Paul Nino S.

Lagare- IV-A
Assignment: List of Instruments

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT is the analysis of an applied force by a fluid (liquid or

gas) on a surface. Pressure is typically measured in units of force per unit of surface area.s

A. Mechanical Transducers: The mechanical transducers are the mechanical elements that
are used for converting one form of energy into other form that can be measured easily. There
are number of mechanical transducers, some of the commonly used ones are described below:

1.) Bellows: These are the elastic elements that convert the air pressure into
displacement, and it is commonly used for the measurement of pressure.

2) Bourdon tube: This elastic tube converts air pressure to the rotary motion of the
pointer used to indicate the pressure.

3) Spring: The spring tend to expand when force is applied to them, thus they are used for
the measurement of force.

4) Proving rings: Like the springs the proving rings also convert applied force to the
displacement.
5) Diaphragm: It converts applied pressure to the displacement.
6) Manometer: The manometer converts the applied pressure into variable displacement
of the liquid within it enabling to measure the pressure.
 7) Thermocouple: Thermocouple is the devise that produces electric current when one of
its end is heated. The current produce by the devise can be measured, which can be calibrated
against the temperature enabling us to measure the temperature of the body.
8) Bimetals: These are the bimetallic strips comprising of two different metals having
different coefficient of thermal expansion, joint together. When the strip is heated one metal
expands lesser while the other metal expands more leading to the deflection of the bimetallic
strip, which is converted into the rotary motion of the pointer that indicates the temperature.
9) Hydro pneumatic transducers: These include devices like orifice, venturi, pitot tube,
vanes and turbines that are used for measurement of pressure, velocity, flow rate and force of
water.

B. Electrical Transducers
The transducers that convert the mechanical input signals of the physical quantity into electrical
output signals are called as electrical transducers.
1) Potentiometers: They convert the change in displacement into change in the
resistance, which can be measured easily.

.
2) Bridge circuits: These convert the physical quantity to be measured into the voltage.

3) Wheatstone bridge: It converts the displacement produced by the physical quantity to

the current in the circuit

.
4) Capacitive sensors or Variable Capacitance Transducers: These comprise of the two
parallel plates between which there is dielectric material like air. The change in distance between
the two plates produced by the displacement results in change in capacitance, which can be
easily measured.
 5) Resistive sensors or Variable Resistance Transducers: There is change in the resistance
of these sensors when certain physical quantity is applied to it. It is most commonly used in
resistance thermometers or thermistors for measurement of temperature.
6) Magnetic sensors: The input given to these sensors is in the form of displacement and
the output obtained is in the form of change in inductance or reluctance and production of the
eddy currents.
7) Piezoelectric transducers: When force is applied to these transducers, they produce
voltage that can be measured easily. They are used for measurement of pressure, acceleration and
force.
8) Strain gauges: When strain gauges are strained or stretched there is change in their
resistance. They consist of the long wire and are able to detect very small displacements
produced by the applied force or pressure.
9) Photo electric transducers: When the light is applied to these transducers they produce
voltage.
10) Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT): LVDT is the transformer consisting
of the primary and the secondary coil. It converts the displacement into the change in resistance.
11) Ultrasonic Transducers: These transducers use the ultrasonic or ultrasound waves to
measure parameters like fluid level, flow rate etc.

FLOW MEASUREMENT is the quantification of bulk fluid movement. Flow is the third

most measured magnitude in industrial processes. It encompasses a wide range of applications
from simple ones, like water flow in treatment stations and households, until industrial gases and
fuel measurement.
Mechanical Transducer – The measurement of flow rate and quantity is the oldest of all
measurements of process variables in the field of instrumentation. It is used to determine the
amount of materials flowing in or out of a process.
A flow meter (or flow sensor) is an instrument used to measure linear, nonlinear, mass or
volumetric flow rate of a liquid or a gas.

LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT or scale of measure is a classification that describes the

nature of information within the values assigned to variables.[1] Psychologist Stanley Smith
Stevens developed the best-known classification with four levels, or scales, of measurement:
nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT, also known as thermometry, describes the
process of measuring a current local temperature for immediate or later evaluation. Datasets
consisting of repeated standardized measurements can be used to assess temperature trends.
Measuring instruments for electrical temperature measurement
With WIKA you have the complete range of measuring instruments for electrical temperature
measurement: Thermocouples, resistance thermometers, temperature switches and temperature
transmitters. The core of all measuring instruments for electronic temperature measurement is a
sensor, which converts the measured temperature into an electrical signal.

 A thermocouple consists of two wires of different material, welded together. The welding
point represents the actual measuring point.
 With a resistance thermometer, the measured resistance changes depending on the
temperature. In WIKA resistance thermometers, platinum resistors (Pt100 and Pt1000)
are used.
 Temperature switches, along with the temperature measurement, give control and
analogue output signals to the process.
 Temperature transmitters are either mounted on a DIN rail in a control cabinet or in a
connection head directly at the measuring point.
Measuring instruments for mechanical temperature measurement
The WIKA range of measuring instruments for mechanical temperature measurement
comprises bimetal, gas-actuated and expansion thermometers. These are all based on the
expansion of temperature-dependent materials.

 The basis of a bimetal thermometer is composed of two bonded metal strips with
differing expansion coefficients. The bending resulting from this is the measure of the
temperature.
 Gas-actuated thermometers are filled with an inert gas or gas mixture. The temperature-
dependent change in the gas pressure leads, via a capillary, to the temperature display.
 Expansion thermometers contain a liquid-filled measuring system which also generates a
pressure change when the temperature changes, and this is then displayed via an
integrated movement.

A POTENTIOMETRIC SENSOR is a type of chemical sensor that may be used to

determine the analytical concentration of some components of the analyte gas or solution. These
sensors measure the electrical potential of an electrode when no current is present.
A potentiometer is an instrument for measuring voltage by comparison of an unknown
voltage with a known reference voltage.
 Constant resistance potentiometer
The constant resistance potentiometer is a variation of the basic idea in which a variable
current is fed through a fixed resistor. These are used primarily for measurements in the millivolt
and microvolt range.
 Microvolt potentiometer
This is a form of the constant resistance potentiometer described above but designed to
minimize the effects of contact resistance and thermal emf. This equipment is satisfactorily used
down to readings of 1000 nV or so.
  Thermocouple potentiometer
Another development of the standard types was the 'thermocouple potentiometer'
especially adapted for temperature measurement with thermocouples. Potentiometers for use
with thermocouples also measure the temperature at which the thermocouple wires are
connected, so that cold-junction compensation may be applied to correct the apparent measured
EMF to the standard cold-junction temperature of 0 degrees C.
 Analytical chemistry
To make a potentiometric determination of an analyte in a solution, the potential of the
cell is measured. This measurement must be corrected for the reference and junction potentials. It
can also use in standardization methods. The concentration of the analyte can then be calculated
from the Nernst Equation. Many varieties of this basic principle exist for quantitative
measurements.
 Metre bridge
A metre bridge is a simple type of potentiometer which may be used in school science
laboratories to demonstrate the principle of resistance measurement by potentiometric means. A
resistance wire is laid along the length of a metre rule and contact with the wire is made through
a galvanometer by a slider. When the galvanometer reads zero, the ratio between the lengths of
wire to the left and right of the slider is equal to the ratio between the values of a known and an
unknown resistor in a parallel circuit.