Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Commissioning
• Girth gear and pinion installation oversight.
• Proper installation procedures are followed
• All critical steps are documented and available for future reference.
• Proven methods for aligning girth gear and pinions rapidly with minimal
shimming iterations.
Physical Asset Management Support for
Mills and Kilns
Logistic Support
• Resource support plans, total cost of ownership.
• Training programs
• Optimization of insurance spend, maintenance spend, and sparing costs.
1. Wear
2. Scuffing
3. Plastic Deformation
4. Hertzian Fatigue
5. Cracking (Hardening Cracks, Grinding Damage,
Rim Cracks) all related to manufacturing not
operation.
6. Fracture
7. Bending Fatigue
Wear-Abrasion
Failed Coupling
Fractured Teeth
Failure Event:
• The initial fractures occurred from bending fatigue caused by
misalignment.
• The mill was down for and extended period for foundation
repairs and gear and pinion assembly replacement.
• Gear: The gear has a fractured tooth near the split joint between
stations 4-5 with an indentation from the impact of the tooth
fragment.
Tooth Fracture Photographs
Introduction - Girth Gear Reliability and Failure Analysis
• Global PAM’s third-party gear engineering team specializes in reliability
consulting for gear driven mills. When a site determines that its mills are
not meeting its expectations in its current operating context an RCM review
plan in compliance with SAE JA1011 can be facilitated and conducted for
each of the mills using industry best practice methods, manufacturer
recommendations, and information from maintenance and operations.
2. Determine how the gear system can fail to fulfill its functions
Failure Modes:
• Structure failure
• Joint failure
• Tooth fracture (predominant mode)
P=Potential Failure
Is an identifiable condition which indicates that a functional failure is either
about to occur or in the process of occurring.
F=Functional Failure
The asset fails to fulfill the indented function.
Indentation
Cold flow
Plastic deformation
Visual (crack formation)
Tip-to-root interference
Inspection
Tight mesh
Severe progressive
macropitting Tooth Fracture
Hertzian fatigue (crack
origination)
Spalling
Hardening cracks
Proper Design
and Grinding damage Cracking
Manufacturing
Rim Cracks
• Mill head bolts break distorting and damaging the mill shell
Contingency Planning
What is the plan if a crack, severe spalling, severe wear, or fracture is found
on a ring gear?
Crack: A crack of any size is a critical potential failure that will eventually
result in tooth fracture.
• Ensure a spare gear is available onsite, order one if one is not present.
• Have a gearing expert assess the crack size, orientation, and determine the
risk of fracture in a given timeframe.
• Casting imperfections can serve as crack initiation sites but are rarely the
root cause of the crack. These types of cracks are rare as internal tooth
stresses are relatively low compared to those near the tooth surface.
Gear Flipping
• When the decision is made to flip a gear, a complete inspection per
ASTM E2905 is needed to check for any cracks in the teeth or
structure.
• If tooth or structure cracking is found flipping should be reconsidered
and new gearing used.
• The split blocks need a thorough inspection.
• A new set of mounting and split hardware must be ordered
• Remove the old hardware without damaging the split blocks, avoid
gas cutting.
• Once off the mill all components should undergo a thorough
cleaning.
• Use a new pinion to mesh with the gear and set the pinion with root
clearance NOT backlash.
Decision Matrix Sample
ALARM SHUTDOWN
F° C° F° C°
Mill T A to C 15 8 30 17
168 or Continuous if
Temp A to B 20 11 30 17
online system, with
Temp B to C 20 11 30 17
Pinion Temp A, B or C 200 93 220 104 alarm and shutdown
Girth Gear 8 levels mentioned 24 0.25
• Picture on the left shows two cracks detected with ECA but could not be
visualized. MPI was used to visualize the cracks.
• Picture on the right shows the 2D & 3D displays. Notice the scuffing on the
top right.
2D Display
3D Display
• Looking at the left picture, a clean root, using E2905 as the inspection standard,
reveals a critical crack shown in the 2D & 3D displays. This crack could not be
visualized.
• In right figure, the crack in the left picture could not be visualized or inspected
because of the presence of lubricant in the root.
Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM)
Thermal Imaging
• **Wiping and/or rinsing gear teeth not required for this process.
Clean Girth Gear and Pinion Access required – top portion of guard easily removed after cleaning
Step 3: ASTM E2905 and visual tooth Inspection with tooth condition report
based on AGMA 1010 (equipment must be shut down, locked out, inching
drive available, and guarding removed) (5-7 hours)
• Gear and Pinion Tooth Inspection per ASTM E2905. Scanning both the drive
side and the non-drive side flank and root of each tooth on the girth gear and
pinion; to identify cracks that may go unnoticed by visual inspection.
• As defects are found they are further inspected with magnetic particle to
illustrate the defect; if a crack is detected, the length and depth are sized by
ACFM.
• Eddy Current Array is very sensitive to surface and near surface indications,
typically where gearing failure modes develop.
There is no need to wipe the gear teeth down after by hand when using ECA.
The light oil left behind helps the probes glide along the tooth controlling liftoff.
Gear Engineers utilize visual interpretation (AGMA 1010) to analyze the gear
teeth condition, such as contact patterns and wear patterns; hence, a clean gear
set is a must.
Root filled with hardened lubricant Clean gear flank and root
• The ability to fully visualize gear teeth is critical for a true gear
inspection or audit.
Girth Gear & Pinion Temperatures During Cleaning
• Our comprehensive offering for mills and kilns enables us to work with sites
throughout the life cycle of their critical mechanical assets. Upfront we can
improve operational reliability with additional built in service factors in the
design phase, and proper installation and alignment during commissioning.
• During the operational phase our inspection process detects critical failure
modes early in their development. Having experts onsite conducting the
inspection enables us to act immediately when issues are found preventing
additional lost time due to unnecessary shutdowns. When an issue develops
we can quickly pull up archived data to assist with failure investigations.
• If the inspection detects critical failure modes such as cracks we can assist
with the sites decision on whether to flip, replace, or repair the set. Our
Decision matrix monetizes it for the site to aid in the decision based on the
options and their associated risks.
• Our offering when customized for a site allows them to optimize the
utilization and cost of ownership of their mill and kiln assets.