PART I: DIFFUSION SIMULATION LAB

(Radoc, Eufrein Niña and Salonga, Carmeliana)

1. Which statement best describes the motion of the dye molecules in the water?
-  The dye molecule moves randomly through collisions in no particular direction.
2. At which temperature did the blue molecules diffuse the fastest?
- The blue molecules diffuse fastest when the temperature increase
3. Why do cold-blooded animals, such as snakes and turtles, need to bask in sunshine before they
can move as quickly as warm-blooded animals on a cold day? 
- The sun gives them an energy boost. Muscle activity in cold-blooded animals depends on
chemical reactions, which run quickly when it is hot and slowly when it is cold, because the
reacting molecules move faster when temperature increases.
4. Which molecules diffused at the fastest rate?
- Lightest molecules, because
5. Methylmercaptan (CH3SH) is a foul-smelling gas that is added to natural gas pipelines. Methyl
acetate (C12H22O2) contributes to the smell and flavour of peppermint. If both substances were
released at the same time, which one would you smell first?  Why?
Methylmercaptan has molar mass of 48 g/mol.
Methyl acetate has a molar mass of 198 g/mol.
- The methylmercaptan, because when the molar mass is low, the odor spreads faster

6. In the initial setup, which molecules are able to cross the membrane?
- Blue molecules, because when the pores are large it is possible for small molecules to enter the
membrane
7. How does the barrier affect the diffusion of the molecules across the container?  
- The diffusion of the molecules are slower, because only selected molecules can pass through the
barrier.
8. How can a membrane be permeable to one substance while being impermeable to another
substance?
- An impermeable membrane is one through which no substance can pass. While permeable
membranes are those which let solvents and solutes, such as ions and molecules, to pass
through them. Therefore not all substance are the same. Some varies in sizes and some
depends on its polarity.
9. Waste materials excreted by cells are small molecules. The digestive system breaks down
complex molecules into smaller molecules. Why does this make sense?
-Because when those molecules are small, they can pass through barriers and also came out. They
must be break down into micro molecules so that it can be utilized by the cell. Because when those
molecules are small, they can pass through barriers and also come out
10. A system has reached equilibrium when the concentration across the barrier is equal on all
sides. Why is it important that living organisms not reach equilibrium in the concentrations of
oxygen and carbon dioxide?
- It is important for living organisms not to reach equilibrium in the concentrations of oxygen and
carbon dioxide because our cell needs the specific kind of molecule and if it gets mixed up, our
cell cannot distinguish what molecules they needed.

Salonga, Carmeliana Radoc, Eufrein Niña

PART II: OSMOSIS SIMULATION LAB
(Rosario, Stephanie and Rivera, Ivy)

Solution Description
Hypotonic Solution Answer by: Rosario, Stephanie
Is a solution that has a lower solute concentration compared to
another solution
Isotonic Solution Answer by: Rivera, Ivy
Is one that has the same osmolality, or solute concentration as
another solution. If these two solutions are separated by a
semipermeable membrane, water will flow in equal parts out of
each solution and into the other to maintain equilibrium.

Hypertonic Solution Answer by: Rosario, Stephanie

Is a solution that contains more solute than the cell which is placed
in it.

Cell Hypotonic Solution Isotonic Solution Hypertonic Solution

Red Blood Cell Answer by: Rivera, Ivy Answer by: Rivera, Ivy Answer by: Rivera, Ivy
When the red blood cell Water flowed in and out Water moved out of the
was placed in the water, of the cell that’s why the cell causing the cell to
water moved into the cell amount of water shrivel and lose its mass.
which made it swell and remained equal from both
caused it to appear larger sides and the appearance
and heavier. Isotonic of the cell remained
Solution- water flowed in unchanged.
and out of the cell that’s
why the amount of water
remained equal from both
sides and the appearance
of the cell remained
unchanged. Hypertonic
Solution- water moved out
of the cell causing the cell
to shrivel and lose its mass.
Elodea Cell Answer by: Rosario,
Stephanie
Plant cells placed in a
hypertonic solution will
undergo plasmolysis, a
condition where the
plasma membrane pulls
away from the cell wall as
the cell shrinks. The cell
wall is rigid and does not
shrink. The Elodea cells
have been placed in a 10%
NaCl solution. The contents
of the cells have been
reduced to the spherical
structures shown.
Answer by: Rosario, Answer by: Rivera, Ivy
Stephanie Water moved out of the
Would swell in hypotonic cell and the cell organelles
solution with lower shrunk, but the cell was
concentration of solute, still able to maintain the
due to water osmosis, shape of its cell wall as
diffusing from outside to well as its overall size.
inside of the cell; 3.)
Elodea cells would have
no change in solution that
is isotonic to the cell,
water will diffuse in and
out of cell equally. This
experiment will use
Elodea plant cells as the
research object.

Paramecium Answer by: Rivera, Ivy
Water entered the cell
which caused the cell to
swell making it appear
larger and heavier.
Answer by: Rivera, Ivy
Water moved both in and
out of the cell and there
was no change observed
in the appearance of the
cell.
Answer by: Rivera, Ivy
The water moved out of
the cell making the cell
shrink and lose its mass.

Answer the following questions based on your observations.

a. Did water move into the cell or out of the cell while surrounded by hypotonic solution?
Answer by: Rosario, Stephanie
-The water moved into the cell while it was surrounded by hypotonic solution

b. In which direction did the water through the cell membrane when the cell was surrounded by
hypertonic solution?
Answer by: Rivera, Ivy
-The water moved out of the cell membrane when the cell was surrounded by the hypertonic
solution.
c. Compare and contrast what happens to animal cell, plant cell and a paramecium cell in hypotonic,
isotonic and hypertonic solution.
Answer by: Rosario, Stephanie
-All cells respond similarly in the three solutions. In hypotonic solutions they gain water and
might burst, in isotonic solutions an equal amount of water moves in and out of the cells, and in
hypertonic solutions cells lose water and shrink. Because plant cells have rigid cell walls, the cells
maintain their shape and size to a large extent in hypotonic and hypertonic solutions. In the hypotonic
solution the plant cell’s vacuole fills up with water and pushes the cell’s cytoplasm against the cell wall.
In the hypertonic solution the cell’s vacuole loses water to the outside of the cell and the cytoplasm
shrinks away from the cell wall. Paramecium cells have contractile vacuoles which they use to expel
water that moves into the cytoplasm in hypotonic solutions. Paramecium lives in freshwater, and its
normal environment is hypotonic to the inside of the cell

d. Could Elodea and Paramecium from a freshwater lake be expected to survive if transplanted into
ocean? Explain.
Answer by: Rivera, Ivy
-No, they would not be able to survive. Normally, freshwater plants use the process of osmosis
to take in or release water, however, if the outside environment which in this case is the ocean, has a
lesser amount of water concentration than inside the cell, the water inside the cell would move to the
outside environment, and the cell will shrink due to lack of water.

e. If you were to grill a steak, would it be better to put salt on it before or after you cooked it? Explain
why, in terms of osmosis.
Answer by: Rosario, Stephanie
- When grilling a steak, it's better to put salt on it before cooking it, because, due to osmosis, the
salt draws out the water from the steak, due to there being more water inside the meat fibers than out,
resulting in a more flavorful steak.

f. Why salad does become soggy and wilted when the dressing has been on it for a while? Explain why,
in terms of osmosis.
Answer by: Rivera, Ivy
-The leaves contain fresh water, but the salt in the dressing causes the water from the leaves to
enter the dressing. This is because the water is trying to maintain an equal concentration between salt in
the dressing and the leaves, hence lots of water is needed in the dressing to reduce the concentration of
salt. This means the water from the leaves goes into the dressing, causing the leaves to become soggy
and wilted. This process is called Osmosis since osmosis is defined as the movement of water or other
solvent from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.

g. An effective way to kill the weeds is to pour salt water on the ground around the plant. Explain why
the weeds die, using the principle discovered in this virtual lab.
Answer by: Rosario, Stephanie
 -If you were to pour salt water on the ground around the plants, the weeds would die, because
due to there being a higher concentration of water in the plants than in the salt water, the plants would
lose water due to osmosis, and then eventually shrivel up and die

PART III: DO-IT-YOURSELF DIALYSIS EXPERIMENT

(Rostata, Dexter Kyla and Sabangan, Maribel)

Write your observation here:

Answer by: Sabangan, Maribel
While 15 minutes of waiting, the cellophane that contains starch solution is slowly turning into a black
color. The water with iodine also change its appearance from Amber brown to light brown
Answer by: Rostata, Dexter Kyla
While doing the dialysis experiment, the color of the starch inside the cellophane bag changed to dark-
brown color with the time frame of 15 minutes due to the effect of iodine solution that pass through the
cellophane while the starch is unable to diffuse into the outside because if the molecules are too large,
no molecular transfer, or diffusion occurs. This shows that the cellophane in the dialysis tubing serves as
an excellent representation of the cell membrane.

Before After

Answer the following questions:

a. How can you explain your results?
Answer by: Sabangan, Maribel
-The bag turn into black color because of the iodine that pass through inside.
b. Why iodine was able to pass through the cellophane?
Answer by: Rostata, Dexter Kyla
 -Because the cellophane is a semipermeable material which is allowing the solvent to pass
through it.
c. Why starch was unable to diffuse into the outside?
Answer by: Rostata, Dexter Kyla
-Because the cellophane's permeability is selective and only allows small molecules such as
iodine to pass through it and forbid larger molecules like the starch.
PART IV: DO-IT-YOURSELF SURFACE TENSION EXPERIMENT
(Remedies, Sofia Ruth and Simbul, Mailyn)

Observation:
Answer by: Remedies, Sofia Ruth
The pepper in the water spreads out in the side of the plate when the toothpick with dish liquid was put
in. Water have a high surface tension that is why the pepper floated in the water. And also water
molecule are very strongly attracted to each other and like to cling to one another. When the toothpick
with dish liquid gets in contact with the water it breaks the surface tension but because water like to
stick with each other and maintain their tension, when they move away from the substance they carry
the pepper with them.

Answer by: Simbul, Mailyn

My observation the ground pepper spread out on the white plate with water when I add liquid soap
using small stick, break down to the surface tension on the top layer of water. The molecules or ground
pepper spread out quickly and strongly attracted each to other because of liquid soap and water surface
tension and carry all the ground pepper, if you use ground pepper they able to spread out even further.

Before After

Answer the following questions:

1. What are the types of transport processes by which metabolites pass through a biological membrane?
Answer by: Remedies, Sofia Ruth
-There are two types of transport processes. First is the passive transport, it involves the
movement of material along a concentration gradient. It has three main types under it, the simple
diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Simple diffusion is a movement of small or lipophilic
molecules. On the other hand osmosis, is a movement of water molecules. And lastly is the facilitated
diffusion a movement of large or changed molecules via membrane proteins. The other type of
transport process is the active transport, it involves the movement of materials against a concentration
gradient. There are two main types of active transport the primary (direct) active transport that involves
the direct use of metabolic energy to mediate transport and secondary active transport (indirect), which
involves coupling the molecule with another moving along an electrochemical gradient.
2. What is the effect of a) hypotonic, b) hypertonic, and c) isotonic solution on red blood cells?
Answer by: Remedies, Sofia Ruth
a.) Hypotonic solution (lower concentration): when a red blood cell is hypotonic it will result in
more water flowing into the cell and results in swelling of the cell and might be cause for
potential hemolysis (bursting) of the cell.
b.) Hypertonic solution (higher concentration): water flows out of the cell faster than it comes and
will result in crenation (shriveling) of the blood cell.
c.) Isotonic solution: the flow of water in and out of the cell is happening at the same rate.
3. How does the kidney maintain the body’s internal environment?
Answer by: Simbul, Mailyn
-Stimulates the kidney to conserve water by producing more concentrated urine. And ability of
the body to maintain a stable internal of environment despite a changing of environment.
4. Explain how the soap lowers the surface tension of fats.
Answer by: Simbul, Mailyn
-Lower surface tension they cannot break into the water molecules, Instead group of together
the soap hydrophilic ( water loving) dissolved in the water , And hydrophobic ( water fearing) end
attached to a fats.
5. What is the role of bile salts during the fat digestion?
Answer by: Simbul, Mailyn
-The role of bile salts in our body it's help to break down the fats, aid digestion and absorb the
importance of the vitamins and eliminate the toxin.