14.

0 SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS

14.1 Types of Skeleton
14.1.1 List the types of skeleton in humans and animals.
14.1.2 Justify the necessity of skeletons in humans and animals.

1. There are three types of skeleton in humans and animals.

• ……………………
• ……………………
• ……………………

2. Necessities of skeleton to humans and animals.

Allows ………….. and

locomotions ……………. internal organs

Produces ……………… in
Necessities For muscle ………………
vertebrates of skeleton
to Humans
and Animals
Allows the …………. of
organisms except animals with
Gives body ………… exoskeleton

Storage for …………… and

Supports body …………. ………………. ions

14.2 Musculoskeletal System of Humans

14.2.1 Identify bones that form the human skeletal system.
14.2.2 Characterise types of vertebrae in the backbone.
14.2.3 Compare and contrast the types of vertebrae.
14.2.4 State types of joints in the human skeletal system.
14.2.5 Draw, label and explain the human forearm hinge joint structure.
 HUMAN
SKELETON

Consists of
Appendicular
P: _____________ skeleton

Pectoral Girdle Q: ____________ Pelvic Girdle R: ____________

-Skull - Scapula -Humerus - Ischium -Femur

-Vertebral -Radius -________
Columns - ________ - ________ - _________ - ________
- _______ - Carpals - Tarsal
- ________ - ________ - __________ - ________
- ________ -_________

Human Skeletal System

A: _____________

C:_____________ B: ____________.
_.
D: _____________
H: _____________
E: ____________.

F: _____________
I: _____________.
G: _____________

J: _____________

L: _____________ K: _____________
Vertebral column

P: ………………

Total number of vertebrae = ……

Jumlah vertebrae
Q: ………………

R: ………………

S: ………………

T: ………………

Structure of a typical vertebrae

D:____________________
Function: _______________
Fungsi
E:___________________
Function: _______________
Fungsi
F: _____________________
Function: _______________
Fungsi
A: ______________________
Function: _________________
Fungsi
B: _______________________
Function: _________________
Fungsi
C:______________________
Function: _________________
Fungsi

Characteristics of each vertebrae:

Vertebra Structure of vertebra Characteristics and functions
Atlas (1) (a) Has large neural canal
(b)No centrum
(c) Has two vertebrarterial canals /
transverse foramen – allow
………….. to pass through to the
brain.
(d) Functions:
• Nodding movement
• Supports the skull
Vertebra Structure of vertebra Characteristics and functions
Axis (1) (a) Odontoid process extends into
ventral part of the neural canal of
atlas and acts as pivot to allow the
head to move side-to-side

(b) Has two vertebrarterial canals

/ transverse foramen

(d) Function: …………. head

movement.

Cervical (7) (a) Broad and short transverse

process
(b) Broad centrum
(c) Has two vertebrarterial canals
/ transverse foramen
(d) Functions:
• Support head and neck
• Attachment for neck muscles
• Has a short ………………….

Thoracic (12) (a) Has long ………………… which

points backwards
(b) Functions:
• Support the rib bones to form the
…………… and provide surface for
attachment of muscles to the
tranverse process and centrum
• Muscle attachment to support
head and neck
• Large and thick centrum
• Long transverse process

Lumbar (5) (a) The largest and strongest

vertebra in the vertebral column
(b) Large and thick ……………..
(c) Transverse process is long and
flat
(d) Spinous process is …………

(e) Function: The large centrum

supports the weight of the lower
back.

Sacrum (5) (a) Five bones fused together

and caudal forming a broad ……….. structure
(4) known as sacrum

(b) Coccyx is formed by fusion of

four vertebrae bones

(c) Function: Balances and

supports sitting position.
Types of vertebrate Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae
Spinous process ……………………… ……………………. Short
Transverse process Broad and short Long Short
Centrum ……………………… Medium size ………………..
Transverse foramen Has a pair of transverse Absent Absent
foramen

Joint

1. Movement of human limbs can be done by:

(a) the presence of joints in which two or more bones meet.
(b) the actions between skeletal muscles and bones.

2. There are three types of main joints found in humans.

Types of joint Characteristics Examples

Immovable joints • Bones attached together by fibrous • Joints in ………….
connective tissue
• Joints in pelvic girdle
• No movement is allowed
• These joints are categorised as ……………..

Slightly moveable joints • Bones attached together by …………..
• Movement is limited
Freely moveable joints • Bones join together with synovial fluid
• Movement in one plane or all planes
• These joints are known as synovial joints
• Joints between vertebrae
• Joints between ……… and
sternum
• …………. joints (humerus with
ulna and radius, femur with tibia
and fibula, between phalanges)
• ……………………. joints
(humerus with scapula, femur with
pelvic girdle)

Hinge joint of human arm

• Cartilage cushions the joints,

absorbs shocks and reduces
friction between bones
• Protects the bones from
wearing away.

Secretes synovial fluid into the

synovial cavity.

Synovial fluid
Acts as a lubricant which
reduces the friction between the
ends of the bones.
 Examples of movable joint
A ball-and-socket joint A hinge joint

• Allowing 360°movements / all planes • Allowing 180°movements / single plane

• Examples: Pectoral girdle ↔ ……………… • Examples: …………. ↔ Ulna and radius
Pelvic girdle ↔ ……………….. …………. ↔ Tibia and fibula

Roles of the Skeletal Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons in Movement

Structure Characteristics Functions

Tendons • ……….. elastic • Joins ………… to ………….
• Strong • Transmits pulling force exerted
• Connective tissues by contraction of muscles to the
bone and pulls it up
Ligaments • Elastic • Joins ………. to ………. / cartilage
• Strong • Holds joints together
• Connective tissues • Prevents dislocation
• Flexible • Allows limited movements
Muscles Antagonistic pairs: • Exert …………. force onto bones
• A pair of …………. that work • Supports movement and
together locomotion
• When one contracts, the other
…………..
• Example: Biceps and triceps of
the arm