Induction and exhaust processes

Figure 6.25
Simple pressure wave
i Wave velocity (adapted from Daneshyar,
1---~~
I
1976, © 1968 Pergamon

~~ssure 1-----Ex_p_a_ns-io_n_.w...-~mpression wave

Press Ltd).

Position (x)

than the cylinder pressure during the valve overlap period, and exhaust gases
would flow into the inlet manifold, for subsequent return to the cylinder to
become residuals.
The derivation of the results for one-dimensional, unsteady compressible fluid
flow can be found in many books on compressible flow, for example Daneshyar
( 1976); the main results will be quoted and used in this section.
Unsteady flow is treated by considering small disturbances superimposed on a
steady flow. For analytical simplicity the flow is treated as adiabatic and reversible,
and thus isentropic. The justification for reversibility is that, although the flow may
not in fact be frictionless, the disturbances or perturbations are small. Further, the
fluid properties are assumed not to change across the perturbation.
By considering the conservation of mass, momentum and energy, the
propagation speed for a perturbation or small pressure wave is found to be the
speed of sound, c.
For a perfect gas

(6.53)

In a simple wave of finite amplitude, allowance can be made for the change in
properties caused by the change in pressure. In particular, an increase in pressure
causes an increase in the speed of propagation. A simple wave can be treated by
considering it as a series of infinitesimal waves, each of which is isentropic. If the
passage of a wave past a point increases the pressure, then it is a compression
wave, while if it reduces the pressure then it is an expansion or rarefaction wave -
see figure 6.25 .
Recalling that an increase in pressure causes an increase in the propagation
speed of a wave, then a compression wave will steepen, and an expansion wave
will flatten. This is shown in figure 6.26 for a simple wave at four successive times.
When any part of the compression wave becomes infinitely steep (aptax = oo )

Figure 6.26
Shock If shock was Spreading of an expansion
( ap = <X>) isentropic wave, steepening of a

<Afi~!
Time: t 1 compression wave
Pressure
(p) (adapted from Daneshyar,
1976, © 1968 Pergamon
Press Ltd).

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Position (x)