SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Quarter 2- Module 6
State and Education in Society

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2- Module 6: State and Education in Society
First Edition, 2020
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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
Quarter 2- Module 6
State and Education in Society

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and

reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or
universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to
email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of
Education at action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
INTRODUCTORY MESSAGE 1
Learning Competencies 1
General Instruction 1
LESSON 1: Forms and functions of state and non-state
institutions
What I Need to Know/Learning Objectives 2
What I Need to Know/Pretest 2
What’s New/Warm-up Activity 1 3
What Is It 3
What's More Activity 2 4
What Is It 4
What's More Activity 3 5
What's More Activity 4 6
Post Assessment 7
LESSON 2: FUNCTIONS AND IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION IN
THE SOCIETY
What I Need to Know/Learning Objectives 9
What I Know/Pretest 9
What’s New/Warm-up Activity 1 10
What Is It 10
What's More Activity 2 12
What's More Activity 3 12
What Is It 12
What's More Activity 4 13
Post Assessment 13
Answer Key 14
References 15

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 OVERVIEW
The understanding cultures, society, and politics is one of the core subjects in
humanities and social sciences in the academic strand at the senior high school K to
12 curricula. This subject involves the three discipline topics, namely: Anthropology,
Political Science, and Sociology. The purpose is to develop student’s awareness of
cultural, social, and political dynamics in their community. In this module, the topics
are divided based on the essential learning competencies in the curriculum
implementation and learning management k to 12, and these are the following
competencies:

Week 7  Explain the forms and functions of state and non-state institutions
Week 8  Examine the functions and importance of education in the society
Week 9  Examine the concept, characteristics and forms of stratification
systems using sociological perspectives
Week 10  Explain government programs and initiatives in addressing social
inequalities e.g. local, national, global

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

For the learners: For the teacher:

To be guided in achieving the
objectives of this module, do the
following:
1. Read and follow instructions
carefully.
2. Answer the pretest before
going through the lessons.
3. Take note and record points
for clarification.
4. Compare your answers
against the key to answers
found at the end of the
module.
5. Do the activities and fully
understand each lesson.
6. Answer the self-check to
monitor what you learned in
each lesson.
7. Answer the posttest after you
have gone over all the
lessons.
To facilitate and ensure the students’
learning from this module, you are
encouraged to do the following:
1. Clearly communicate learning
competencies and objectives
2. Motivate through applications
and connections to real life.
3. Give applications of the theory
4. Discuss worked-out examples
5. Give time for hands-on unguided
classroom work and discovery
6. Use formative assessment to
give feedback
7. Introduce extensions or
generalizations of concepts
8. Engage in reflection questions
9. Encourage analysis through
higher order thinking prompts
10. Provide alternative formats for
student work

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 Lesson FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF
STATE AND NON-STATE
1 INSTITUTIONS

“A state is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently

occupying a definite portion of territory, independent of external control and
possessing an organized government to which the great body of inhabitants render
habitual obedience(Garner 1935, p52).”

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

In this lesson, you will:
1. Define what is state;
2. Define non-state institutions and its functions;
3. Identify the four elements of state; and
4. Classify the different political theories concerning the
function of the state in society.

WHAT I KNOW?
PRE- TEST
TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it
is wrong. Write your answer in your notebook.

_____1. A sovereign state is a political organization with a centralized

government that has supreme independent authority over a geographic
area.
_____2. People cannot constitute a state unless they inhabit in a definite territory.
_____3. The four essential elements of the state are the following: Population,
territory, government, and sovereignty.
_____4. A community of persons does not form a state unless a stable
government organizes it.
_____5. Liberal and conservative theories of the state tend to see the state as a
neutral entity separated from society and the economy.

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 WHAT’S NEW
Activity 1. What comes to your mind when you hear the
words state and non-state institutions based on your previous
knowledge in Junior High School? Copy the rectangular box
and write your answers in your notebook.

WHAT IS IT?
What is a State?
State, a political organization of society, the body
politic, the institutions of government. The country is a form of
human association distinguished from other social groups by
its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their
enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and its
sovereignty. The state consists, of the agreement of the individuals on the means
whereby disputes are settled in the form of laws. In such countries as the United
States, Australia, Nigeria, Mexico, and Brazil, the term state (or a cognate) also
refers to political units, not sovereign themselves, but subject to the authority of the
more significant state or federal union.

What are non-state institutions?

A group of people or any organizations which are not affiliated with the
national government. Sometimes called a non-state entity. For instance, these non-
state institutions are private banks, private corporations, cooperatives, non-
governmental organizations (NGO) and Trade Unions. These institutions have
several functions and roles in our society as part of the nation-building.

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 WHAT’S MORE
Activity 2. List the non-state institutions that are found in
your community. Copy the table below and write your answer
in your notebook.

Name of Non-State Institutions Function

Example: Bank of the Philippine Island A bank is a financial institution which
(BPI) is involved in borrowing and lending
money. Banks take customer
deposits in return for paying
customers an annual interest
payment.
Private Bank:
Private Corporations:
Cooperatives:
NGO:
Trade Unions:

WHAT IS IT?
Four Elements of the State
Sovereignty is understood as the inherent power of a state to
control its internal or domestic affairs without external
interference. As a sovereign state, the Philippines possesses
coequal status with the other independent states in terms of rights, privileges,
obligations and duties imposed by international law. One of the obligations of every
state is to respect coequal states by not meddling in the others internal affairs. This
includes the manner and method on how they control its government.
Philippines is a sovereign and independent state. Even freshmen political
science students know that the Philippines possesses the basic four elements and
attributes of a state: 1) people; 2) territory; 3) sovereignty; and 4) government.
Among the basic elements the third element is challenged by a US Senate resolution.
Read carefully the article about the “US Senate resolution mocks Philippine
sovereignty” published at https://opinion.inquirer.net/126662/us-senate-resolution-
mocks-philippine-sovereignty dated January 17, 2020. This is in connection to US

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Senate Resolution No. 142 calling on US President Donald Trump to impose
sanctions against Philippine officials in accordance with the Global Magnitsky Act.
Under the said resolution, if indeed the US senators have reasonable
grounds to believe that the human rights of Philippine Senator Leila de Lima were
violated, there should be diplomatic channels and international bodies to be
investigated. But resorting to a resolution without even conducting an investigation is
an act of intrusion into Philippine affairs and a mockery of the Philippine sovereignty.
Such unwarranted action by the US senators is tantamount to dictating on our
Supreme Court about what to do with pending cases.
President Trump, as the head of the US executive branch of US government,
should be circumspect and prudent in considering US Senate Resolution 142. He
should not forget that the Philippines is a sovereign state coequal with the United
States.

WHAT’S MORE
Activity 3. Copy the process questions below in your
notebook and answer directly.
1. In the creation of a state, what are the four essential
that are mentioned in the article?
2. What is sovereignty?
3. What are the duties of a state based in the article?
Theories of the State
Most political theories of the state can roughly be classified into two
categories. The first, which includes liberal or conservative theories, treats capitalism
as a given, and concentrates on the function of states in a capitalist society. Theories
of this variety views the state as a neutral entity distinct from both society and the
economy("Government and the State | Boundless Sociology." Lumen Learning –
SimpleBook Production. Accessed June 29,2020. https://courses.lumenlearning.com
/boundless-sociology/chapter/government- and-the-state/).
Marxist Theory
Marxist theory, emphasizes the relationship between economic power and
political power. Marxists view the state as the organizing committee of the ruling
class. It is the instrument through which the ruling class coordinates and exercises
its rule of the other classes, and thereby maintains its status as the ruling class. For

5
Marxist theorists, the role of the non-socialist state is determined by its function in
the global capitalist order. Marx’s early writings portrayed the country as “parasitic,”
built upon the superstructure of the economy and working against the public interest.
Anarchism
The term anarchism is derived from the negation of the Greek term arché,
which means first principle, foundation, or ruling power. It is a political philosophy
that considers states immoral and instead promotes a stateless society – anarchy.
Anarchists believe that the state is inherently an instrument of domination and
repression, no matter who is in control of it. They also believe that the state
apparatus should be completely dismantled and an alternative set of social relations
created, which would be unrelated to state power.
Pluralism
Pluralists view society as a collection of individuals and groups competing for
political power. An example of pluralism is a society where people with different
cultural backgrounds keep their tradition. They view the state as a neutral body that
enacts the will of whichever group dominates the electoral process. Within the
pluralist tradition, Robert Dahl developed the theory of the state as a neutral arena
for contending interests. He also viewed governmental agencies as merely another
set of competing interest groups. The pluralist approach suggests that the modern
democratic state acts in response to pressures that are applied by a variety of
related interests. Dahl called this kind of state a polyarchy(Krouse 1982).

WHAT’S MORE
Activity 4. Copy the process questions below in your
notebook and answer directly.
1. What are the two political theories of the state?
2. What is the function of the state according to Marx?
3. What does an anarchist believe in?
4. Who created pluralism?
5. What is an example of pluralism?

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 ASSESSMENT
Test I TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct
and F if it is wrong. Write your answer in your notebook.

_____1. A sovereign state is a political organization with a centralized

government that has supreme independent authority over a geographic
area.
_____2. People cannot constitute a state unless they inhabit in a definite territory.
_____3. The four essential elements of the state are the following: Population,
territory, government, and sovereignty.
_____4. A community of persons does not form a state unless a stable
government organizes it.
_____5. Liberal and conservative theories of the state tend to see the state as a
neutral entity separated from society and the economy.
_____6. Robert Dahl developed the theory of the state as a neutral arena for
contending interests.
_____7. A group of people or any organizations are not affiliated with the national
government.
_____8. One of the obligations of every state is to respect coequal states by not
meddling in the other’s internal affairs.
_____9. An example of pluralism is a society where people with different cultural
backgrounds keep their tradition.
_____10. Marxists view the state is the organizing committee of the ruling class.

Test II Reading Comprehension

Read the article entitled the Sovereignty vs sovereign rights: What do we
have in West PH Sea? from an online report of the
https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/234145- explainer-sovereignty -sovereign-
rights-west-Philippine-sea on June 29, 2019.
MANILA, Philippines – Filipinos fumed when President Rodrigo Duterte stressed that
the Philippines has "no sovereignty" over its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the
West Philippine Sea. "No country in the world has sovereignty over its exclusive

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economic zone," Duterte said in a speech on June 26. Duterte had also said on June
21 that the sinking of a Filipino fishing boat by a Chinese ship in Recto Bank (Reed
Bank) in the West Philippine Sea "was not an attack on our sovereignty."
Is Duterte correct?
Or as Presidential Spokesperson Salvador Panelo, a lawyer, asked a reporter
in a press conference on June 27, "Ano ba ang difference ng sovereign rights at
saka sovereignty. Meron ba (What's the difference between sovereign rights and
sovereignty. Is there a difference)?"
Rappler consulted two of the Philippines' leading experts on the West Philippine
Sea – Supreme Court Senior Associate Justice Antonio Carpio and Jay Batongbacal,
director of the University of the Philippines Institute for Maritime Affairs and the Law
of the Sea. The short answer is: Yes, under international law, the Philippines has no
sovereignty – and only has sovereign rights – over its EEZ in the West Philippine
Sea.The Philippine government is duty-bound to defend its sovereign rights over the
West Philippine Sea, experts said.
What is the difference between sovereignty and sovereign rights?
Batongbacal explained that sovereignty "is like full ownership of property, with
all the rights it implies, including the right to destroy it." Sovereignty applies to the
Philippines' landmass and its 12-nautical mile territorial sea.
Exclusive sovereign rights function "like usufruct, a right to use and enjoy
property," said Batongbacal. Sovereign rights allow the Philippines to exclusively fish
and enjoy marine resources, such as oil and natural gas, in its 200-nautical mile EEZ
in the West Philippine Sea.
Process Questions (Write your answer in your notebook.)
1. As a Filipino citizen, how can you defend your sovereign rights in your country?
2. As a student what can you contribute to resolve the issues of South China
Sea?

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 Lesson FUNCTIONS AND
IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION
2 IN THE SOCIETY
Education is the most crucial aspect of society which should be given
considerable attention in order for it to become a powerful tool in making every
individual a catalyst of change. Changes is very important in socially progressive and
functional community.

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

In this lesson, you will:
1. List the major functions of education; and
2. Appreciate the value and importance of education in our
community.

WHAT I KNOW?
Direction: TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is
correct and F if it is wrong. Write your answers in your
notebook.

_____1. A second function of education is social integration.

_____2. Functionalists view education as one of the more important social
institutions.
_____3. This socialization also involves learning the rules and norms of the
society as a whole. In the early days of compulsory education, students
learned the dominant culture.
_____4. A third function of education is social placement. Beginning in grade
school, students are identified by teachers and other school officials
either as bright and motivated or as less bright and even educationally
challenged.
_____5. Education promotes social inequality through the use of tracking and
standardized testing and the impact of its “hidden curriculum.” Schools
differ widely in their funding and learning conditions, and this type of
inequality leads to learning disparities that reinforce social inequality.

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 WHAT’S NEW
Activity 1. Directions: Complete the bubble map by writing
words associated with the middle phrase – function of
education in society and explain. Write your answers in your
notebook.

WHAT IS IT?
The Functions of Education
Functional theory stresses that education serves in
fulfilling a society’s various needs and feasibly the most
important function of education is socialization. The French
sociologist Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), established the academic discipline of
sociology, characterized schools as “socialization agencies that teach children how
to get along with others and prepare them for adult economic roles”. Indeed, it
seems that schools have taken on this responsibility in full. If children are to learn the
norms, values, and skills they need to function in society, then education is a primary
vehicle for such learning. Schools teach the three Rs (reading, ‘riting, ’rithmetic), as
we all know, but they also teach many of the society’s norms and values.
A second function of education is social integration. For a society to work,
functionalists say, people must subscribe to a common set of beliefs and values. As
this development was a goal of the system of free, compulsory education that
developed in the nineteenth century.
A third function of education is social placement. Beginning in grade school,
students are identified by teachers and other school officials either as bright and
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motivated or as less bright and even educationally challenged. Depending on how
they are identified, children are taught at the level that is thought to suit them best. In
this way, they are presumably prepared for their later stations in life. Whether this
process works as well as it should, is an important issue, and we explore it further
when we discuss school tracking later in this chapter.

Social and cultural innovation is a fourth function of education. Our

scientists cannot make important scientific discoveries, artists and thinkers cannot
come up with great works of art unless they have been educated in the many
subjects they need to know for their chosen path.

(https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-socialproblems)
Schools ideally perform many important functions in modern society. These
includes socialization, social integration, social placement, and social – cultural
innovation. Functionalists view education as an important social institution that
contributes both manifest and latent functions. Education also involves several latent
functions, like by-products of going to school and receiving an education rather than
a direct effect of the education itself. One of these is child care: Once a child starts
kindergarten and then first grade, for several hours a day the child is taken care of
for free. The establishment of peer relationships is another latent function of
schooling. Most of us met many of our friends while we were in school and some of
those friendships endure the rest of our lives. For education to serve its many
functions, various kinds of reforms are needed to make our schools and the process
of education as effective as possible.

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 WHAT’S MORE
Activity 2. Direction: Fill-up the given column below about
the function of education in society and answer in a separate
paper or notebook.

Word or Phrases Definition Real-Life Example

Education is socialization
Education is social integration
Education is social placement
Social and cultural innovation

Activity 3. Direction: Copy the process questions below in your notebook and
answer directly.
1. Define latent and manifest functions of education.
2. Cite an example of latent and manifest functions of education that are not
mentioned above.

WHAT IS IT?
Importance of Education
Educational institutions are important in reproducing
the existing belief system and practices of a particular society.
It accomplishes this goal by allotting to the individual learners
the roles they need to fulfill as adult members of society.
Horace Mann, an American educational reformer, proposed that education could
cure ills. He believed that education is the great equalizer by giving the people the
knowledge and technical skills to participate in national development. Education is
one of the most pervasive institutions that determines one’s future status. Hence,
many people believe in education-based meritocracy or the belief that education is
the great equalizer and the key to succeed. Filipinos, for example, believe in value of
education that they are willing to sacrifice everything just to finish college (Lanuza
and Raymundo 2016, p.81).

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 WHAT’S MORE
Activity 4. Direction: Copy the process questions below in
your notebook and answer directly.
1. Explain the belief that education is the great equalizer
and the key to succeed in life.
2. As an individual why we need to have an education?

ASSESSMENT
Directions: TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is
correct and F if it is wrong. Write your answer in your notebook.

_____1. A second function of education is social integration.

_____2. Functionalists view education as one of the more important social
institutions in a society.
_____3. This socialization also involves learning the rules and norms of the
society as a whole. In the early days of compulsory education, students
learned the dominant culture.
_____4. A third function of education is social placement. Beginning in grade
school, students are identified by teachers and other school officials
either as bright and motivated or as less bright and even educationally
challenged.
_____5. Education promotes social inequality through the use of tracking and
standardized testing and the impact of its “hidden curriculum.” Schools
differ widely in their funding and learning conditions, and this type of
inequality leads to learning disparities that reinforce social inequality.
_____6. Horace Mann, an American educational reformer, proposed that
education could cure ills
_____7. Functionalists view education as an important social institution that
contributes both manifest and latent functions.
_____8. This socialization also involves learning the rules and norms of the
society as a whole. In the early days of compulsory education, students
learned the dominant culture.
_____9. Functionalists believe that education equips people to perform different
functional roles in society.
_____10. Education is one of the most pervasive institutions that determines one’s
future status.

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ANSWER KEY

14
 REFERENCES
Internet

"Function of Education in the Society." Powerful Education. Last modified

August 14, 2015. https://powerfuleducation.com/function-of-education-
in-the-society/.
"Government and the State | Boundless Sociology." Lumen Learning – Simple
Book Production. Accessed June 29, 2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
sociology/chapter/government- and-the-state/.

Inquirer, Philippine D. "US Senate Resolution Mocks Philippine Sovereignty."

INQUIRER.net. Last modified January 17, 2020.
https://opinion.inquirer.net/126662/us-senate-resolution-mocks-
philippine- sovereignty

"State." Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed June 29,

2020.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/state-sovereign-political-entity.

"11.2 Sociological Perspectives on Education | Social Problems." Lumen

Learning – Simple Book Production. Last modified March 25, 2016.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com
"The Role of Non-State Entities & International Organizations in World
Conflicts." Study.com. Accessed June 29, 2020.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/the- role-of-non-state-entities-
international-organizations-in-world-conflicts.html.
Book

Garner, James Wilford. Political science and government. American Book

Company, 1935.
Gerry M. Lanuza and Sarah S. Raymundo. Understanding Culture, Society, and
Politics.
Rex Bookstore, 2016.
Journal
Krouse, Richard W. "Polyarchy & participation: the changing democratic theory of
Robert Dahl." Polity 14, no. 3 (1982): 441-463.

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Telefax:
E-mail Address: 16