A manometer containing an oil with a specific

gravity (SG) of 0.92 is connected across an

orifice plate in a horizontal pipeline carrying
seawater (SG=1.1). If the manometer reading is
16.8 cm, what is the pressure drop across the
orifice in psi? What is it in inches of water?

1. A mercury manometer is used to measure the pressure drop across an orifice that
is mounted in a vertical pipe. A liquid with a density of 0.87 g/cm3 is flowing upward
through the pipe and the orifice. The distance between the manometer taps is 1 ft. If
the pressure in the pipe at the upper tap is 30 psig, and the manometer reading is
15 cm, what is the pressure in the pipe at the lower manometer tap in psig?

2. A mercury manometer is connected between two points in a piping system that

contains water. The downstream tap is 6 ft higher than the upstream tap, and the
manometer reading is 16 in. If a pressure gage in the pipe at the upstream tap
reads 40 psia, what would a pressure gage at the downstream tap read in (a) psia,
(b) dyn/cm2; (c) Pa; (d) kgf /m2?

3. Water is flowing downhill in a pipe that is inclined 308 to the horizontal. A mercury
manometer is attached to pressure taps 5 cm apart on the pipe. The interface in the
downstream manometer leg is 2 cm higher than the interface in the upstream leg.
What is the pressure gradient (ΔP/L) in the pipe in (a) Pa/m, (b) dyn/cm 3, in. (c)
H2O/ft, (d) psi/mi?
4. Repeat Problem 6 for the case in which the water in the pipe is flowing uphill
instead of downhill, all other conditions remaining the same.

5. Two horizontal pipelines are parallel, with one carrying salt water ( ρ = 1.988
slugs/ft3) and the other carrying fresh water ( ρ = 1.937 slugs/ft3). An inverted
manometer using linseed oil ( ρ = 1.828 slugs/ft3) as the manometer fluid is
connected between the two pipelines. The interface between the oil and the fresh
water in the manometer is 38 in. above the centerline of the freshwater pipeline, and
the oil/salt water interface in the manometer is 20 in. above the centerline of the salt
water pipeline. If the manometer reading is 8 in., determine the difference in the
pressures between the pipelines (a) in Pa and (b) in psi.

6. Two identical tanks are 3 ft in diameter and 3 ft high, and they are both vented to
the atmosphere. The top of tank B is level with the bottom of tank A, and they are
connected by a line from the bottom of A to the top of B with a valve in it. Initially A
is full of water and B is empty. The valve is opened for a short time, letting some of
the water drain into B. An inverted manometer having an oil with SG¼0.7 is
connected between taps on the bottom of each tank. The manometer reading is 6
in., and the oil/water interface in the leg connected to tank A is higher. What is the
water level in each of the tanks?

7. A tank that is vented to the atmosphere contains a liquid with a density of 0.9
g/cm3. A dip tube inserted into the top of the tank extends to a point 1 ft from the
bottom of the tank. Air is bubbled slowly through the dip tube, and the air pressure
in the tube is measured with a mercury (SG =13.6) manometer.One leg of the
manometer is connected to the air line feeding the dip tube, and the other leg is
open to the atmosphere. If the manometer reading is 5 in., what is the depth of the
liquid in the tank?

8. The pressure gradient required to force water through a straight horizontal 1/4 in. ID
tube at a rate of 2 gpm is 1.2 psi/ft. Consider this same tubing coiled in an
expanding helix with a vertical axis. Water enters the bottom of the coil and flows
 upward at a rate of 2 gpm. A mercury manometer is connected between two
pressure taps on the coil, one near the bottom where the coil radius is 6 in., and the
other near the top where the coil radius is 12 in. The taps are 2 ft apart in the
vertical direction, and there is a total of 5 ft of tubing between the two taps.
Determine the manometer reading, in cm.

9. Water is flowing in a horizontal pipe bend at a velocity of 10 ft/s. The radius of

curvature of the inside of the bend is 4 in., and the pipe ID is 2 in. A mercury
manometer is connected to taps located radically opposite each other on the inside
and outside of the bend. Assuming that the water velocity is uniform over the pipe
cross section, what would be the manometer reading in centimeters? What would it
be if the water velocity were 5 ft/s? Convert the manometer reading to equivalent
pressure difference in psi and Pa.

10. Consider a 90O elbow in a 2 in. pipe (all of which is in the horizontal plane). A pipe
tap is drilled through the wall of the elbow on the inside curve of the elbow, and
another through the outer wall of the elbow directly across from the inside tap. The
radius of curvature of the inside of the bend is 2 in., and that of the outside of the
bend is 4 in. The pipe is arrying water, and a manometer containing an immiscible
oil with SG of 0.90 is connected across the two taps on the elbow. If the reading of
the manometer is 7 in., what is the average velocity of the water in the pipe,
assuming that the flow is uniform across the pipe inside the elbow?

11. A pipe carrying water is inclined at an angle of 458 to the horizontal. A manometer
containing a fluid with an SG of 1.2 is attached to taps on the pipe, which are 1 ft
apart. If the liquid interface in the manometer leg that is attached to the lower tap is
3 in. below the interface in the other leg, what is the pressure gradient in the pipe
(ΔP/L), in units of (a) psi/ft and (b) Pa/m? Which direction is the water flowing?