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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
1. What is Science?
2. What Is Matter and What Happens When It Undergoes
Change?
3. What Is Energy and What Happens When It Undergoes
Change?
4. What Are Systems and How Do They Respond To Change?
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2.1. What Do Scientists Do?
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Science is a search for order in nature
1. Identify a problem
2. Find out what is known about the problem
3. Ask a question to be investigated
4. Collect data to answer the question
5. Propose a hypothesize to explain the data
6. Make testable predictions
7. Keep testing and making observations
8. Accept or reject the hypothesis
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Critical thinking is important in science
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Developing Scientific laws
Ø A scientific law
– Is a well-tested and widely accepted description of events
or actions of nature that are repeatable in the same way
– Cannot be broken except by discovering new data that
lead to changes in the laws
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Comparing scientific theory & scientific law
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Ø Tentative science
– Not widely tested or accepted
Ø Reliable science
– Data, hypotheses, models, theories, and laws widely
accepted by the field’s experts
Ø Unreliable science
– Has not been rigorously peer reviewed or has been
discarded as a result of this peer review
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Science Has Some Limitations
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What is matter?
Concept 2.2. Matter consists of elements and compounds
which are in turn made up of atom, ions and molecules
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2.2. What Is Matter and What Happens
When It Undergoes Change?
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Classification of matter
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Chemical elements important to the
study of environmental science
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Atomic Number, Atomic Mass,
and Isotopes
Ø Ions
– A group of atoms with
one or more net
positive or negative
charges
Ø Molecules
– Two or more atoms of
either the same or
different elements held
together by chemical
bonds (forces)
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Acidity
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Ions important to the study
of environmental science
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Chemical Formulas
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Compounds important to the study of
environmental science
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Organic Compounds Are the
Chemicals of Life
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Ø Cells
– The smallest units of life in all living organisms
– All organisms have one or more cells
Ø Genes
– Composed of nucleotide sequences in DNA
– Segments of DNA that code for genetic traits
Ø Chromosome
– DNA molecule made up of thousands of genes
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The relationships among Cells, Nuclei,
Chromosomes, DNA, and Genes
A human body contains trillions
of cells, each with an identical set
of genes.
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Matter Undergoes Physical,
Chemical and Nuclear Changes
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Matter Undergoes Physical,
Chemical and Nuclear Changes
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What Are the Three Nuclear Changes
That Matter Can Undergo?
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What Are the Three Nuclear Changes
That Matter Can Undergo?
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2.3 What is energy and what happens
when it undergoes change?
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Energy Comes in Many Forms:
Kinetic Energy - Potential Energy
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Some Types of Energy Are More
Useful Than Others
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Energy Changes Are Governed
By Two Scientific Laws
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Energy efficiency
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Second law of the thermodynamics
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2.4 What Are Systems and How Do
They Respond To Change?
Ø Sets of components that function/interact in a regular way:
Inputs from the environment, throughputs or flows, outputs
of both matter and energy
Ø Feedback loops can affect system behavior
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Ø Non-living systems
– Do not change their size or how they function in response
to environmental changes
Ø Living systems
– Do respond to environmental changes by changing their
size, components, and behavior
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Systems Respond to Change
Through Feedback Loops
Ø Feedback
– Any process that increases (positive feedback) or
decreases (negative feedback) a change to a system
Ø Feedback loops
– Occur when the output of matter or energy is fed back into
the system as an input that leads to changes in that system
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Ø Positive feedback
loop causes a system
to change further in
the same direction
Ø Negative (or
corrective) feedback
loop causes a system
to change in the
opposite direction
from which is it
moving
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Key concepts
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Key concepts
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Thank you for your attention
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