Gujarat Technological University

SAL INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMA STUDIES (SIDS)

UNIT : 1 INFORMATION
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

Prepared by,
Vaibhavi D Joshi
Sal Institute of Diploma Studies
(Information Technology)
 BASIC TERMS
• What is Data?
• Data is a raw and unorganized fact that
required to be processed to make it
meaningful.
• Data contains numbers, statements, and
characters in a raw form.
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS
• What is Information?
• Information is a set of data which is processed
in a meaningful way according to the given
requirement.
• Information is processed, structured, or
presented in a given context to make it
meaningful and useful.

PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

 BASIC TERMS
Fig : Data & Information PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS
• What is a Network?
• A network consists of two or more computers
that are linked in order to share resources
(such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or
allow electronic communications.
• The computers on a network may be linked
 through cables, telephone lines, radio waves,
satellites, or infrared light beams.
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS
• What is Communication?
• Communication is the process of sending and
receiving messages through verbal or
nonverbal means, including speech, or oral
communication; writing and graphical
 representations (such as graphics, maps, and
charts); and signs, signals.
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS
• Type of network based on communication
channel :

1. Wireless Communication Network

2. Wired Communication Network
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI
 BASIC TERMS
• What is Wired Communication?
• Wired as the name suggests refers to any
physical medium connected through wires
and cables.
• The wires/cables can be copper wire, twisted
pair or even fibre optic.
• Wired connectivity is responsible for providing
high security with high Bandwidth
provisioned for each user.
 PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS
• What is Wireless Communication?
• “Wireless” as the term refers, uses air as a
medium to send electromagnetic waves or infrared
waves.(No need of wire or any physical media) •
Wireless devices have antennas for
communication.
• Wireless connectivity provides a major benefit of
user mobility and ease of deployment. • Wireless
becomes more useful in areas where Wires can’t be
reached.
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS
• Data can be text,audio,video,picture.

Resume Guided/Unguided Media Can’t send directly

• 1st you must have to convert that data in the
form of that media can accept it & receiver can
receive it.
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS
• Data can be
1. Analog
2. Digital
 BASIC

Analog Signals
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI
TERMS Digital
Signals

• Continuous signals • Represented by square

• Represented by sine waves
• Human voice, natural
sound, analog electronic
devices are few examples. •
Continuous range of values •
Discrete signals
waves
• Computers, optical drives,
and other electronic devices •
Discontinuous values
 PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

The Necessity of Digitization

• The conventional methods of communication

used analog signals for long distance
communications, which suffer from many losses
 such as distortion, interference, and other losses
including security breach.
• In order to overcome these problems, the signals
are digitized using different techniques. The
digitized signals allow the communication to be
more clear and accurate without losses.
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS
• What Is Bit?
• Bit is smallest element of data.
• Each individual unit of digital data is known as
bit.
• What is Bit Rate?
• It is numbers of bits transmitted during one
second.(in bps-bit per second)
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS
• What is Bit Interval?
• It is the time required to send one single bit.
• It is inverse of Bit rate.
• What is Baud Rate?
• It is the numbers of signals to represent those
bits transmitted during one second.
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS
• What is Symbol Rate ?
• It is Bit Rate/ No of bits transmitted with each
symbol.
• As shown in fig Bit Rate = 5 & per symbol
table Rate = 5
• Symbol Rate = Baud Rate
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS
• What is Bandwidth ?
• It is a data transfer capacity of computer
network in bits per second(bps).
• It is a measure of how much information a
network can transfer.
• Eg. Person 1 downloading Files

Uploading
Person 2

PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS
• What is Throughput?
• It is the average Rate of successful data
 transfer through connection.
• Note:
• BW = Theoretical amount
• Throughput = Actual Amount

PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS
• What is Data transfer?
• It is the quantity of data transferred over a given
period of time.
• What is Bandwidth Efficiency?
• It refers to the information rate that can be
transmitted over a given BW in a specific
communication system.
• It is also known as spectrum efficiency. • BW
efficiency = Bit Rate/ Minimum BW (bps/hz)

PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS
• What is Modulation & Demodulation? •
Modulation is the process of influencing data
information on the carrier, while demodulation is
the recovery of original information at the distant
end from the carrier.
• A modem is an equipment that performs both
modulation and demodulation.
• Both processes aim to achieve transfer
information with the minimum distortion,
minimum loss, and efficient utilisation of
spectrum.
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

Modulation & Demodulation

• In a communication system modulation is done at the
transmitter side. Whereas Demodulation is done at
the receiver side of a communication system.
• In modulation, the original message signal is mixed
with a carrier wave signal.
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
MODULATION PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

Need for Modulation Piece of paper PREPARED BY

VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

Need for Modulation Stone inside the piece of

paperPREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

Need for Modulation

Carrier signal
Low frequency signal
 PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

Need for Modulation

PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI
Radio communication

Need for Modulation Radio gets the signal from

the base stationPREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI
 Need for Modulation

• In any communication system we need a

antenna to transmitting signal.
• For efficient transmission height of the
antenna should be

PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

Need for Modulation PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

Need for Modulation

Interference
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI
 Need for Modulation PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

Demodulation PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

Need for Modulation

• The baseband signals are incompatible for

direct transmission. For such a signal, to travel
longer distances, its strength has to be increased
by modulating with a high frequency carrier
wave, which doesn’t affect the parameters of
the modulating signal.
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI
 Advantages of Modulation

• Antenna size gets reduced.

• No signal mixing occurs.
• Communication range increases.
• Multiplexing of signals occur.
• Adjustments in the bandwidth is allowed.
• Reception quality improves.
 PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

BASIC TERMS
• Carrier Signal
• The high frequency signal which has a certain
phase, frequency, and amplitude but contains no
information, is called a carrier signal. •
Modulated Signal
• The resultant signal after the process of
 modulation, is called as the modulated signal.
This signal is a combination of the modulating
signal and the carrier signal.

PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

Conversation Techniques
From To Approach Example Digital Digital Encoding Transmitter

Analog Digital Encoding Coder-Encoder Analog Analog Modulation Telephone

Digital Analog Modulation Modem

Table : List of Conversation Techniques

 PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

Conversation Techniques
– Digital/Digital
• Unipolar
• Polar
– NRZ (Non Return to Zero)
» NRZ-L
» NRZ-I (Inverse)
– RZ (Return To Zero)
– Biphase
» Manchester
 » Differential Manchester
• Bipolar
– AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)
– B8ZS (Bipolar 8 – Zero substitution)
– HDB3 (High Density Bipolar 3)
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

Conversation Techniques
– Analog/Digital
• Step 1 PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)
• Step 2 PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
– Digital/Analog
• ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)
– QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
• FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
 • PSK (Phase Shift Keying)
– QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
– Analog/Analog
• AM (Amplitude Modulation)
• FM (Frequency Modulation)
• PM (Phase Modulation)

PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

Conversation Techniques
• DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES:
– ASK – Amplitude Shift Keying
– FSK – Frequency Shift Keying
– PSK – Phase Shift Keying

PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

Amplitude PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

DIGITAL MODULATION
TECHNIQUES: ASK
• Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is a type
of Amplitude Modulation which represents
the binary data in the form of variations in
the amplitude of a signal.
• Following is the diagram for ASK
modulated waveform along with its input.
PREPAREDBYVAIBHAVI DJOSHI

ASK
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

ASK
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI
 ASK
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

ASK
• https://academo.org/demos/amplitude
modulation/
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

ASK,FSK,PSK PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

FSK
• Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is the digital
 modulation technique in which the frequency of
the carrier signal varies according to the
discrete digital changes. FSK is a scheme of
frequency modulation.
• Following is the diagram for FSK modulated
waveform along with its input.
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D

JOSHI FSK
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

FSK
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

FSK
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI
 PSK
• The phase of the output signal gets shifted
depending upon the input. These are mainly of
two types, namely BPSK and QPSK, according to
the number of phase shifts.
• Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is the digital modulation
technique in which the phase of the carrier signal
is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at
a particular time.
• PSK technique is widely used for wireless LANs,
bio-metric, contactless operations, along with
RFID and Bluetooth communications.

PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

PSK
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D JOSHI

PSK
PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI D
JOSHI PREPARED BY VAIBHAVI
D JOSHI