FOUNDATION OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING

SOCIOLOGICAL

Sociology concerns itself with the study of social life group behavior, cause and effect of
changes in environment (urbanization, technology, etc.). It tries to find out what leads one group
to behave in one way and another

Educational planning cannot succeed without attention to social factors. Basically, all authors
agree that sociology of education deals with three categories of problems.

 First, it involves study of relations between educational systems and the rest of society,
including the economy.
 The second category of problems is related to the educational system or school as a
social system or organization in itself.
 Third, sociology of education deals with the social aspects of the learning process.
Clearly, sociology of education is related in numerous ways to the various problems
that educational planners have to face.

Four Social Factors Affecting Educational Planning

1. Impact on planning on society (helps make our lives more successful)
2. Social sanctions and taboos (Appropriate/ social reaction of approval or disapproval in
response to someone's actions.)
3. Social aspirations relating to education
4. Role of external pressures in educational planning and management

To learn to look for social factors and social forces and their mutual interdependence and to
view education as an integral part of a social whole is probably the most important component
of sociological sensibility and of the sociological approach to educational planning.

DEMOGRAPHIC

Education is for people and its development is ultimately aimed at maximizing the capacity for
achieving full welfare of the population. The educational planner as well as administrator is
constantly engaged in activities for and with the people. The question arises: What are the
demographic challenges facing educational planning today?

It is vital for planners and decision-makers to know the structure and distribution of the
population at a given date, as well as how it has changed in recent years. In other words,
educational planning cannot be divorced from considerations about dynamics of population
(i.e., its growth and change), as it deals with a ‘target population' which is constantly changing
in number, age and sex composition, and geographic distribution.
The rate of population growth has wide implications on all spheres of human activity. Migration
of people determines their geographical distribution and this too, has a significant impact on
the needs of the society. All these affect educational development in a direct manner. In fact,
the findings of demography are one of the foundations on which educational plans are built and
for this reason, As an educational planners we should have a sufficient knowledge of
demographic methods and concepts, their meanings and limitations.
ECONOMIC

The type of education largely depends on the economic strength of any country. Also the
economic factor determines the content and method of an education system.

Economics deals primarily with the allocation of scarce resources to alternative uses. This may
refer to the behavior of an individual; the distribution of limited resources (Income) over
expenditures that satisfy different needs (foods, clothing, recreation, etc.)

• ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND ECONOMIC POLICY (Affect the functioning of an organization)

• EDUCATION: INSTRUMENT AND AIM OF ECONOMIC POLICY
• THE PRIVATE POINT OF VIEW
• COST AND BENEFITS
• COST OF EDUCATION

If the economic condition is poor, education becomes backward in many aspects while if the
economy of a country is strong, then educational aims and the curriculum are given a special
direction for making the country prosperous. For example, in the USA and Japan, education
system is patterned so as to make the individual graduate, strong and capable enough to stand
on his or her own feet after having received education. And also here in the Philippines, we
transformed our educational system from basic education into k12 curriculum so that our
students who will graduate from grade 12 will be competitively enough.

POLITICAL FACTOR

Factors that are believe to exert political pressures on educational planning and management.
a. Political ideologies
b. Politician’s ideas and attitudes
c. Lobbies
d. International agencies and movement
e. Foreign aid

EDUCATIONAL LOBBIES IN A COUNTRY REPRESENTS THE FOLLOWING INTERESTS:

a. Racial or communal minorities
b. Religious or cultural group
c. Industrial or commercial establishments
d. Trade unions
e. Parent or parent-teacher group
f. Alumni/alumnae groups
g. Student movements
h. Regional interests

PEDAGOGICAL FACTORS
Pedagogy is the science of teaching, compromise the sum total of our knowledge and
experience in bringing about learning.
The planner must acquaint himself with the following aspect:
1. Objectives of education
2. Structure of an educational system
3. Contents of education
4. Methods of teaching and learning
5. Financing of education
6. Innovation and technology
7. Research and evaluation

Last Part

These are the factors affecting planning in education.