ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Technical Workshop

Fundamentals of HVAC
Control Systems
18, 19, 25, 26 April 2007

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 1

 Chapter 3
Control Valves and Dampers

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 2

 Control Valves

„ Important component of fluid distribution

systems
Š Regulate the flow of fluid to the process under control
„ Common types:
Š Globe valves (for modulating)
Š Ball valves (less expensive)
Š Butterfly valves (for isolation)
„ Valve material
Š Bronze, cast iron, steel

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 3

 Control valve components
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 4
 2-Way and 3-Way Valve Circuits

2-way control valve

Mixing 3-way control valve

Diverting 3-way control valve

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 5

 2-Way and 3-Way Valves

„ 2-way: for variable flow

Š More sensitive to high differential pressure
Š Harder to close off against line pressure

„ 3-way: for constant flow

Š Actuator does not need to be as powerful

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 6

 Advantages of 2-Way Valves

„ Less expensive to buy and install

„ Result in variable flow which reduces
pumping energy
„ Reduced piping heat losses and pump
energy
„ Potentially lower costs for pumping and
distribution systems
„ System balancing is reduced or eliminated

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 7

 Disadvantages of 2-Way Valves

„ Most chillers and some boilers cannot

handle widely varying flow rates
„ Differential pressures will increase across
control valves, reducing system
controllability

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 8

 Normally Open 2-Way Valve

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 9

 Normally Closed 2-Way Valve

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 10

 Two-way globe valve application
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 11
 Double-Seated 2-Way Valve

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 12

 Butterfly Valve

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 13

 Ball Valve

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 14

 Ball valve

Butterfly valve
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 15
 Linear Valve

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 16

 Equal Percentage Valve

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 17

 Quick-Opening Valve

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 18

 Characteristics of Control Valves
„ Valve flow characteristics
Š Relationship between the stem travel of a valve, expressed in
percent of travel, and the fluid flow through the valve,
expressed in percent of full flow
„ Typical flow characteristics
Š Linear
Š Equal percentage
Š Quick opening

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 19

 Typical Flow Characteristics

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 20

[Source: Shadpour, F., 2001. The Fundamentals of HVAC Direct Digital Control]

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 21

 Flow coefficient:

ρ
AV = q
ΔP
q = volume flow (m3/s)
ρ= fluid density (kg/m3)
ΔP = static pressure loss across the valve (Pa)

For different units and locations, CV and KV are used.

For valve used in water application:

ρ
KV = Q Q = volume flow (m3/h)
ΔP ⋅10
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 22
 Control Valve Ratings
„ Flow coefficient
„ Close-off rating:
Š The maximum pressure drop that a valve can withstand
without leakage while in the full closed position
„ Pressure drop:
Š The difference in upstream and downstream pressures of the
fluid flowing through the valve
„ Maximum pressure and temperature:
Š The maximum pressure and temperature limitations of fluid
flow that a valve can withstand

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 23

 Location of Control Valves
„ At the outlet on the top of cooling/heating
coils
Š Avoid coil starvation from water flow (lower pressure)
Š Flow of water from the bottom to the top (avoid air
bubble)
„ Flow measuring & balancing device
should be placed after the control valve
„ Provide a means of shut-off to allow a
proper means for servicing

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 24

[Source: Shadpour, F., 2001. The Fundamentals of HVAC Direct Digital Control]

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 25

 3-Way Mixing Valve

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 26

 3-Way Diverting Valve

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 27

 Three-way valves
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 28

 3-Way Mixing Valves

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 29

 Flow Through 3-Way Valve

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 30

 Selecting & Sizing Valves
Control valve selection depends on:
„ The fluid being controlled
„ Valve style: 2-way or 3-way
„ Control mode: modulating or 2-position
„ Maximum fluid temperature
„ Maximum inlet pressure
„ Desired flow characteristic
„ Maximum fluid flow rate
„ Desired pressure drop when valve is full open
„ Turn-down ratio
„ Close-off pressure

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 31

 Coil Subsystem

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 32

 Representative Values of Cv

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 33

 Flow Characteristic Selection

The desired flow characteristic is a function

of:
„ The heat transfer device being controlled
and its flow versus capacity characteristic
„ The control of fluid supply temperature
„ The control of the differential pressure
across the valve

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 34

 Capacity Versus Flow Rate

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 35

 Authority Distortion of
Linear Flow Characteristic

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 36

 Authority Distortion of Equal
Percentage Flow Characteristic

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 37

 Pump & System Curves
With Valve Control

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 38

 Control Dampers

„ For controlling air distribution, such as

Š Fire damper: A thermally actuated damper arranged to
automatically restrict the passage of fire and/or heat at a
point where an opening violates the integrity of a fire
partition or floor
Š Smoke damper: A damper arranged to control passage
of smoke through an opening or a duct
Š Volume control damper (VCD): A device used to regulate
the flow of air in an HVAC system

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 39

 Control Dampers

„ Common types:
Š Opposed blade dampers (e.g. in AHU)
Š Parallel blade dampers
Š Butterfly dampers (e.g. in VAV box)
Š Linear air valves (e.g. in fume hood)
Š Specialty dampers

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 40

[Source: Shadpour, F., 2001. The Fundamentals of HVAC Direct Digital Control]

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 41

 Typical Multiblade Dampers

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 42

 Parallel blade damper Opposed blade damper
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 43

 Round damper Volume control damper
(opposed blade)
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 44
 Typical (opposed blade) damper construction
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 45
 Externally mounted
pneumatic actuator
Internally mounted electric actuator
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 46
 Damper Sizing

„ Typically chosen based on duct size and

convenience of location
„ Proper selection and sizing provides the
following benefits:
Š Lower installation cost (damper sizes are smaller)
Š Smaller actuators or a fewer number of them are required
Š Reduced energy costs (smaller damper, less overall leakage)
Š Improved control characteristics (rangeability) because the
ratio of total damper flow to minimum controllable flow is
increased
Š Improved operating characteristics (linearity)

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 47

 Performance Data

„ Leakage ratings
„ Torque requirements
Š Closing torque
Š Dynamic torque

„ Velocity ratings
„ Temperature ratings
„ Pressure ratings
„ UL classification (fire/smoke)

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 48

[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 49
 Control loop for
a damper system

Resistance to airflow
in actual system

[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 50
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 51
 Mixed air control system (parallel blade dampers)
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 52
 Mixed air system with louvers
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 53
 Selecting and Sizing Dampers

The three basic damper applications are:

„ Two-position duty
„ Capacity control duty
„ Mixing duty

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 54

 Fans in Parallel

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 55

 Centrifugal Fan With
Inlet Vane Damper

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 56

 Characteristic Curves of Parallel
Blade Dampers

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 57

 Characteristic Curves of Opposed
Blade Dampers

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 58

 Flow Pattern Through Dampers

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 59

 Mixing Box Arrangements

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 60

 Pressure Drop Across Mixing Box

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 61

 Economizer With Supply
and Return Fans

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 62

 VAV System at 100% Outdoor Air and
Minimum Outdoor Air

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 63

 Economizer With Relief Fan

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 64