TURRET

LATHE
GROUP 2
ME 2211
TURRET LATHE PARTS
 Legs
There are two legs present in Turret Lathe. The entire lathe machine
of turret lathe is present over these two legs. These legs are used
to carry the total load of the machine. These legs are bolted on the
floor to prevent any vibrations in the machine.
 Bed
Bed is present over two legs. This bed is made up of cast iron as it
has to withstand a lot of load and it must be shock absorbing. This
bed is made through casting.
 Head Stock
All the gearing mechanism or driving mechanism of this lathe machine
is present inside the headstock. It has gears, pulleys, or motors is
present based on the driving mechanism used in the lathe
 Spindle
It is the part of the turret lathe which rotates the chuck. It is
present in the head stock and rotates when engaged with gears
present inside the head stock.
 Chuck
Chuck is used to hold and rotate the workpiece. The chuck is bolted
to the spindle and rotates when the spindle rotates. This chuck can
be of two types 3 jaw chuck or 4 jaw chuck.
 Driving Clutch
It is used to engage and disengage the connection between the gears
and the spindle. At starting the gears and spindle are disengaged
but when motion is needed, the gears and the spindle can be engaged
using a driving clutch.
 Guideways
Guideways are the predefined slotted path over which the carriage
and saddle moves.
 Feed rod
Feed Rod provides precise longitudinal movement to the carriage. The
carriage moves over the feed rod and the guideways. It is named as a
feed rod because it provides movement to the carriage.
 Saddle
Saddle can move
left and right
over the
guidewats. There
are two saddles
present in this
turret lathe. One
saddle is to
carry the tool
post and another
saddle is to
carry the
hexagonal turret.
 Cross slide
Cross Slide can move across the bed perpendicular to the direction
of the movement of the saddle. This cross slide is present between
the tool post and saddle in the turret lathe.
 Tool Post
The tool post is used to hold the tool in the turret lathe machine.
It is particularly used to hold single point cutting tools. This
tool post can move horizontally in the left or right directions. It
can also move across the bed using the cross-slide. It can be moved
using a handwheel or can be moved automatically.
 Clutch Lever
The Clutch lever is present in the headstock. It is used to engage
and disengage the driving mechanism with the spindle. This hexagonal
turret is present over the saddle which can move.
 Hexagonal Turret
A hexagonal turret is used to hold different tools for different
operations of the workpiece. It is called a hexagonal turret because
6 tools can be held simultaneously in it. It is directly mounted on
the saddle in this lathe. This hexagonal turret is also present in
the capstan lathe but a ram is present between the saddle and the
hexagonal turret.
WORKPIECE MOUNTING
Mounting 3. Adjust the tailstock

Workpiece spindle until it projects

about 3 inches beyond
tailstock
4. Loosen the tailstock clamp
1. Check if the line center
nut or lever
is running well. If it is
5. Place the end of the
not, remove the center,
workpiece in the chuck,
clean all surfaces and
make sure to place it
replace the center. Check
correctly.
again for trueness.
6. Slide the tailstock until
2. Clean the lathe center
it supports the other end
points and the center
of the workpiece
holes in the workpiece
7. Tighten the tailstock
clamp nut
 Materials and Cutting Speed
All materials have their corresponding cutting speed and it is
defined as the speed at which a point on the surface of the work
passes the cutting edge of the tool and is normally in meters/min or
feet/min. To determine the rotations per minute (RPM) at which the
lathe should be set are as follows:

RPM = CS X 4/d

Where:

CS = cutting speed of metal

d = diameter of workpiece
The table below shows the materials and their corresponding cutting
speed in RPM.
 Installing a Cutting Tool
● Tool holders are used to hold lathe cutting tools

● To install, clean the holder and tighten the bolts

● The tool holder is attached to the tool post using

a quick release lever

● The tool post is attached to the machine with a T-

bolt
● Tighten the toolpost securely to prevent to prevent
it from moving during a cut.
 TOOLBIT NOMENCLATURE
SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOL
 PARTS OF SINGLE POINT CUTTING
TOOL
1. SHANK - The main body of the tool

1. FLANK - The surface below adjacent to the cutting edge

1. FACE - The surface on which the chips slide

1. HEEL - The curved portion at the bottom of the tool

1. NOSE - The point where the side and the end cutting edge
intersects

1. NOSE RADIUS - Provides long life and good surface finish

1. CUTTING EDGE - The edge of the face which removes the material
from the workpiece
ANGLE
A typical tool signature of a single point cutting tool is 0-7-
6-8-15-16-0.8

● Back rake angle - 0 degree

● Side rake angle - 7 degree
● Clearance or End relief angle - 6 degree
● Side relief angle - 8 degree
● End cutting angle - 15 degree
● Side cutting edge angle - 16 degree
● Nose radius - 0.8 mm
CUTTING TOOLS
1. Turning Tool

Turning tools are used on lathes for In its basic form, turning can be
cutting or finishing the outside defined as the machining of an
diameter of a workpiece. Turning external surface with the workpiece
tools can be used to produce rotating, or with a single-point
cylindrical parts. cutting tool.
1. Turning Tool

1.1 Rough Turning Tool

The main function of a rough

turning tool is to remove the
maximum amount of metal in minimum
time that the tool, work, and the
machine will permit.
1. Turning Tool

1.2 Finish Turning Tool

Turning tool is used to remove the

very small amount of metal.
2. Chamfering Tool Chamfering tools are used for
chamfering or removing burrs or
sharp edges of a workpiece.

Straight turning tools are also

used as a chamfering tool when the
cutting edges are set at an angle
of the chamfer. Where a large
number of chamfer works are to be
performed a special chamfering
tool with its side cutting edge
angle ground to the angle of the
chamfer is used.
 Shoulder turning tools are used to
3. Shoulder Turning create shoulder on a workpiece.

Tool Shoulder are the point at which

the diameter of the workpiece
changes.

A square shoulder is turned by a

knife-edge turning tool or facing
tool. A bevelled shoulder may be
turned by a straight turning tool
having a side cutting edge angle
and zero nose radius. A filleted
shoulder is turned by a straight
turning tool with a nose radius
corresponding to the fillet radius
of the work.
4. Thread Cutting Tool Thread cutting tools are intended
for threading or creating screw
threads on the workpiece.

4.1 External Thread Cutting

Tool
External Thread Cutting tools are
used to create external thread on
the work piece.

Metric, B.S.W or American “V”

thread are formed by a single
point thread cutting tool. Its
cutting edges sharpened to the
shape and size of the thread to be
cut.
 4.2 Internal Thread Cutting
Tool
4. Thread Cutting Tool This type of thread cutting tool are
used to create threads inside a work
piece.

The cutting edge of the tool is

exactly similar to an external
thread cutting tool but the
front clearance angle is
sufficiently increased as in a
boring tool.

The tool is a forged type orbit

type and held on a boring bar.
The point of the tool must be
set square with the work.
5. Facing Tool
Facing tools are used to square
the end of a part of reserve by
flat finish.

A facing tool removes metal by its

side cutting edges. So no top rake
in necessary in a facing tool. The
tool has 2° side cutting edge
angle and 34° end cutting edge
angle can be accommodated in the
space between the end of the work
and 60° dead centre leaving a
clearance of 2° on both sides.
6. Grooving Tool
Grooving tools are used to create
external or internal grooves on a
work piece.

Grooving tool is similar to a

parting-off tool illustrated in
the figure. The cutting edges are
made square, rounded or “V” shape
according to the shape of the
groove to be cut.
7. Forming Tool
Turning curved profiles may be
affected by using
1. Ordinary lathe tools,
2. Flat forming tools,
3. Circular forming tools.
A form tool is precision-ground
into a pattern that resembles the
part to be formed. The form tool
can be used as a single operation
and therefore eliminate many other
operations from the slides (front,
rear and/or vertical) and the
turret, such as box tools.
An ordinary lathe turning tool may
sever the purpose where a copying
attachment is used to reproduce
the form of a template.
7. Forming Tool
Flat forming tools are made of
two types:
1. Simple forming tools
2. Flat dovetail forming
tools.
Simple forming tools tools have
their cutting edges ground to the
shape of the groove, undercut, or
thread to be cut.
Flat dovetail forming tools have a
wider cutting edge corresponding
to the shape desired. Dovetail end
of the tool is fitted in a special
tool holder. No front rake is
provided but sufficient front
clearance angle is given and it
ranges from 10° to 15°.
7. Forming Tool
Circular Form Tools
These tools are preferred in
production work as a very long
cutting surface can be used
resulting in longer tool life.

The centre of the tool is set

slightly above the centre line of
the work to provide an effective
front clearance angle on the tool.
The tool will rub against the work
if the centres are of the same
height.
8. Boring Tool A boring tool is similar to a
left-hand external turning tool so
far its cutting edge is concerned.

Boring is used to achieve greater

accuracy of the diameter of a
hole, and can be used to cut a
tapered hole.

The tool may be a bit type

inserted in a boring bar or
holder, or forged type having a
tool shank. The figure shows an
H.S.S. tool bit inserted in a
boring bar.
8. Boring Tool
8.1 Different Design of The Boring Tool
The bit is set at a single to the axis projecting beyond the end of
the bar for boring a blind hole.

● A tool bit having two cutting edges at it two ends is used for
quick machining.
● A wide double-bladed cutter is inserted in the boring bar to
finish the boring operation.
● Two or more bits may be inserted in a boring bar for different
diameters in one setting.
8. Boring Tool
8.2 Boring Bars:

● Boring bars are held in the tailstock for boring small holes
ranging from 12 to 100 mm.
● For boring larger hole diameters, boring bars are gripped by
two clamp blocks and held in the tool post.
● For precision boring or boring in odd size work that is
supported on cross-slide, the bar is supported on centres and
is made to revolve.
8. Boring Tool
8.3 Clearance for Boring Tool

● In a boring tool, the tool cutting edge most have

sufficient front clearance to clear the work.
● To strengthen the tool point double clearance, primary
and secondary, is provided.
● The smaller be the hole diameter the larger should be the
front clearance.
● Larger clearance angle necessitates the reduction in rake
angle in a boring tool.
● The nose of the tool is straight or round according to
the type of finish desired.
9. Counterboring Tool The counterboring operation can be
performed by an ordinary boring
tool. The tool cutting edge is so
ground that it can leave a
shoulder after turning. A
counterbore having multiple
cutting edges is commonly used.

A counterbore is used to enlarge

the opening of a hole producing
a flat bottom so a socket-head
screw will fit flush with the
surface of the part.
 A parting off tool is used to cut off

10. Parting Off Tool

part of a workpiece at a certain
length.

A parting off tool is normally

forged and used as bits for
cemented carbide tipped tools.
Parting off tool is made as
narrow as possible to remove the
minimum of metal.

The width of the cutting edge

range from 3 to 12 mm only. The
length of the cutting tool which
inserts into the work should be
slightly longer than the radius
of the bar stock being machined.
SHARPENING
PROCESS
Lathe cutting bits do require sharpening or dressing
up, refinishing the edges that come into contact with
the workpiece and preventing them from rounding off

TOOLS NEEDED

● Grinding wheel - the main instrument for sharpening

metal
● Personal Protective Equipment - Face shield and ear
protection are vital. Avoid loose fitting clothes
● Grinding jigs - a custom-made grinds for your bits
which holds them in place at the proper angle to
the grinding wheel.
 PREPARATION

SECURE AND DRESS THE GRINDING WHEEL

● make sure that your grinder is fastened securely to the

floor,with no wobble or give.

● Dress the grinder first if you’ve used it recently

 Grind in ten second
PROCESS increments - every ten
second, cool the bit in the
bucket of water.

The actual grinding

process is fairly
straightforward, but Grind each face separately-
there are few things cool the bit before you move
to remember: to the next face. Be careful
not to over-grind any one
face.
 ANGLE
The angles on your bit determine how quickly or aggressively the
tool cuts into the workpiece and even how large the chip and
shavings are.
 Tool Bit
1. AR Tool Bit
2. AL Tool Bit
3. BR Tool Bit
4. BL Tool Bit
5. E Tool Bit
AR Tool Bit

The AR-style tool has a 0-degree side cutting angle for general
machining applications such as turning, facing, and chamfering. It's
suitable for machining to a 90-degree shoulder. The cutting edge is
on the left for right-to-left feed.
AL Tool Bit

The AL-style tool has a 0-degree side cutting angle for general
machining applications such as turning, facing, and chamfering. It's
suitable for machining to a 90-degree shoulder. The cutting edge is
on the right for left-to-right feed.
BR Tool Bit

The BR tool bit has a 15-degree side cutting angle for roughing or
heavy machining when turning and facing. The BR-style tool shape has
a lead angle that distributes the cutting load for interrupted or
irregular cuts and gradual entrance to the workpiece. The cutting
edge is on the left for right-to-left feed. The off side is at a 45-
degree angle, which is handy for chamfering.
BL Tool Bit

The BL tool bit has a 15-degree side cutting angle for roughing or
heavy machining when turning and facing. The BL-style tool shape has
a lead angle that distributes the cutting load for interrupted or
irregular cuts and gradual entrance to the workpiece. The cutting
edge is on the right for left-to-right feed. The off side is at a
45-degree angle, which is handy for chamfering.
E Tool Bit

The E tool bit has a neutral cutting direction and a sharp tip with
a 60-degree angle for threading. It can also be used for chamfering,
notching, V-grooving, and undercutting.
According to the Method of
Applying the Feed
1. Right-hand tool
2. Left-hand tool
3. Round Nose
1. Right-Hand Tool

A right-hand tool is shown in the

figure. Is that which is fed from
lathe bed, i.e. from the tailstock
to the headstock end when
operations like turning, thread
cutting, etc are performed.
2. Left-Hand Tool
The left-hand tool is shown in the
figure. Is that which is fed from
the Left to the right-hand end of
the lathe bed, i.e. from the
headstock to the tailstock end.

The left-hand tool is used for

left-hand thread cutting operation
or turning operation which leaves
a shoulder on the right-hand end
of the workpiece.
3. Round Nose Tool

A round nose turning tool sown in

the figure. Maybe fed from left to
the right or from right to the
left-hand end of the lathe bed
away. For this reason, they have
no back rake and side rake.
Types of Cutting Fluid
We can categorize a cutting fluid into 4 types and those are:

● Soluble Oil
● Cutting oil
● Synthetic Coolants
● Solid Lubricants
1. Soluble Oil

The most common of all water-

soluble cutting fluids, soluble
oils (also known as emulsifiable
cutting fluids) are typically 50
percent oil before dilution. When
mixed with water, they form a
milky emulsion that is an
excellent choice for general
purpose machining.
2. Synthetic Fluid
Synthetics contain no oil, using
various polymers and chemical
compounds to replicate oil’s
natural lubricity. They reject
tramp oil, so they tend to be the
cleanest of all cutting fluids,
but are often the least
lubricious.
3. Semi-synthetic
Coolant

Semi-synthetics are essentially a

hybrid of soluble oils and full
synthetics. They contain synthetic
polymers, emulsifiers and
petroleum or mineral base oils.
The amount of oil in them is
usually less than 30%.
LATHE MACHINE OPERATION
THE LATHE MACHINE OPERATIONS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO
THREE MAIN CATEGORIES

1. Operating done by holding workpiece between centre’s

2. Operations done by holding work by a chuck
3. Lathe operations done by using special attachments
Operating done by holding
workpiece between centre’s

Turning
Operation of removing the
excess material from the
workpiece to produce a
cylindrical surface to the
desired length.

- Straight Turning
- Rough Turning
- Shoulder Turning
- Eccentric Turning
- Taper Turning
Operating done by holding
workpiece between centre’s
Facing
It is an operation of reducing the
length of the workpiece by feeding
the perpendicular to the lathe
axis. This operation of reducing a
flat surface on the end of the
workpiece. For this operation,
regular turning tool or facing tool
may use. The cutting edge of the
tool should set to the same height
as the centre of the workpiece.

Facing consist of 2 operations:

1. Roughing
2. Finishing
Operating done by holding
workpiece between centre’s
Chamfering
It is the operation of getting a
beveled surface at the edge of a
cylindrical workpiece. This
operation is done in case of
bolt ends and shaft ends.
Chamfering helps to avoid damage
to the sharp edges and protect
the operation getting hurt
during other operations.
Chamfering on bolt helps to
screw the nut easily.
Operating done by holding
workpiece between centre’s
Knurling
It is an operation of obtaining
a diamond shape on the workpiece
for the gripping purpose. This
is done to provide a better
gripping surface when operated
by hands. It is done using a
knurling tool. The tool consists
of a set of hardened steel
roller, and it is held rigidly
on the tool post.
Operating done by holding
workpiece between centre’s
Thread Cutting
It is the important operation in
the lathe to obtain the
continuous” helical grooves” or”
threads’‘.
 Operating done by holding
workpiece between centre’s

Filling Polishing
It is the finishing operation This operation is performed
performed after turning. This is after filing to improve the
done on a lathe to remove burrs, surface quality of the
sharp corners, and feed marks on workpiece. Polishing with
a workpiece and also to bring it successively finer grades of
to the size by removing the very emery cloth after filing results
small amount of metal. in a very smooth, bright
surface. The lathe is run at
high speeds from 1500 to 1800m
per min, and oil is used on the
emery cloth.
Operating done by holding
workpiece between centre’s
Grooving
It is the process of reducing
the diameter of a workpiece over
a very narrow surface. It is
done by a groove tool. A
grooving tool is similar to the
parting-off tool. It is often
done at the end of a thread or
adjacent to a shoulder to leave
a small margin.
 Operating done by holding
workpiece between centre’s
Spinning
Is the process of forming a thin
sheet of metal by revolving the
job at high speed and pressing
it against a headstock spindle.
Spring Winding
Is the process of making a
coiled spring by passing a wire
around a mandrel which is
revolved on a chuck or between
centers
Operating done by holding
workpiece between centre’s
Forming
It is the process of turning a
convex, concave, or of any
irregular shape. Form-turning
may be accomplished by the
following method:

1. Using a forming tool.

2. Combining cross and
longitudinal feed.
3. Tracing or copying a
template.
Operations done by holding the
work by a chuck
Drilling
Is the operation of producing a
cylindrical hole in a workpiece.
It is done by a rotating tool,
the rotating side of the cutter,
known as a drilling drill. In
this operation, The workpiece is
revolving in a chuck or a
faceplate and the drill is held
in the tailstock drill holder or
drill chuck.
Operations done by holding the
work by a chuck
Reaming
Is the operation of finishing
and sizing a hole which has been
already drilled or bored. The
tool is used is called the
reamer, which has multi-plate
cutting edges.
Operations done by holding the
work by a chuck
Boring
Is the operation of enlarging
the hole which is already
drilled, punched or forged. It
cannot produce a hole. Boring is
similar to the external turning
operation and can be performed
in a lathe. In this operation,
the workpiece is revolved in a
chuck or a faceplate and the
tools which are fitted to the
tool post is fed into the work.
Operations done by holding the
work by a chuck
Counterboring
Is the operation of enlarging
the end of the hole through a
certain distance. It is similar
to shoulder work in external
turning.the operation of
enlarging the end of the hole
through a certain distance. It
is similar to shoulder work in
external turning.
Taper Boring
The principle of turning
tapered hole is similar to the
a
external taper turning operation
and is completed by rotating the
work on a chuck or a faceplate.
The feeding tool is at an angle
to the axis of rotation of the
workpiece.
A boring tool is mounted on the
tool post and by swiveling the
compound slide to the desired
angle, a short taper hole is
machined by hand feeding.
Operations done by holding the
work by a chuck
Tapping
Is the operation of cutting
internal threads of small
diameter using a multipoint
cutting tool called the tap. In
a lathe, the work is mounted on
a chuck or on a faceplate and
revolved at a very slow speed. A
tap of the required size held on
a special fixture is mounted on
the tailstock spindle.
Operations done by holding the
work by a chuck

Undercutting

Similar to a grooving operation

when performed inside a hole. It
is the process of boring a
groove or a large hole at a
fixed distance from the end of a
hole.
 Lathe operations done by using
special attachment

Milling Grinding
Milling is the operation of
removing metal by feeding the Grinding is the operation of
work against a rotating cutter removing the metal in the form
having multiple cutting edges. of minute chips by feeding the
work against a rotating
abrasive wheel known as the
grinding wheel.