5141 CN 111 – Anatomy and Physiology 08/19/2021

Musculo-Skeletal System Shifting #1

Trans #1
Prof. Lilia Caballes

OUTLINE 4. Generating heat

1. The heat produced by muscular tissues during
I. Anatomy and Physiology B. Bones contraction is used by the human body to maintain
A. Learning Anatomy C. Bone normal temperature
and Physiology Formation/Ossification
Sphincters are special, circular muscles that open and close certain body parts. Most
II. Muscular System D. Repair of Bone Fracture often, the action of a sphincter is to regulate the passage of some type of fluid, such as
A. Key Functions E. Divisions of the Skeletal bile, urine, or fecal matter.
B. Muscular Tissue System
C. Types of Muscle F. Joints or Articulation B. MUSCULAR TISSUE
Tissue IV. Review Questions
Properties of Muscular Tissue
D. Muscles of the
Body  Has four special properties that enable it to function and contribute
III. Skeletal System to homeostasis
A. Body Functions 1. Electrical excitability
2. The ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing
I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY electrical signals called action potentials (impulses)
 Anatomy 3. Action potentials (impulses)
 Science of the body structures and the relationship among them 1. Muscle Action Potentials, in muscles
 Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and 2. Nerve Action Potentials, in nerve cells
their relationships to one another 2. Contractility
 Physiology 4. Ability of muscular tissue to contract forcefully when
stimulated by an action potential
 Science of how body functions
3. Extensibility
 How the body parts work
5. Ability of muscular tissue to stretch, within limits,
 Relationship of Biology with Anatomy and Physiology
without being damaged
 Biology and anatomy are interrelated
4. Elasticity
 Anatomy is a subset of general biology 6. Ability of muscular tissue to return to its original
A. LEARNING ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY length and shape after contract or extension
 Essential in nursing because it helps in: C. TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
 Performing nursing skills 1. Skeletal Muscle
 The nurse must know the normal heartbeat of the client, 7. Voluntary muscle under the voluntary control of the
where it is produced, what organ or organ-system is involved, somatic nervous system
and how the heartbeat is produced when conducting client 8. Most are attached to the bones by bundles of collagen
assessment fibers known as tendons
 Understanding how diseases affect the body 9. Others are located throughout the body at the openings
 When caring for a patient with severe cough, he nurse of internal tracts to control the movement of various
understands what system or organ of the client is affected as substances
well as the functions being altered 1. These muscles allow us to walk, swallow, urinate,
 The nurse understands why the patient is manifesting signs and defecate
and symptoms like cough and fast breathing 10. Individual muscle cells contains highly organized
 Understanding treatments for our patients structure of the muscle fibers
 The nurse understands why the patient has antibiotic and how 1. Actin (thin filament)
it works to fight against infection to improve the patient’s 2. Myosin (thick filament) myofilaments
health status 1. Stacked and overlapped in regular repeating
 Documenting properly arrays to form sarcomeres, basic contractile
 During documentation, the nurse makes use of anatomical unit of muscle fiber
terms in describing the patient’s assessment findings as well
Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction
as in stating the nursing care rendered
 Communication with other health members  In a relaxed muscle fiber, the regulatory proteins forming part of the
 The nurse will not be ignorant of the anatomical and actin myofilaments prevent myosin binding. But when signaled by a
physiological terms used in describing and managing the motor neuro, a skeletal muscle fiber contracts as the tine filaments
patient’s condition are pulled and then slide past the thick filaments within the fiber’s
 In this way, connection with the care of the patient is built sarcomeres.
2. Cardiac Muscle
II. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
11. Only found in the heart
A. KEY FUNCTIONS 12. Function involuntarily and branched
1. Allowing them to connect with several other
1. Producing body movements cardiac muscles, forming a network that facilitates
1. All types of movements we do are due to the integrated coordinated contraction
functioning of skeletal muscles, bones, and joints
3. Smooth Muscle
2. Stabilizing body positions
13. Located in the walls of hollow visceral organs, except
1. The ability of the skeletal muscle to contract aid in
the heart
stabilizing joints and help maintain body positions,
14. Appear spindle-shaped
such as standing or sitting
15. Involuntary control
3. Storing and moving substances within the body
16. Works automatically without you being aware of them
1. The presence of sphincters and their ability to sustain
1. Example: Muscles in the intestines that facilitates
contraction aids in the ability of hollow organs to hold
the peristaltic waves that move swallowed food
or store their contents
and nutrients
2. Temporary storage of food in the stomach or urine in
2. Example: Muscles in the uterus that helps expel
the urinary bladder is possible because smooth muscle
the baby during delivery
sphincters close off the outlets of these organs

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 Figure 1. Muscle Tissues 3. If just one muscle contracts, the face is rotated
toward the shoulder on the opposite side and tilts
D. MUSCLES OF THE BODY the head to its own side
1. Facial Muscles 3. Trapezius
 Used in assessing intactness of trigeminal and facial nerves 1. Antagonists of sternocleidomastoids
 Frontalis 2. Can elevate, depress, adduct, and stabilize the
3. Allows to raise your eyebrows, as in surprise, and scapula
to wrinkle your forehead
17. Orbicularis Oculi
1. Allows you to close your eyes, squint, blink, and
wink
18. Orbicularis Oris
1. Often called the “kissing” muscle
2. Closes the mouth, protrudes the lips
19. Buccinator
1. Flattens the cheek
2. Whistling or blowing a trumpet
3. Chewing muscle
4. Compresses the cheek to hold food between the
teeth during chewing
20. Zygomaticus

Figure 3. Neck Muscles in the Anterior View

1. Often referred to as the “smiling” muscle

2. Raises the corners of the mouth
21. Masseter
1. Closes the jaw by elevating the mandible
22. Temporalis
1. Inserts into the mandible and acts as a synergist of
the masseter in closing the jaw

Figure 4. Lower Neck Muscles in the Anterior View

Figure 2. Facial Muscles

5. Neck Muscles
1. Platysma
1. Pulls the corners of the mouth inferiority
2. Producing a downward sag of the mouth
1. The “sad clown” face
2. Sternocleidomastoid
1. When both sternocleidomastoid muscles contract
together, they flex your neck
2. Action of bowing the head that has led some

6. Trunk Muscles
1. Pectoralis Major
1. Adducts and flex the arm
2. Rectus abdominis
1. Compresses the abdominal contents during
defecation and childbirth
2. They help you “push” and are involved in forced
breathing

people to call these muscles the “prayer” muscles

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 Figure 6. Muscles of the Respiration
7. Muscles of the Upper Limb
1. Anterior muscles cause elbow flexion and include
1. Brachialis
2. Biceps Brachii
3. Brachioradialis
2. Triceps Brachii
1. Powerful prime mover of elbow extension
2. Antagonist of the biceps brachii and brachialis
Figure 5. Trunk Muscles in the Anterior View 3. Straightens the arm to deliver a strong jab in
boxing
Primary Muscles
3. Deltoid
 Includes the diaphragm and external intercostals 1. Favorite injection site when relatively small
 Muscles that helps in forceful expiration are: amounts of medication (less than 5 ml) must be
 Internal Intercostals given intramuscularly because of its bulkiness
 Intercostalis Intimi
 Subcostals
 Abdominal Muscles
Muscles of inspiration elevate the ribs and sternum, and the muscles of expiration
depress them.

Accessory Muscles
 Inspiratory muscles
 Sternocleidomastoid
 Scalenus Anterior, Medius, and Posterior
 Pectoralis Major and Minor
 Inferior Fibres of Serratus Anterior and Latissimus Dorsi
 Serratus Posterior Superior
 Iliocostalis Cervicis
 Any muscle attached to the upper limb and the thoracic cage can act
as an accessory muscle of inspiration through reverse muscle
action(muscle work from distal to proximal)
 Expiratory muscles
 Abdominal Muscles
 Rectus Abdominis
 External and Internal Oblique
 Transversus Abdominis
 Thoracolumbar Region
 Lowest fibres of:
 Iliocostalis
 Longissimus
 Serratus Posterior Inferior
 Quadratus Lumborum

Figure 7. Muscles of the Upper Limb

8. Muscles of the Lower Limb
1. Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Medius, Iliopsoas,
Adductor Muscles
1. Largest, strongest muscles
2. Specialized for walking and balancing the body
3. Causing movement at the hip joint

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 Figure 11. Foot Muscles

III. SKELETAL SYSTEM

A. BODY FUNCTIONS
 Support
 Bones form internal framework that supports the body and
cradles its soft organs
 EXAMPLE: Cervical bones hold the cranium to keep it in
place and the legs act as pillars to support the body trunk
when we stand
 Protection
 Many of the soft body organs are enclosed by the bones
Figure 8. Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Medius, Iliopsoas, Adductor Muscles
 EXAMPLE: Rib cage is to lungs, heart, and part of the liver
 Allow movement
 Skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as
levers to move the body and its parts allowing us to perform
activities of daily living
 Storage
 Inside our bones are stored fats and bones themselves have
deposited calcium and phosphorus
B. BONES
 The adult skeleton is composed of 206 bones
Types of Bone Tissues
1. Compact bone
4. Dense, looks smooth, homogeneous (like shaft of long
bones)
Figure 9. Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Medius, Iliopsoas, Adductor Muscles
9. Spongy bone
2. Hamstring Group, Sartorius, Quadriceps Group 1. Spiky, open appearance, like sponge (like ends of long
1. Causing movement at the knee joint bones)

Figure 10. Quadriceps Group

Figure 12. Difference between Spongy and Compact Bone

Types of Bones
1. Long Bones
2. Greater length than width
3. Have shaft with enlarged ends
1. Example: Humerus, Femur, Radius
2. Flat Bones
4. Thin, flattened, usually curved
1. Example: Scapula, Sternum, Ribs
3. Short Bones
3. Anterior, Exterior Digitorum Longus, Fibularis 5. Cube-shaped
Muscles, Gastrocnemius, Soleus 6. Contain mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of
1. Causing movement at the ankle foot compact bone

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 1. Example: Trapezoid, Wrist, and Ankle Bones
4. Irregular Bones
7. Bones that do not fit one of other categories
1. Example: Bones that make up the spinal column
5. Sesamoid Bones
8. Sesame seed shaped
9. Developed in certain tendons where there is
considerable friction, tension, and physical stress
1. Example: Bones at the palms and soles

Figure 14. Structure of Bone

C. BONE FORMATION OR OSSIFICATION

Figure 13. Types of Bones
 Replacement process
 Embryos develop a cartilaginous skeleton and various membranes
Structure of Bone  During development, these are replaced by bone during the
 Long bones typically have: ossification process
1. Diaphysis  Intramembranous Ossification – bone develops directly from
10. Bone’s shaft or body sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue
11. Long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone  Endochondral Ossification – bone develops by replacing hyaline
2. Epiphyses cartilage
12. Proximal and distal ends of the bone
Bone Growth in Length and Diameter
3. Metaphyses
13. Regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses  Epiphyseal Plate
14. In a growing bone, each metaphysis contains an  Area of growth in long bone
epiphyseal growth plate  Layer of hyaline cartilage where ossification occurs in immature
 A layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone bones
to grow in length  Epiphyseal side – cartilage is formed
4. Articular cartilage  Diaphyseal side – cartilage is ossified, diaphysis grows in length
15. Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the  Bone grows in thickness only by appositional growth
epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint)  Increase in the diameter of bones by the addition of bone tissue at
with another bone the surface of bones
5. Periosteum Figure 15. Bone Growth
16. Tough connective tissue sheath Bone Modelling and Remodeling
17. Its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone  Happens during bone growth
surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage
 There is erosion of old bone along the medullary cavity and the
18. Composed of an outer fibrous layer of dense irregular
deposition of new bone beneath the periosteum
connective tissue and an inner osteogenic layer that
consists of cells
6. Medullary cavity
19. Marrow cavity
20. Hollow cylindrical space within the diaphysis that
contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous
blood vessels in adults
7. Endosteum
21. A thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that
lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the
medullary cavity of long bones

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 Does not only increase the diameter of the diaphysis, but also
increase the diameter of the medullary cavity while remodeling
happens during adult life
 Resorption of old or damaged bone takes place on the same
surface where osteoblasts (bone-building cells) lay new bone to
replace that which is resorbed

Figure 16. Bone Modelling and Remodelling

D. REPAIR OF BONE FRACTURES Figure 18. Skeletal System Division

 Fracture – defined as any break in a bone Axial Skeleton

 Follows 3 phases  Longitudinal axis of the body
1. Reactive Phase  Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
 An early inflammatory phase 1. Skull
 Blood leaks from the injured blood vessels and accumulates  Formed by two sets of bones
around the site of the fracture which form fracture hematoma  Cranium – encloses and protects the fragile brain tissue
 May last up to several weeks  8 Cranial Bones:
2. Reparative Phase  (1) Frontal
 Characterized by two events:  (2) Parietal
 Formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus  (2) Temporal
 A mass of repair tissue consisting of collagen fibers and  (1) Occipital
cartilage that bridges the broken ends of the bone that  (1) Ethmoid
takes place for about 3 weeks
 (1) Sphenoid
 Formation of bony callus to bridge the gap
 The fibrocartilage is converted to spongy bone Figure 19. Cranial Bones
 Last about 3 to 4 months  Facial bones – forms a cradle for the eyes that is open to the
3. Bone remodeling phase
 Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells) resorb the dead bone
 Osteogenic cells become active, divide, and differentiate into
osteoblasts (bone-building cells)
 Cartilage in the callus is replaced by trabecular bone
 Eventually, the internal and external callus unite, compact bone
replaces spongy bone at the outer margins of the fracture, and
healing is complete

anterior and allow the facial muscles to show our feelings

through smiles or frowns
 14 Facial Bones:
Figure 17. Phases of Bone Fracture Repair
 (2) Nasal
 (2) Lacrimal
 (2) Inferior Nasal Concha
 (2) Maxilla
 (1) Mandible
 (1) Vomer
 (2) Zygomatic
 (2) Palatine

E. DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Figure 20. Facial Bones

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 2. V Figure 22. Anterior View of the Thoracic Cage
e
r Appendicular Skeleton
t  Composed of 126 bones of the limbs (appendages) and the pectoral
e
b
r
a
l

Column
 33 – total number of vertebrae during early development
 26 – adult vertebral column
 Several vertebrae in the sacral and coccygeal regions fuse
 Protection of spinal cord
 Provides stiffening for the body and attachment for the pectoral
and pelvic girdles and many muscles
 Transmit body weight in walking and standing
 4 regions:
 Cervical curve (7 bones)
 Thoracic curve (12 bones)
 Lumbar (5 bones)
 Sacral (5 bones)
Figure 21. Vertebral Column
 Normal Curves
 Primary curves – thoracic and sacral curves are concave
(cupping in) which retain the original curvature of the
embryonic vertebral column
 Secondary curves – cervical and lumbar curves are convex
(bulging out) which begin to form later, several months after
birth
22. Curves of vertebral column increase its strength, help
maintain balance in the upright position, absorb shocks
during walking, and help protect the vertebrae from
fracture
 Abnormal curves – kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis may
develop from various conditions such as poor posture,
osteoporosis, fracture, muscle weakness, birth defects or
developmental abnormalities of the spine and obesity
(specifically for lordosis)
3. Thoracic cage (rib cage)
 Protect the lungs, heart, and other organs of the thoracic cavity
 Formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs, and associated
costal cartilages and the sternum
and pelvic girdles
 Attach the limbs to the axial skeleton
 Bones of the upper limbs function to grasp and manipulate objects
 Bones of the lower limbs are the ones responsible to permit
locomotion
 Pectoral girdles attach the upper limb to the body
 Pelvic girdles attach the lower libs to the body
F. JOINTS OR ARTICULATION
 Any place where adjacent ones or bone and cartilage come together
(articulate with each other) to form a connection
Classification: According to Structure
 Based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are
directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or
whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-
filled joint cavity
1. Fibrous Joints
 Fixed or immovable joints
 Has no joint cavity
 Connected by dense, tough connective tissue that is rich in
collagen fibers
 TYPES OF FIBROUS FIBERS
 Sutures – immovable, although very slight movement allows
some necessary cranial elasticity like the sutures, types of
joint found in the cranium (skull)
 Syndesmoses – lesser range of movement than synovial
joints and are found between long bones of the body, such as
the radio-ulnar and tibio-fibular joints
 Gomphosis – type of joint found at the articulation between
the teeth and the sockets of the maxilla or mandible (dental-
alveolar joint_
2. Cartilaginous Joints
 Connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
 Allow more movement than fibrous points but less than that of
synovial joints
 TYPES OF CARTILIGINOUS JOINTS
 Synchodrosis – hyaline cartilage completely joins together
two bones like the epiphyseal growth plates
 Symphysis – formed of fibrocartilage in which the body
(physis) of one bone meets the body of another such as those
found between the manubrium and sternum (manubriosternal
joint), intervertebral discs, and the pubic symphysis
3. Synovial Joint
 Most common and movable joint type in the body
 Have a synovial cavity
 Connects bones with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous
with the bones’ periosteum
 Filled with synovial fluid
 Example: joints in knees and elbows
Classification: According to Function
 Based on the type and degree of movement permitted

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1. Synarthrosis
 Immovable joints
 Restricted mainly to the axial skeleton where firm attachments
and protection of internal organs are priorities
 Example: sutures, fibrous joints between the bones of the skull
2. Amphiarthrosis
 Slightly movable joints
 Restricted also to the axial skeleton
 Example: pubic symphysis of the pelvis
3. Diarthrosis
 Freely movable joints
 Predominate in the limbs, where mobility is important

Figure 23. Types of Joints

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