 the mostly easily used by the translator while translating it for the TT readers of the Urdu
language culture. This type of strategy is related to the transference and transcription of the
texts and data of the thesis. The translator take the TT close to the ST so that it does not
.seems as a bad translation of that following text
:In these example of the translated fairy tales the translator uses domestication strategy like

‫ اس ےس رتہب ے ہک ادرھروک رک اانپ رس اکےنٹ ےس ؟‬،‫جڈااک وخف رکو!امرٹس رمےغ‬

‫اگؤںںیمایکرغئکبوبڑیھوعرتریتہیھسجےکتاسوھتڑااسوالیباھتوجوہاکپریہیھ۔‬

‫ایکشام ونوجانزہشادی اینپےھچلوایل وٹیپنہپ رک ریغب یسکروک< اھتمےک لگنج ںیمریس< رکےن ےکےیل یلکناوربجبوہ ایک‬

‫وفارےےکتاسیچنہپ< وج لگنجےک وطسںیماھتوتھچکدبکڑآرامرکےنےکےیاُل درھیہھٹیبیئگ۔‬

‫ایھب اوہنںےن ھچک افہلص یہہہتایک< اھت ہک اںیہن ڑسکانکرے< وسیئ اور نپےتلچ وہےئ رظنآےئ ۔‬

‫ب‬ ‫کب‬ ‫بب‬

" ‫اناتااناںیئ ےگ۔‬ ‫“ںیمایکوھچتاڈواگنانبراہوہںجںیمبڑاوہںاک ئاسںیمامںاپت‬:‫ایکرکرےوہ"ےٹیبےنوجابدتکا‬

In these examples from translated fairy tales the translator uses domestication strategy to translate
bonnet ‫ لچھے والی‬these sentences like the word ‘'Heaven forbid’ is translated according to the target
language culture as these are all words ‫خدا کا خوف کرو‬, English word beans is translated as ‫لوبیا‬, as
Domestication is target- ‫ٹ„„وپی پہن‬, pin as ‫پن‬, trough as ‫ ڈونگا‬which are translated domestically. As
oriented as the translations of the words are used in writing source text; their translation and
transfer from one language to another language is according to the target

)Page 60 of 77(
text culture and linguistics which make it easily understandable and comprehend according to
target text readers.

On the other hand, Foreignization translation method produces the text that cannot be jumbled
with either the ST text or a text written first in the target language reflects the foreinizing
method to be TL cultural values to record the linguistic and cultural variations of the foreign
text or source text, sending the reader far from his place to the abroad. Foreignization refers to
a source-culture-oriented translation which tries to translate the SL and culture into the target
one in order to keep a kind of unusual taste in translation. Schuttleworth and Cowie defined
Foreignization translation method as a term, used by Venuti to represent the type of
translation in which a TT is produced which deliberately departs from target conventions by
keeping something of the foreignness of the original. (Schuttleworth, 1997). It is usually
concerned when applying on that text which does not contain the corresponding text in the
target language it also follows the constrains by allowing the sentence to become foreign for
that TT culture readers.
The examples of this strategy from the translated stories are:

‫کہ کہا سے ںماپنیا نے سا ند یاک ھی تیکر حسد بہت سے سا بہن کی ساسے جہوکی جس۔تھا ئیودجا کہ جوتھا نیپرا‬

<‫تربصوخویاک< ساتکے بیٹی تیلیسو ۔ےساتکےبہنسکیاجوے< ئیہ چانیپراہومیںلحاہسےاڑ‬

The translator uses foreignization strategy on the sentence like the word ‘ Apron’ is translated
as ‫ نرپیا‬which is a foreign term are used by translator so the strategy which the translator
applied is transliterate the word apron in Urdu.

Vinay and Darbelnet describes the translation procedures on the bases of equivalent effect as the
concept shows that the theme of the source text should be present in the Target text by using
these words which are different or similar in the ST. Equivalence focused on translation (Page
61 of 77)
mentions to a way which duplicate the identical setting as in the original, whereas using totally
diverse expressions (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1998). Nida demanded that there are two types of
equivalence, first formal equivalence which in the second publication by Nida & Taber (1969
/ 1982) is mentioned as formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence. Formal
correspondence emphases its devotion on the message himself, in together in arrangement and
content of the manuscripts, while on the added to hand dynamic equivalence is grounded upon
the programs of equivalent conclusion. New adjectives take to remains in assigned to the view
of equivalence (pragmatic equivalence, textual equivalence, grammatical equivalence, and
several others) and completed their initiation in the extra of current mechanisms in this field.
An enormously interesting discussion of the idea of equivalence can be found in (Baker,
1992) who seems to offer a more thorough list of conditions upon which the concept of
equivalence can be defined. She reconnoiters the notion of equivalence at different levels, in
relation to the translation process, including all different aspects of translation and hence
putting together the linguistic and the communicative approach.
In this example;

‫ک‬
‫سےنجاولدےرراپنےا"۔تداباجونےھےگد"۔تھساےراہؤجاآکےسکتجالےمیںشوکسیتمہیںہمتوگئےؤگاتگاامیںھندُتمگرا؟پتاکیابھییسےاو‬
‫۔یدکچلشیخوشیخورچاہوحطرسا۔البو< غامر"۔گاںؤآ‬

Equivalence can be done at word level and above word level when translating from one language
into another language. Baker states that, in a bottom-up method of translation, equivalence at word
level is the first section to be occupied hooked on a consideration by the translator. In detail, when
the translator have hurdles in exploratory of the ST she gazes at the words as only units in order to
find a shortest 'equivalent' term in the TL. Baker springs a definition of the period word
meanwhile it would be remembered that a single word can sometimes be owed dissimilar
meanings in unlike languages and influence be watched as being a simpler unit or morpheme. This
funds that the translator consumes to wage which distress to a quantity of features when bearing in
mind a distinct word, such as amount, gender and tense.

(Page 62 of 77)
Naturalization is an effort to accept the English standings to the Arabic morphological
elements arrangement and container remain understood by way of development of the
recorded technique. It represents culture-specific terms that stand half amongst the source text
and the target text although their origin stands to establish in the source language. Such terms
are modified to the target language grammar, spelling and pronunciation. The reason behind
the existence of this phenomenon lies in the constant interaction among peoples and cultures.
Drawbacks of Naturalization this technique contains of accumulation of new attaches to the
foreign positions parting their origins unaffected. The additional affixes remain to adjustment
of the relations hooked in the morphology of Arabic language as is the instance of verbs,
adverbs, nouns, gender and adjectives. Baker (1987) record besides naturalization is
recognized reception from the morphological theorists since they impend the individuality of
Arabic. Therefore, the translators uses cross cultural terms and came to see many other
cultural terms plus enable the situation where there is use of text and its completions need to
be additionally creative by following confident devices that can guarantee the great excellence
and consistency of translating technical relatives.

Adapting the source language expression principal to the standard articulation, before towards
the standard morphology of the target language the translator procedures naturalization
approach on the sentences translated of fairy stories.
There is a loss of meaning in the text and it is used in place of other words with the help of
compensation strategy by (Newmark, 1988). Compensation is a strategy most positively cost
seeing, while it can be used as one likely strategy for production with idioms and quite a real one
for compensating the loss produced by translating. Consequently, in order to domain the
idiomaticity of the original manuscript and to avoid the stated loss, many translators option to
compensation in translating idioms as their last but practical strategy. That is when an idiom is
not likely to be translated into TT, a translator’s last exertion is to compensate an idiom by
(Page 63 of 77)
omitting that and hitting an idiom in additional residence, therefore preservative the technical
result of expression treatment in the source text.

Figure 4.1: Frequencies of Translation Methods

FREQUENCIES
adaptation , faithful literal , 4.09%,
2.72%, 9% 2% 14%

literal
communictive
Free

communictive, adaptation
Free, 12.27%, 43% 9.09%, 32% faithful

The table contains three columns first column consists of translation methods, second consists
of full amount of sentences then the last third consists of frequencies. Frequencies are
designed by the formula number of sentences separated by total number of sentences which
are two hundred and twenty sentences and then multiply by hundred frequency is calculated
for the each method use by the translation in doing the translation of Grimm fairy tales into
Urdu language. Then the pie chart is made according to the frequencies calculated by the
translator. As the translation method literal is use by the translator on 09 sentences with 0.09
frequency and the percentage of 14%. Communicative method is use on 20 sentences with the
frequency of 9.09% and the percentage 29%. Free translation is use by the translator on 27
sentences with 12.27 frequency and percentage 39%. Adaptation translation method is use by
the translator on 6 sentences with the frequency of 2.72 and the percentage 7% and finally the
last translation method which is faithful translation method.

(Page 64 of 77)
Figure 4.2: Frequencies of Translation Strategies

frequencies
0.45, 2%
0.45, 2%
0.45, 2%
0.45, 2%

Paraphrase
Sense for Sense
2.72, 13%
Omission
9.54, 47% Domestication
Foreignization
3.18, 16%
Equivalence
Naturalization
Compensation
3.18, 16%

The table contains three columns. First column contains name of strategies used by the translator
while doing the translation of Grimm fairy tales. Translator has applied seven strategies on the
sentences which was extracted. The translator have applied paraphrase strategy on 21 sentences of
the stories the frequency of these sentences is 9.54 along with the percentage 47%. On doing the
translation the translator has used the sense for sense strategy on 7 sentences of the Grimm
translated fairy tales the frequency of this strategy is 3.18 along with the percentage 16%. The
strategy omission is use by the translator on 07 with frequency 3.18 along with the percentage
16%. Than the strategy domestication which is used on 6 sentences with frequency 2.27 along
with the percentage 13%. Foreignization, equivalence, naturalization and compensation contains
0.45 frequencies and with the same percentage which is 2%.

(Page 65 of 77)
 CHAPTER-05
FINDINGS
Findings of this research includes the most frequently used method and strategy and
discussions on that findings.
 As in the answer of the first research question the most frequently used methods are
the communication translation method as communicative translation gives the right
situational implication of the source text in such a approach that the content and
language are acceptable and understandable towards the student. Communicative
method of translation is suitable for translation of idioms, phrasal verbs, proverbs and
some cultural aspects. It have similar result on the TT audiences as ST on ST readers.
This translation method is used by many translators because it has similar
consequence on the TT students on cultural and social levels. Communicative method
is mostly used for the translation of phrasal verbs, collocations or terms in which
translator converts a SL word or concept into TL known expressions. Communicative
method keeps the communication humble, rich and short-lived and printed in
practical form. According to linguists, communicative method of translation is shaped
once for a same situation the source text uses a source language expression and TT
usages a target language appearance aimed at corresponding TT (Newmark, 1988).
And free translation method to preserve the source text have same impact of the target
language whereas the original meanings changes.
The determination of free translation is to keep the source language function, uniform
if overall sense undergoes after it. The situational content remains the same. Assured
variations to groups like communal and national setting, and various related genre.
These fluctuations differ agreeing to the TT reader especially for the children in
which adaptation is mostly used. That method is the easiest one to be apply on the
text before having to reach the free translation method. Free method of translation is
to deliver the situational significance of the ST deprived of compensating courtesy to
particulars as the syntax and style of the translated text and that of the original. Free
translation method is appropriate in situation that translated text is difficult to
understand the translation by the audiences so the translation it is considered as an
activity which is quite attractive.
 Whereas the most often used strategy of translation is as paraphrasing means rewording
of the text into target language. It is also the paraphrasing of the text near to the original
or close to the literal translation is frequently remained mentioned to as the ability of
rephrasing a text one culture ST to another culture TT.As there is continually additional
than one mode to phrase a statement, then the significance in the target text convey the
translator’s selection. Result other methods to word a word force be a valued tool for
(Page 66 of 77)
 any imaginative linguistic user, not fair the translator, but few authors may be below
as far effect while creating a text as the translator; source text language as well as
background settings are recognized to often affect the choices made by translators.
Taking an instrument that could propose substitute faithful phrasing would suggest
respected input of translating the translation. While there is a developing field of
investigation on rephrasing.
 Whereas the second research question that the practical use of translation, methods
and procedures in translating children literature these methods and strategies used by
the translator which enables the better quality of translation. As the method
communicative the ST is decoded into the target text in doing this the values of
culture also translated and transmitted from one language to another language making
the translation comprehensible and easily read able plus understandable for the target
culture audiences. As the method adaptation there are certain words that are not
included in the TT culture as there is no corresponding word present in the target
language culture. That words are domesticated or foreignzed by the translator.
Adaptation is considered as one of the most freely used translation method present in
translation studies. So here the target and source cultures are in the way of blurring
the boundaries between the two cultures. Translation is the way of culture
transmissions. The strategy naturalization the translator uses this strategy to make his
or her translation natural in that sense it doesn’t remains strange for the target
audiences. The translator uses such more strategies and methods of the theorist Peter
Newmark for the better quality and expression of the translation and these translations
are only for the children from a 4 year old child to a young adult.

(Page 67 of 77)
 CHAPTER NO 06
CONCLUSIONS
As children literature is for children for all ages which is conveyed through short stories, fairy
tales etc. Children enjoys the literature through reading books as it built their vocabulary and
make them fluent in speaking language. Literature for children includes fairy tales which
enables the children to develop cognitive and emotional skills. This genre of literature
contains many moral and ethical stories like when any hero of the story is playing the role of a
mediator for the children’s helping in developing decision making abilities as it also enable to
evolve the building of the character. Literature for children is its contribution to the growth of
a more compassionate or human being. In current ages colorful books are being written about
art, the opera, famous artists, and ballet dancers. Pupils can read these volumes and see their
beautiful artworks which underwrite to their cultural growth. Literature is the heroic image
which it gives to childhood.
The data was firstly translated from English into Urdu language by the translator. Using the
data Grimm Fairy tales to understand the methods and strategies used by Newmark. These
short stories of Grimm fairy tales are translated into Urdu language by the translator.
Translated data is collected on excel, sentences are counted and 25% of the data is extracted
by the translator. A table is created in Microsoft office file which is consists of four columns.
Methods, strategies and procedures are functional on the translations (Newmark, 1988)
applied on the translated sentences. The analysis is done on the bases of methods, strategies
and procedures of translation given (Newmark, 1988). The methods are word for word, literal
method of translation, communicative method of translation, Adaptation, Free method of
translation, Faithful translation method. These methods are applied on the whole text later on
the translated sentences of the data Grimm fairy tales.
Most of the short stories from this book Grimm fairy tales are moral stories like the short
story “The Juniper Tree” is a distressing explanation of a young boy killed by stepmother.
Obviously, stepmothers are repeatedly wicked in these sections. Meaningful that the lad will
receive all upon his ancestor’s demise the stepmother beheads the old boy when he spreads
addicted to a box for an apple. Not deficient anybody to distinguish what occur while the
stepmother plans a strategy to type her daughter trust she did it, and then, the stepmother
prepares the unfortunate boy and foods him to his father! The young girl then inters the bones
beneath the juniper tree where the little boy’s mother was also submerged. The boy tries into a
bird and croons his story to numerous people, who give him a gold chain, red shoes, and a
burden. The fowl stretches the father the chain, the little girl the shoes, and the stepmother
well, the bird drops the millstone on her head.
The translator calculated the most frequently used method and strategy with the help of pie
diagrams and frequency tables. It shows that communicative translation method and free
(Page 68 of 77)
translation method and paraphrase strategy is frequently used by the translator on the
translated data from English into Urdu language. Communicative method keeps the message
humble, strong and short-term and printed in inventive style. According to linguists,
communicative method of translation is created for the same condition the target language
culture usages a source language expression and target text uses a target language expression
for equivalent target culture. (Newmark, 1988).As paraphrase is continually additional than
one mode to phrase a testimonial formerly this significance in the target language convey on
the translator’s selection. Result other methods to word a word force be a valued tool for any
imaginative linguistic user, not fair the translator, but few authors may be below as far effect
while creating a text as the translator; source text language as well as background settings are
recognized to often affect the choices made by translators. Taking an instrument that could
propose substitute faithful phrasing would suggest respected input in the translation process.
While there is a developing field of research on paraphrases.
The practical use of translation, methods and procedures in translating children literature these
approaches and strategies used by the translator which enables the better quality of translation. As
the method communicative the source language to target in doing this the culture remains also
translated and transmitted from one text to another text making the translation comprehensible and
easily read able plus understandable for the target culture viewers. The translator uses such more
strategies and methods of the theorist Peter Newmark for the better quality and expression of the
translation as these translations are only for the children from a 4 year old child to a young adult.
By showing the research, the translator included that translation procedure assistances the readers
in appreciative the stories that the translations Grimm fairy tales as it is easy to realize and
comprehensible by target students subsequently maximum of the social arguments are translated
healthy and also well documented by the target reader. The practical use of translation, methods
and procedures in translating children literature these methods and strategies used by the translator
which enables the better quality of translation. As the method communicative the source language
in the target language in doing this the culture is also translated and transmitted from one language
to another language making the translation comprehensible and easily read able plus
understandable for the target culture audiences.
Recommendations
The recommendations for this research are that the necessity to supply introductions to translated
books that will give the young readers an overall knowledge about the author, his/her country and
culture. The requirement to endorse and inspire literary disapproval of children’s records by way
of the only resources in refining the superiority of translated books in terms of language and style.
The requirement is to produce motivations for the translators of literature for children’ and near
reward them justifiably. By showing the research, the translator included

(Page 69 of 77)
that translation procedure assistances the readers in appreciative the stories that the translations
Grimm fairy tales as it is easy to realize and comprehensible by target students subsequently
maximum of the social arguments are translated healthy and also well documented by the target
reader. The requirement to assemble up a translated children’s literature nourishment. Its purpose
is to variety references as to what to what themes and genres translators must try to their attention
to. It also endorses the latest books in the market for translation. Furthermore, the panel will set up
guidelines to set up excellence values in expressions of both content and product. The translator
can also applied any framework of the theorists like that of Mona Baker, J.C Cart ford, Geoffrey
Chancer and etc. the translator not just apply these frameworks the self-analysis can also be done
of this translation. For the improvement of the translation the translator’s quality assessment can
also be done. The translator can also use various other procedures on the same data. Translator
must know the TL culture and SL culture the norms of translating the culture and the full
information around the source text and the target text.

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 APPENDIX-01
Turnitin Originality Report
Tested on 00.00.0000, by Turnitin Anti Plagiarism Software Provided by Higher Education
Commission, Pakistan to the Instruction of the University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.

Thesis Title: TRANSLATING CHILDREN LITERATURE: AN ANALSIS OF URDU

TRANSLATION OF GRIMM’S FAIRY TALES
Authors’ Name: Iqra Anwar

Institution: University of Gujrat

PRIMARY SOURCES

SIMILARITY INTERNE PUBLICATIONS STUDENT

INDEX SOURCES PAPERS
8% 5% 2% 6%

Internet Sources
1. OMERHAGE.BLOGSPOT.COM
2. GOLDSTEIN.CCI.FSU.EDU
Publication
1. CHAPTER11. LEXICOGRAPHY FOR THE THIRD MILLENNIUM: FREE
INSTITUTIONAL INTERNET TERMINOLOGY DICTIONARIES FOR LEARNERS”.
WALTER DE GUNTER GMBH, 2010
2. MASSOUM, SEYED MUHAMMAD HOSSEINI, AND HODA DAVTALAB. “AN
ANALYSIS OF CULTURE-SPECIFIC ITEMS IN THE PERSIAN TRANSLATION OF
“DUBLINERS” BASED ON NEWMARK’S MODEL”, THEORY AND PRACTICE IN
LANGUAGE STUDIES, 2011.
Student paper
1. SUBMITTED TO UNIVERSITY OF BATH
2. SUBMITTED TO HAWTHORN-MELBOURNE

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 APPENDIX-02
Frequencies of translation method used in the translation
Sr.no Methods Frequencies
01 Literal method 4.09%
02 Communicative 9.09%
03 Free method 12.27%
04 Adaptation method 2.72%
05 Faithful 0.45%
Frequencies of translation strategies used in the translation
Sr.no Strategy Frequencies
01 Paraphrase strategy 9.54%
02 Sense for sense 3.18%
03 Omission 3.18%
04 Domestication 2.72%
05 Foreignization 0.45%
06 Equivalence 0.45%
07 Naturalization 0.45%
08 Compensation 0.45%

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