ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY RMT

WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2025

References: Marieb 12th Edition, Seeley 10th Edition, Tortora 15th Edition, Jacob & Francone 2nd Editon

Topic Outline → Certain atoms, such as carbon (C), hydrogen

1.1 Anatomy (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),
1.2 Physiology calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S), are essential for
1.3 Levels of Structural Organization maintaining life.
1.4 Characteristics of Life → Two familiar molecules found in the body are
1.5 Homeostasis deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic
1.6 Terminology and Body Plan material passed from one generation to the
next, and glucose, commonly known as
1.1 Anatomy blood sugar.
→ Anatomy is the scientific discipline that
investigates the structure of the body. 2. CELLULAR LEVEL
→ dissect or cut apart and separate the parts of → cells are the smallest unit of living things
the body. (ana → apart, and tomy → to cut) → molecules combine to form organelles which
are the small structures that make up the cell
ANATOMY: LEVELS OF STUDY
Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy 3. TISSUE LEVEL
→ large (macroscopic) structures → group of similar cells and the materials
→ can be seen by the naked eye surrounding them
→ approach of study: Regional and Systemic → the characteristics of the cells and the
Anatomy surrounding materials determine the functions
Regional Anatomy is the study of the of the tissues.
organization of the body areas. • Epithelial tissue: form the covering of
Systematic Anatomy is the study of the body all body surfaces, line body cavities
systems. and hollow organs, and are the major
Microscopic Anatomy tissue in glands. They perform a variety
→ structures cannot be seen with the naked of functions that include protection,
eye secretion, absorption, excretion,
→structures can only be viewed with a filtration, diffusion, and sensory
microscope reception.
→subdivisions include cytology and histology → simple squamous, simple cuboidal,
Surface Anatomy simple columnar and pseudostratified.
→ study of internal structures as they relate to • Connective Tissue: group of tissues in
the overlying skin surface the body that maintain the form of the
Developmental Anatomy body and its organs and provide
→traces structural changes that occur in the cohesion and internal support.
body throughout the lifespan. → blood, bones, cartilage, and
→ Embryology: concerns developmental connective tissue proper
changes that occur before birth.
• Muscle Tissue: is composed of cells
1.2 Physiology
that have the special ability to shorten
→ Physiology is the scientific discipline that or contract in order to produce
deals with the processes or functions of living
movement of the body parts.
things.
→ skeletal muscle tissue, smooth
→ how the body and its parts work or function muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue
(physio → nature and ology → the study of)
• Nervous Tissue: is found in
GOALS OF PHYSIOLOGY the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is
1. To understand and predict the body’s responsible for coordinating and
responses to stimuli controlling many body activities. It
2. To understand how the body maintains stimulates muscle contraction, creates
internal conditions within a narrow an awareness of the environment, and
range of values in the presence of plays a major role in emotions,
continually changing internal and memory, and reasoning.
external environments.
4. ORGAN LEVEL
1.3 Levels of Structural Organization → different types of tissues are joined together.
1. CHEMICAL LEVEL Similar to the relationship between sentences
→ atoms (tiny building blocks of matter) and paragraphs, organs are structures that are
combine to form molecules such as water, composed of two or more different types of
sugar, and proteins like those that make up our tissues; they have specific functions and
muscles. usually have recognizable shapes.

RUMPON | BSMLS 1B 1
5. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
→ group of organs classified as a unit because
of a common function or set of functions.
→ There are eleven major organ system
namely:
Integumentary Lymphatic
Skeletal Respiratory
Muscular Digestive
Nervous Urinary
Endocrine Reproductive
Cardiovascular
6. ORGANISM LEVEL
→ highest level of structural organization
→The organismal level is the sum total of all
structural levels working together to keep us
alive.
1.4 Characteristics of Life
1. ORGANIZATION
→specific relationship of many individual parts
of an organism, from cell, organelles to organs,
interacting and working together.
→living things are highly organized. Disruption
of this organized state can result in loss of
function and death.
2. METABOLISM
→chemical reactions within the body
→produces energy, regulates hormones
• Catabolism: breakdown complex
molecules into smaller ones
• Anabolism: build larger molecules from
smaller ones
3. RESPONSIVENESS/ EXCITABILITY
→ability of an organism to sense changes in the
environment and make the adjustments that
help maintain life.
• Example: if the body temp. increases in
a hot environment, the sweat glands
produce sweat, which can lower body
temp. down to normal.
4. GROWTH
→ an increase in body size that results from the
increase in the size of existing cells, an
increase in the number of cells, or both.
5. DEVELOPMENT
→changes an organism undergoes through
time. Human development begins when the egg
is fertilized by the sperm and ends with death.
• DIFFERENTIATION: change in cell
structure and function from generalized
to specialized
6. REPRODUCTION
→the formation of new cells for tissue growth,
repair, ad replacement.
→the production of a new individual
7. MAINTAINING BOUNDARIES
→internal environment remains distinct from
external environment
8. MOVEMENT
→locomotion
→movement of substances
9.DIGESTION
→breakdown and absorption of nutrients
10. EXCRETION
→eliminates waste from metabolic reactions in
the form of urine of feces
SURVIVAL NEEDS
NUTRIENTS
→chemicals for energy and cell building
→includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
OXYGEN
→required for chemical reactions
WATER
→60% to 80% of body weight
→most abundant chemical in the human body
→provides metabolic reaction
STABLE BODY TEMPERATURE
→normal body temp. is 37°C / 98°F
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
→must be appropriate for gas exchange
1.5 Homeostasis
→is the existence and maintenance of a
relatively CONSTANT ENVIRONMENT within
the body despite fluctuations in either the
external or the internal environment.
(homeo→ the same, stasis→ stop/ standing
still, this indicates a dynamic state of
equilibrium)
COMPONENTS OF HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM
1. Receptor: responds to changes in the
environment (stimuli) and sends information to
the control center.
2. Control center: determines the set point
(normal values), analyzes information, and
determines appropriate response
3. Effector: provides a means for response to
stimulus
RUMPON | BSMLS 1B 2
 HOMEOSTATIC MECHAMISM Supine→lying, face upward
NEGATIVE-FEEDBACK MECHANISM Prone→lying, face downward
→when any deviation from the set point is
made smaller, decreased, or is resisted DIRECTIONAL TERMS
(negative→ to decrease) →terms that are used to describe parts of the
→regulates most systems of the body body relative to each other.
→does not prevent variation but maintains TERM DEFINITION
variation within a normal range (household Right towards the body’s right
thermostat) side
*Many disease states result from the failure of Left towards the bod’s left
negative-feedback mechanisms to maintain side
homeostasis Superior above or upper portion
POSITIVE-FEEDBACK MECHANISM (Cephalic/
→occur when the initial stimulus further Cranial)
stimulates the response Inferior (Caudal) below or lower portion
(positive→ an increase) Anterior (Ventral) towards the front of the
→increase the original stimulus to push the body
variable further Posterior (Dorsal) towards the back of the
→ in the body, this only happens in blood body
clotting and during the birth of a baby Proximal closer to a point of
*Positive feedback can be detrimental instead attatchment
of helpful. Example of this is the delivery of Distal farther from the point of
blood to cardiac muscle. attachment
Lateral away from the midline
1.6 Terminology and Body Plan
Medial toward the middle or
ANATOMICAL POSITION
midline of the body
→refers to a person standing upright with the
Intermdiate between a more medial
face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging
and more lateral
to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing
structure
forward (Seeley’s 10th Ed)
Ipsilateral on the same side of the
→the body is erect with the feet parallel and the
arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing bady as another
forward (Marieb 12th Ed) structure
→the subject stands erect facing the observer, Contralateral on the opposite side of
with the head level and the eyes facing directly the body fro another
forward. The lower limbs are parallel, and the structure
feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, Superficial toward the surface of
and the upper limbs are at the sides with the the body
palms turned forward (Tortora 15th Ed) Deep away from the surface;
more internal

RUMPON | BSMLS 1B 3
BODY PARTS AND REGIONS

RUMPON | BSMLS 1B 4
 BODY PLANES
→planes are imaginary flat surfaces that
conceptually discuss the body’s reference
points.
SAGITTAL PLANE
→runs vertically (lengthwise/longitudinal)
through the body and separates it into right and
left parts.
→refers to the way the body would be split by
an arrow passing anteriorly and posteriorly.
MEDIAN (MIDSAGITTAL) PLANE
→is a sagittal plane that passes through the
body’s midline
→divides the body into equal left and right parts
PARASAGITTAL PLANE
→sagittal line that is uneven
→parallel to midsagittal (para→ means near)
TRANSVERSE PLANE
→divides the body or an organ into
superior(upper) and inferior (lower) portions
→also known as Horizontal Plane or Cross-
sectional Plane
FRONTAL/ CORONAL PLANE
→divides the body or an organ into anterior
(front) and posterior (back) potions.
OBLIQUE PLANE
→a plane that passes through the body or an
organ at an oblique angle (any angle other than
90°)
LONGITUDINAL SECTION
→a cut along the length of an
organ
TRANSVERSE SECTION
→a.k.a cross-section, cuts
completely through an organ
→similar to the cut of hotdogs
and bananas
OBLIQUE SECTION
→a cut made diagonally
across the axis
BODY CAVITIES
→spaces that enclose internal organs
→the human bod has 2 major cavities, each of
which is made up of smaller cavities.
→VENTRAL CAVITY: Larger
→DORSAL CAVITY: Smaller
DORSAL BODY CAVITY
→body cavities that are on the posterior
(back)con portion of the body
→has 2 subdividsions: Cranial Cavity and
Spinal Cavity
• Cranial Cavity
→is te space inside the bony skull.
→brain is well protected because it
occupies this cavity
• Spinal/ Vertebral Cavity
→extends from cranila cavity to the end
of the spinal cord
→the spinal cord, which is a
continuation of the brain,is protected by
the bony vertebrae, which is surround
the spinal cavity and form the spine
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY
→body cavities that are on the anterior (front)
portion of the body
→contains the visceral organs from chest to
abdomen
• Thoracic Cavity
→separated from the rest of the ventral
cavity by the diapraghm
→the organs in the thoracic cavity
(lungs, heart, and others) are protected
by the rib cage
*Pericardial Cavity→surrounds the
heart
*Pleural Cavity→ surrounds each lungs
*Mediastinum→is a central region that
separates the lungs into right and left
cavities. The mediastinum houses the
heart, trachea, and other visceral
organs in the body’s midline
• Abdominopelvic Cavity
→cavity inferior to the diapraghm
→some prefer to subdivide it into
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
RUMPON | BSMLS 1B 5
 Abdominal Cavity
→bounded primarily by abdominal
muscles and contains the stomach,
intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and
kidenys.
Pelvic Cavity
→a small space enclosedby the bones
of the pelvis and contains the urinar
bladder, part of the large intestine, and
the internal reproductive organs
*There is no actual physical structure dividing
the abdominopelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity is
not immediately inferior to the abdominal cavity,
but rather tips away from the abdominal cavity
in the posterior direction.
SEROUS MEMBRANES
→line the trunk cavities and cover the organs
VISCERAL SEROUS MEMBRANE
→membrane that covers the organ
PARIETAL SEROUS MEMBRANE
→the one that covers the cavity wall
CAVITY
→the space between the VSM and PSM
→normally filled with a lubricating fluid film of
serous flluid produced by the membranes
*As an organ rubs against another organ or
against the body wall, the serous fluid and
smooth serous membranes reduce friction.
MEMBRANES IN THORACIC CAVITY
→1 pericardal, 2 pleural
Pericardial Cavity
→surround the heart
→Visceral Pericardium covers the heart
→Parital Pericardium forms the outer layer of
the sac around the heart
→Pericardial Cavity is located between the VP
& PP and containd Pericardial Fluid
Pleural Cavity
→surrounds each lung
→Visceral Pleura covers each lung
→Parietal Pleura lines he inner surface of the
thoracic wall, the lateral surfaces of the
mediastinum, and the superior surface of the
diaphragm
→Pleural Cavity is locate din between the VP &
PP and contains the Pleural Fluid
MEMBRANE IN ABDOMINIPELVIC CAVITY
Peritoneal Cavity
→serous membrane in the abdominopelvic
cavity
→Visceral Peritoneum covers many of the
organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
→Parietal Peritoneum lines the wall of the
abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface
of the diaphragm
→Peritoneal Cavity is located in between the
VP & PP and contains Peritoneal Fluid
*Serous membranes can be inflammed as a
result of infection.
SEROSITIS→inflammation of the serous
membranes
PERICARDITIS→inflammation of the
pericardium
PLEURISY→inflammation of the pleura
PERITONITIS→inflammation of the
peritoneum (APPENDICITIS →inflammation of
the the peritoneum, one form of peritonitis
RUMPON | BSMLS 1B 6
*Mesenteries which consist of 2 layers of
peritoneum fused together (Visceral
Peritoneum of some abdominopelvic organs to
the Parietal Peritoneum on the body wall)
→anchor the organs of the body wall and
provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels
to reach the organs

Retroperitoneal→ organs covered only by

Parietal Peritoneum [retro→ behind] (kidneys,
adrenal glands, portion of the pancreas, parts
of the intestines, and the urinary bladder)

RUMPON | BSMLS 1B 7