Electronics department: 4th semester EE-314

Instrumentation and measurement: credit hours: (3+1)

Measurement of power factor using power factor meter Marks =10

Criteria Excellent (2) Average (1) Nill(0) Score

1.Apparatus and All equipment and All equipment and All equipment
equipment electrical apparatus electrical components and electrical
are used are partially used components are
not used
2.Procedure Follow correct Follows procedure Not able to
procedure as provided with some errors follow
independently procedure given
to perform lab

3.Observations All experimental results All experimental All experimental

and calculations are calculated and results are partially results are not
observed calculated some of calculated nor
observations are observed
missing
4.Expermental Performed well Need guidance to In capable to
setup experiment setups experiment and to conduct
equipment connections make equipment experiment and
connection connection
5.Results Accurate results have Achieved results are No results are
been achieved accurate but are in achieved or
minor errors results are
meaningless

Examiner signature Total

Balochistan University of engineering technology
khuzdar
Department of electronic
engineering
Course code EE-314
Course title Instrumentation and measurement
Department Electronic Engineering
Contact hours 4
Semester 4th
 Experiment No: 01

Introduction to various Basic Instruments of Electrical.

OBJECTIVE: Introduction to various Supply Systems, Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter,

Energy meter, Tachometer, Rheostat, Loading Devices, Transformer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Demonstration of various instruments like Ammeter, Voltmeter,

Wattmeter, Energy Meter, Tachometer, Rheostat, Various Capacitors, Various Resistors, AC and
DC Power Supply.

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:

AMMETER:

Ammeter is employed for measuring of current in a circuit and connected in series in the circuit.
As ammeter is connected in series, the voltage drop across ammeter terminals is very low. This
requires that the resistance of the ammeter should be as low as possible. The current coil of
ammeter has low current carrying capacity whereas the current to be measured may be quite
high. So for protecting the equipment a low resistance is connected in parallel to the current coil
and it is known as shunt resistance.

Analog Ammeter

VOLTMETER
Voltmeter is employed to measure the potential difference across any two points of a circuit. It is
connected in the parallel across any element in the circuit. The resistance of voltmeter is kept
very high by connecting a high resistance in series of the voltmeter with the current coil of the
instrument. The actual voltage drop across the current coil of the voltmeter is only a fraction of
the total voltage applied across the voltmeter which is to be measured.

The measurement of real power in AC circuits is done by using an instrument using Wattmeter.
The real power in AC circuits is given by expression.

VI cosθ

Where, cosθ is power factor

A wattmeter has two coils, namely, current coil and pressure coil. The current coil (CC) is
connected in series with the load and the pressure coil (PC) is connected across the load. Watt
meters are available in dual range for voltages as well as for current

Internal Circuit of Wattmeter Watt meter

ENERGY METER

Energy meter is an instrument which is used to measure the consumption of electric energy in a
circuit (DC or AC). It measures energy in kWh. The essential difference between a energy meter
and a wattmeter is that the former is fitted with some type of registration mechanism whereby all
the instantaneous readings of power are summed over a definite period of time whereas the latter
indicates the value at particular instant when it is read.
 ENERGY METER

TACHOMETER: Taco meter is an instrument to measure the speed in (revolutions per minute
(p.m.)). The speed of a rotating shaft is measured by inserting the tapered projected part of the
tachometer into the tapered hole in the rotating shaft speed of which is to be measured.

RHEOSTAT

Rheostats are made up of high resistivity material, like, nickel-chromium iron alloy closely
wound over a circular tube. These are available both in single tube and double tube. Inter-turn
insulation is provided to avoid short circuiting of turns. The tube of rheostat is made of insulating
material, like asbestos. These are employed at places where resistance of a circuit is to be varied
without breaking the circuit.
 VAROIUS SUPPLY SYSTEM

(a) A.C supply systems: There are two types of supply.

(i) Single phase-230V: In this system we have two wires, one is known as phase/line and the other
is neutral. Voltage between them is 230 V.

(ii) Three phase - 400 V (line to line): In his system we have three wires, one for each phase or line.
In case the fourth wire is there it is neutral. While voltage between two phases/lines is 400 V,
between any phase/line and neutral it is 230 V.

(b) DC Supply System

There are two type of D.C supply system

(i)From battery: We use rectifiers for 6V or 12V D.C supply current.

DC Supply AC Supply

MULTIMETER

Multi meter is a measuring instrument used to measure the current, voltage and resistance. These
can be used to troubleshoot many electrical equipment such as domestic appliances, power
supplies etc
 Experiment NO.02

Measurement of power factor using power factor meter.

Aim: To measure the power factor of the given circuit power factor meter.

Apparatus Required:

i. Phase power meter.

Precautions:

i. At the time of switching on the supply Ii. No load must be included.

Iii. DPST switch is kept open at the time of starting.

Procedure.

I. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram. ii. By observing the precaution load
is applied till the rated current. iii. The value of voltage, current and power factor are
noted down.

vi. Experiment is done for both inductive and capacitive load.

Circuit Diagram:

Tabular column
Voltage Current Power Factor Power Load
 Experiment NO: 03

To measure the power drawn by a single-phase A.C CKT using three Voltmeters.

Apparatus: Voltmeter, Ammeter, Rheostat, connecting lead.

Theory: To measure the power in inductive load three voltmeter are used which records the
following voltage.

V1 records the voltage across the resistance of known value. V 2 record the voltage across to
inductor. V3 records the voltage applied to c.k.t. P= V 2Icos power consumed by load P= V1 V2
cosƟ/R. Power consume by inductive load= (V32- V12 - V22/2R).

Procedure:

1. Connect the ckt as shown in Fig. 2. Ensure that the output voltage is not zero. 3. Switch on the
a.c power supply. 4. Apply a certain voltage to the transformer through the auto transformer. 5.
Record the various, V12 , V22 and V32 and current. 6. Repeat the whole experiment for the different
values of the voltage. 7. Find the value of V/I in all the case.8. Switch off the power supply after
use.

Observation Table.

Sr. V1 V2 V3 P= V32- V12-

V22/2R

RESULT: The power drawn by single phase ac ckt using three voltmeter is…………..
DISCUSSION: The power consumed by the single phase ac ckt can be calculated by the
readings of three voltmeters.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. All connections should be tight and correct. 2. Switch off the supply when not in use.
3. Reading should be taken carefully.

Circuit Diagram:
 Experiment N.O:04

To, measure power factor in a single-phase A.C circuit using three Ammeter.

Apparatus Required:

Voltmeter, 0-300V,MI,ammeter, 10A,5A,5A,MI,single inductive variable load ,Rheostat

100Ω,5A variac 230V,10A.

Theory:

The circuit to be used for measurement of power in an A.C circuit using three ammeters is
shown in circuit diagram. We know in a D.C circuit the power is given by the product of voltage
and current where as in A.C circuit it is given by the product of voltage, current and power
factor. For this reason it is not possible to find power in a.c circuit simply from the reading of
voltage and ammeter in A.C circuit power is normally measured by wattmeter .How ever this
method demonstrates that power in a single phase AC circuit can be measured by using three
ammeter from the circuit shown in fig.1 we can write

Power consumed by load p=vI 3cosƟ-----------1

Here I2+I3=I1 then I22+I32 +2 I2I3CosƟ = I1 2

Power factor=cosƟ= I1 2- I2 2- I3 2/2 I2I3.

Power =VIcosƟ

= I2R I3* I1 2- I2 2- I3 2/2 I2I3

Power drawn by load=( I1 2- I2 2- I3 2)*R/2

Procedure:

1. The stepwise procedure for connecting this experiment is given below. 2. Keep the rheostat at
it maximum value.3. Keep the variac at its minimum position. 4. Switch on the supply.

5. Increase the voltage applied using variac slowly, so that the reading of voltmeter and ammeter
A1 are appreciable. 6. Decrease the resistance R so that ammeter A2 gives suitable reading. 7.
Takes down the reading of voltmeter and three ammeters.
Observation: Read your observation as shown in table.

Table: Observation and calculation for 3-Ammeter method.

Sr. Voltage I1 I2 I3 P CosƟ

 Experiment NO.05

Measurement of power in three phases A.C. circuit by Two Wattmeter method, and
determine

1. Active and Reactive Power. 2. Power Factor of the Load

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF APPARATUS QUANTITY SPECIFICATION

REQUIRED RANGE AND TYPE
01 Three phase Auto- 01 20Amp.,440V ,50 Hz A.C
Transformer
02 Wattmeter Dynamometer 02 2.5A , 125V A.C
Type
03 Ammeter Moving Iron Type 01 0-10A , A.C
04 Voltmeter Moving Iron Type 02 0-600V A.C
05 Tree Phase Load 01 -----------
06 Connecting Wire 15 -----------

THEORY: -

Two wattmeter method employed to measurement power in three phase star or delta
connected balanced or unbalanced load. The current coil of the watt meters are
connected in any two line (R,Y)and potential coil of each watt meters is joined across
the same line and third phase(B)Which left(Common to both wattmeter) of the power
measurement by two watt meters W 1 and W2 is equal to the power measured by three
phase load.
Procedure: -

 Connect the voltmeter, Ammeter, and Watt meters to the load through three
phase auto - transformer as shown in fig. and reset the auto -transformer at
zero position.
 Switch on the three-phase supply and adjust the auto -transformer till suitable
voltage. Note down readings of Watt meters, Voltmeters, and Ammeter.
 Vary the voltage by auto-transformer and noted various readings of Watt
 meters, Voltmeter, and Ammeter.
 After taking observation switch of the power supply and disconnect all the
equipment and remove lead wire.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Line Line Wattmeter Reading Total Reactiv Activ Power
Voltage Current (Watts) Power e Power e Factor
(W1+ Power
W2)
W1 W2

CALCULATION: -

Actual Power (True Power) = √3 VI

Resistive Load Power Factor Cosф =1

Measured Power P = √3 VI Cosф =[(W1+W2) x (M.F.)]

=[(W1+ W2) x (M.F.) / √3 VL

Power Factor Cosф
IL ]
Reactive Power Q =√3 (W1 - W2) x (M.F.)

Extra formula
Formula for Power Factor Derivation: Tan φ = √3 [W1 – W2\W1 +W2]

The power factor of the load is given: cos φ = cos tan-1 [√3] [W1 – W2 \ W1 +W2]
 Reactive Power Derivation: Pr = √3 [W1 – W2]

Circuit Diagram
 Experiment: 06

MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER.

Aim:

To measure Energy consumed in a single-phase circuit using Energy meter.

Apparatus required:

Components Required Range Type Quantity

Ammeter (0-10) MI 01
Load LAMP --
Volt meter (0-300) MI 01
Energy Meter 1 Ph,300V, 10A 01
Autotransformer 1KVA230/(0-240) V 1PH 01

Formula used:

1200 Rev = 1kwhr

1Rev =1x1000x3600/1200 = 3000(Watt-sec)

For N Rev Indicated energy (Ei) = N x 3000 (Watt-sec)

% Error = (E I –Ea)*100/ E I

Calculated energy Ea = (VL x IL) x T (Watt-sec)

Where VL –Load voltage, IL-Load current.

Energy meter constant = ---------------- (Rev/sec)

TABULATION:

Volt meter Ammeter Time taken Calculated Indicated

readings readings for 5 sec Energy (Ea) Energy (Ei )
(Volts)

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.

2.Supply is switched on and load is applied and Ammeter, Voltmeter readings and Time
taken by the discs for particular number of revolution are noted using stop Watch.
3. Step 2 is repeated for various load conditions.
4. % Error is calculated
 Experiment NO:07

To determine the value of unknown resistance by using RCL Bridge.

Procedure:

1.Connect the unknow component to Red and blue terminal.

2.Switch setting

Selector at R see in figure.

Normal +10 at normal mode power switched ON (note: control is not used in DC measurement)

Range Multiplier at range to be used. If not known, note the Null meter. Set at high range if the
pointer setting swings to the right and vice versa.

3. A rotate the RCL knob until the Null meter indicate at center 0. If necessary, alter the range
multiplier setting.

4.Read the RCL indication and apply the range multiplier in used for the resistance value.

Note: When using the 1MΩ range, the null indication may not be well defined. IN this case
alternatively, if the resistor or device under measurement is non -inductive, the internal AC
(1KHZ) source may be used. The only change is that the selector switch is set at R and the
source the source switch setting is at AC/R.C.L.

B. At measurements in the 0.1Ω the range residual terminal resistance must be taken in account
Figure of RCL Bridge.
 Experiment NO:08

To determine the value of unknown Capacitance by using RCL Bridge.

1. Control setting:
Selector switch at C.
Source switch at A.C /R.C.L.
D.Q Dial at 0.
D.Q switch at X 1.
Normal +1.00 switch at normal.
Power switch On.
Sensitivity control adjustable for Null meter reading at ;5.
2. Connect the unknown Component to red and blue terminal.
3. Adjust the Range multiplier switches and RLC knob for minimum pointer swing at or
toward 0.
4. Adjust D.Q Dial and note the null condition: Adjust the Sensitivity control if it necessary.
5. Re Adjust the RCL knob and D.Q Dial for the best null indication. If the dial setting is
around 3.0, set the D.Q Dial switch at * 10.
6. Readout:
Capacitance = (Range Multiplier) *(RLC indicator).

Dissipation factor D, at 1 KHZ: Direct form the dial; Multiplier by the 10 if the D.Q switch
is at 10.

Equivalent series resistance, Rs: the value is calculated from the relation.

Rs, in Ω = RE/CuF = RE *10/CpF where RE is dial reading.

Diagram:
 Experiment NO:09

To determine the value of unknown inductance by using RCL Bridge.

1. Control setting.
Power switch OFF
Selector switch
Source switch A.C
DQ*1- *10 switch *1
Normal -+1.00switch: Normal
Range multiplier switches 10mH
DQ dial approximately at center (near Q=0.3)
RLC dial near 0.5.

2.Connect the unknown component between Red and blue terminal.

3.Rotate the knob sensitivity clockwise slowly. Turn the unit On and adjust so as to have the
meter needle moved to right from Null point and point in between 6 to 7 (this is critical).

4.Select a measurement range by the following procedure prior to start the measurement
completely unknown L. However, if the component is under the test is known about its
inductance select the range multiplier and RCL dial corresponding to the value is known.

a. Rotate the DQ dial and locate a pointer where the dip takes place while turning.

In the case of Q of switch L is low care should be exercise not to overlock such a point as it
shallow.

{While the DQ dial is turn in the same direction the meter needle approaches to Null once and
then swing back to the right. At this time the point the needle come closest to the Null point is
called dip point.}

Although the needle approaches to the null pointed DQ dial finally come to zero position without
showing the dip point in the same meter.

b. in the case dip point cannot be located even if the DQ dial rotate full clockwise set the X1---
X10 switch at X10 and try to locate a point.
When the dip points still found, select the other range by the pushing range switches and try to
locate the dip point. At this time try to find such a point while adjusting the sensitivity knob so as
to be indicator needle point around between 6 to 7 in the right side.

[If such a point never found check the unit if the wire is broken by measuring the D.C resistance
at R range.

5. when the dip point can be found taking the following setup, set the DQ dial at the point where
the largest dip takes place. Rotate the RLC digital dial to find the point where the largest dip is
occurred (at this time try to find dip point while adjusting sensitivity knob so as to be indicator
needle point in between 6 to 7 at right hand side).

6.In the same manner, locate the dip point by turning DQ dial and RCL dial alternately.

Caution:

a. It is possible to make measurement of inductance when DQ dial become almost zero

after being rotate counter clock wise this is because that D.C resistance component of
the inductance under the test is too large Or coil is less than 0.1, measuring the limit of
this instruments due to core is too low in Q at a measuring frequency .on the contrary ,if
DQ dial come to extreme end being rotated clock wise even if X1-X10 switch is set to
at X10 it is due to the fact that Q is large then 30 and outside the measuring range. In
such case, add a resistance of several ohm to several tens ohms to inductor to be
measured in series to have Q reduced to less than 30 ohm and makes measurement. But a
resistance must be lowest as possible to bring Q to be with in 30. A true Q can be
obtained from measuring frequency f and a measuring value by using the formula. For
instance, from QR and L to be obtained when the resistance R is added in series.
L=240mH, QR= 13.55, R=1000ohm, f=1khz.
 Experiment NO:10

Aim of the Experiment: Measuring an unknown Resistance using Kelvin’s Double Bridge.–
Objective: To measure very small resistance (0.1Ω to 1.0 Ω.)
APPARATUS:

S.NO Equipmen Range Type Quantity

t
1 Kelvin’s Double Bridge
2 DC Power supply AC
3 Rheostat
4 Standard resistance boxes
5 Galvanometer
6 Connecting Wires

THEORY:
A Kelvin Bridge is a measuring instrument used to measure unknown electrical resistors below 1
ohm. It is specifically designed to measure resistors that are constructed as four terminal
resistors. The operation of the Kelvin Bridge is very similar to the Wheatstone bridge except that
it is complicated by the presence of two additional resistors; Resistors P and Q are connected to
the outside potential terminals of the four terminal known or standard resistor S and the unknown
resistor R. The resistors S, R, P and Q are essentially a Wheatstone bridge. In this arrangement,
the parasitic resistance of the upper part of S and the lower part of R is outside of the potential
measuring part of the bridge and therefore are not included in the measurement. However, the
link ‘r’ between S and R is included in the potential measurement part of the circuit and therefore
can affect the accuracy of the result. To overcome this, a second pair of resistors ‘p’ and ‘q’ form
a second pair of arms of the bridge (hence 'double bridge') and are connected to the inner
potential terminals of S and R. The detector D is connected between the junction of P and Q and
the junction of p and q. The balance equation of this bridge is given by the equation
𝑹 = 𝑷 /𝑸 𝑺 + 𝒒𝒓/ (𝒑 + 𝒒 + 𝒓) [ 𝑷 𝑸 − ( 𝒑 𝒒 )]

As per the design P/Q= p/q, the value of unknown resistance is,
𝑹 = 𝑷 /𝑸 𝑺 Above equation is the usual working equation for the Kelvin double bridge. It
indicates that the resistance of connecting lead ‘r’ has no effect on the measurement provided
that the two sets of ratio arms have equal ratios. The above equation is useful however as it
shows the error that is introduced in case the ratios are not exactly equal. It is indicated that it is
desirable to keep ‘r’ as small as possible in order to minimize the errors in case there is a
difference between ratios P / Q and p/q. In a typical Kelvin bridge, the range of resistance
calculated is 0.1Ω to 1.0 Ω.

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the connection diagram 2. Connect the unknown resistance at R
terminals. 3. Switch ON the unit. 4. Select the range selection switch at the point where the meter
reads least possible value of voltage. 5. Vary the potentiometer (S) to obtain null balance. 6.
Switch OFF the unit and find the resistance using multimeter at S. 7. Tabulate the readings and
find the value of unknown resistance using the above formula. 8. Repeat the above for different
values of unknown resistors.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 Experiment NO:11

SCHERING BRIDGE

AIM: To determine the unknown value of capacitance using Schering’s bridge.

APPARATUS:

S. No Equipment Quantity
1 Bread board
2 Resistors 2
3 Variable Resistor
4 Capacitors

THEORY: Schering bridge is one of the most important of the a.c. bridge. It is extensively used
in measurement of capacitance. At balance, {r1+ 1/(jωC1)} {R4/(1+jωC4R4)} = R3/(jωC2) {r1+
1/(jωC1)} R4 = R3/(jωC2) *{(1+jωC4R4)} r1R4 – {(jR4)/(ωC1)} ={ (-jR3)/(ωC2)} +
{(R3R4C4)/(C2)} Equating real and imaginary terms, r1 = R3C4/C2 and C1 = C2R4/R3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
2. Select any value of C1.
3. Connect the multimeter between ground and output of imbalance amplifier.
4. Vary R4 and C4, from minimum position, in clockwise direction.
5. If the selection of C1 is correct the balance point can be obtained at minimum position. 64
6. If that is not the case, select another C1.
7. Calculate the Capacitance by substituting known values
Observation Table:
S.NO C4 C1 C2 R3 R4

Result: Hence the balanced condition of schering bridge is obtained and unknown value of capacitance
is found