Fundamentals of Anatomy

Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy

Introduction to Human Anatomy

III. Levels of Structural Organization
and Body Systems
Content
1. Definition of Anatomy and Physiology 1. CHEMICAL LEVEL
2. Subdisciplines of Anatomy - includes atoms, the smallest units of matter
3. Levels of Structural Organization and Body that participate in chemical reactions, and
Systems molecules, two or more atoms joined
4. The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body together.
Components - Essential atoms for maintaining life:
5. Basic Anatomical Terminologies carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O),
• Standard Anatomical Position nitrogen (N), phosphorus(P), calcium (Ca),
• Body Positions and Regional names and sulfur (S)
• Directional Terms
6. Body Planes and Sections 2. CELLULAR LEVEL
7. Body Cavities - Molecules combine to form cells-the basic
8. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants structural and functional units of an
organism that are com-posed of chemicals.
- Cells are the smallest living units in the
I. Definition of Anatomy & Physiology human body.

Anatomy 3. TISSUE LEVEL

• ana- = up; -tomy = process of cutting - Are group of cells and the materials
• parts surrounding them that work together to
• the science of body structures and the perform a particular function,
relationships among them. - 4 BASIC TYPES OF TISSUES:
Physiology epithelial tissue, connective tissue,
muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.
• physio- = nature; -logy = study of
• Epithelial tissue covers body
• functions
surfaces, lines hollow organs and
• the science of body functions—how the
cavities, and forms glands
body parts work
• Connective tissue connects,
II. Subdisciplines of Anatomy supports, and protects body
organs while distributing blood
vessels to other tissues
• Muscular tissue contracts to
make body parts move and
generates heat
• Nervous tissue carries information
from one part of the body to
another through nerve impulses
4. ORGAN LEVEL
- different types of tissues are joined
together.
- organs are structures that are composed of
two or more different types of tissues; they
have specific functions and usually have
recognizable shapes.

5. SYSTEM LEVEL
- consists of related organs (paragraphs) with
a common function.

Prepared by: Ms. Rose Marei H. Arriesgado | BSPT 1-1 | AY 2021-2022 | Ref. Book: Tortora & Derrickson (14th Ed.)
 Fundamentals of Anatomy
Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy

6. ORGANISM LEVEL - HEAD: consists of the skull and face. the

- any living individual skull encloses and protects the brain; the
face is the front portion of the head that
includes the eyes, nose, mouth, forehead,
cheeks, and chin. The neck supports the
head and attaches it to the trunk

- TRUNK: consists of the chest, abdomen,

and pelvis.

- UPPER LIMB: attaches to the trunk and

consists of shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm,
wrist, and hand

- LOWER LIMB: also attaches to the trunk

and consists if the buttock, leg, ankle, and
foot

IV. The 11 Systems of the Human Body

1. Integumentary System
2. Skeletal System
3. Muscular System
4. Nervous System
5. Endocrine System
6. Lymphatic System
7. Cardiovascular System
8. Respiratory System
9. Digestive System
10. Urinary System
11. Reproductive System

V. Basic Anatomical Terminologies

ANATOMICAL POSITION
- subject stands erect facing the observer,
with the head level and the eyes facing
directly forward. The lower limbs are
parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and
directed forward, and the upper limbs are at
the sides with the palms turned forward

RECLINING BODY Figure 1. The anatomical position. The anatomical names

- PRONE: if the body is lying face down and corresponding common names (in parentheses) are
- SUPINE: if the body is lying faceup indicated for specific body regions.

REGIONAL NAMES
- Principal regions: head, neck, trunk, upper
limbs, and lower limbs

Prepared by: Ms. Rose Marei H. Arriesgado | BSPT 1-1 | AY 2021-2022 | Ref. Book: Tortora & Derrickson (14th Ed.)
 Fundamentals of Anatomy
Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy

TERMS DEFINITION EXAMPLE OF USE

Superior Toward the head, The heart is superior
(cephalic or or the upper part to the liver
cranial) of a structure
Inferior Away from the The stomach is
head, or the lower inferior to the lungs.
part of a structure
Anterior Nearer to or at the The sternum
front of the body (breastbone) is
anterior to the
heart.
Posterior Nearer to or at the The esophagus
back of the body. (food tube) is
posterior to the
trachea (windpipe)
Medial Nearer to the The ulna is medial to
midline (an the radius.
imaginary vertical
line that divides
the body into
equal right and left
sides)
Lateral Farther from the The lungs are lateral
midline to the hear
Intermediate Between two The transverse
structures colon is
intermediate to the
ascending and
descending colons
Ipsilateral On the same side The gallbladder and
of the body as ascending colon are
another structure ipsilateral
Contralateral On the opposite The ascending and
side of the body descending colons
from another are contralateral.
structure.
Proximal Nearer to the The humerus (arm
attachment of a bone) is proximal to
limb to the trunk the radius
Distal Farther from the The phalanges
attachment of a (finger bones)
limb to the trunk are distal to the
carpals from the
origination of a
structure. (Wrist
bones).
Superficial Toward or on the The ribs are
(external) surface of the body superficial to the
lungs

Prepared by: Ms. Rose Marei H. Arriesgado | BSPT 1-1 | AY 2021-2022 | Ref. Book: Tortora & Derrickson (14th Ed.)
 Fundamentals of Anatomy
Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy

Deep Away from the The ribs are VI. Body Planes and Sections
(internal) surface of the deep to the skin
body of the chest
and back. PLANES
• imaginary flat surfaces that pass through
the body parts
- SAGITTAL PLANE: a vertical plane that
divides the body or an organ into right and
left sides. More specifically, when such a
plane passes through the midline of the body
or an organ and divides it into equal right
and left sides, it is called a midsagittal
plane or a median plane. The midline an
imaginary vertical line that divides the body
into equal left and right sides. If the sagittal
plane does not pass through the midline but
instead divides the body or an organ into
unequal right and left sides, it is called a
parasagittal plane

- TRANSVERSE PLANE (cross-sectional

or horizontal plane): divides the body or an
NOTE: Palmar = anterior hand, Dorsal =
organ into superior (upper) and inferior
posterior hand, Plantar = lower surface
(lower) portions.
of foot, Dorsal = upper surface of foot
- FRONTAL (CORONAL PLANE):
divides the body or an organ into anterior
(front) and posterior (back) portions.

- OBLIQUE PLANE: by contrast, passes

through the body or an organ at an oblique
angle (any angle other than a 90-degree
angle)

Prepared by: Ms. Rose Marei H. Arriesgado | BSPT 1-1 | AY 2021-2022 | Ref. Book: Tortora & Derrickson (14th Ed.)
 Fundamentals of Anatomy
Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy
VII. Body Cavities
BODY CAVITIES: are spaces that enclose
internal organs. Bones, muscles, ligaments,
and other structures separate the various body
cavities from one another.
DORSAL BODY CAVITY: protects the
fragile nervous system organs and has two
subdivisions: cranial activity and vertebral or
spinal cavity.
VENTRAL: houses the internal organs
collectively called the viscera or visceral
organs. It has two subdivisions: thoracic
cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
A. PLEURA
Prepared by: Ms. Rose Marei H. Arriesgado | BSPT 1-1 | AY 2021-2022 | Ref. Book: Tortora & Derrickson (14th Ed.)
THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL CAVITY
MEMBRANES
SEROUS MEMBRANE
- covers the viscera within the thoracic
and abdominal cavities and also lines the
walls of the thorax and abdomen
- The parts of a serous mem-brane are (1)
the parietal layer a thin epithelium that
lines the walls of the cavities, and (2) the
visceral layer, a thin epithelium that
covers and adheres to the viscera within
the cavities
- Between the two layers is a potential
space that contains small amount of
lubricating fluid (serous fluid). The fluid
allows the viscera to slide somewhat
during movements, such as when the lungs
inflate and deflate during breathing
-
- Serous membrane of the plural cavities
- The visceral pleura clings to the
surface of the lungs, and the
parietal pleura lines the chest
wall, covering the superior
surface of the diaphragm
- In between is the pleural cavity,
filled with a small amount of
lubricating serous fluid
B. PERICARDIUM
- The serous membrane of
the pericardial cavity
- The visceral pericardium
covers the surface of the heart;
the parietal pericardium lines
 Fundamentals of Anatomy
Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy

the chest wall.

- Between them is the
pericardial cavity, filled
with a small amount of
lubricating serous fluid
C. PERITONEUM
- is the serous membrane of the
abdominal cavity.
- The visceral peritoneum covers
the abdominal viscera, and the
parietal peritoneum lines the
abdominal wall, covering the
inferior surface of the
diaphragm.
- Between them is the peritoneal
cavity, which contains a small
amount of lubricating serous - another scheme (regions): two transverse and
fluid. two parasagittal planes. These planes, positioned
- Most abdominal organs are like a tic-tac-toe grid on the abdomen, divide the
surrounded by the peritoneum. cavity into nine regions.
- Some are not surrounded by the
- umbilical region: centermost region
peritoneum; instead, they are
deep to and surrounding the umbilicus
posterior to it, such organs are
(navel).
said to be retroperitoneal. The
kidneys, adrenal glands, - epigastric region: located superior to the
pancreas, duodenum of the umbilical region.
small intestine, ascending and
- hypogastric region: located inferior to the
descending colons of the large
umbilical region.
intestine, and portions of the
abdominal aorta and inferior - right and left iliac or inguinal regions: located
vena cava are retroperitoneal. lateral to the hypogastric region.
- right and left lumbar regions: lie lateral to
the umbilical region.
VIII. Abdominopelvic Regions and
Quadrants - right and left hypochondriac regions: lie
lateral to the epigastric region and deep to
- Scheme (quadrants) : a transverse and a median the ribs.
plane pass
through the umbilicus at right angles.

- four resulting quadrants are named

according to their positions from the
subject’s point of view: right upper
quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant
(LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and
left lower quadrant (LLQ).

Prepared by: Ms. Rose Marei H. Arriesgado | BSPT 1-1 | AY 2021-2022 | Ref. Book: Tortora & Derrickson (14th Ed.)
 Fundamentals of Anatomy
Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy

OTHER BODY CAVITIES

Nasal Cavity

- located within and posterior to the nose.

- the nasal cavity is part of the

respiratory system
passageways.

Orbital Cavities

- the orbits in the skull house the eyes and

present them in an anterior position.

Middle ear cavities

- found in the skull and lie just medial to the

eardrums

- contain tiny bones that transmit sound

vibrations to the hearing receptors in the
inner ears.

Synovial cavities

- joint cavities

- enclosed within fibrous capsules that

surround freely movable joints of the
body (such as elbow and knee joints).

- membranes lining synovial cavities secrete

a lubricating fluid that reduced friction as the
bones move across one another

Prepared by: Ms. Rose Marei H. Arriesgado | BSPT 1-1 | AY 2021-2022 | Ref. Book: Tortora & Derrickson (14th Ed.)
 Fundamentals of Anatomy
Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy

Prepared by: Ms. Rose Marei H. Arriesgado | BSPT 1-1 | AY 2021-2022 | Ref. Book: Tortora & Derrickson (14th Ed.)