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New Imperialism.

As the Industrial Revolution and colonization controlled nineteenth-century European

society, nationalism fundamentally altered the globe. The new Imperialism age, saw

European states establish vast colonies in Africa, Asia and the Middle East.Modern

imperialists established administration of indigenous territory for the advantage of the

colonial empire, in comparison to the sixteenth and seventeenth-century methods of

settlement production.In reaction to the economic demands of the Industrial Revolution,

European countries embarked on a plan for accelerated globalization.

Europe underwent a second Industrial Revolution between 1870 and 1914, which

increased the pace of growth by encouraging economic growth through research, education,

and manufacturing.With the rise in steel demand, shipbuilding and logistics became

transformed. Railways, internal combustion engines, and the development of electrical

energy all contributed to Europe's expanding industrial markets and their ability to diversify

their growth strategies.The strategy of extension was guided by constitutional determinants

that tied empire-building to national grandeur, as well as Considerations of social and moral

kind that supported Western society's superiority over "backward" nations.European

countries exercised direct military supremacy, economic zones of influence, and annexation

to exert hegemony over the African and Asian continents.By 1914, the United Kingdom was

the colonial power with the most colonies. Imperialism had repercussions in other cultures,
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throughout Europe, and around the globe. Additionally, it culminated in an increase in nation-

state competition and conflicts, which threatened world stability in 1914.

Economic forces

European industrial nations desired wider markets overseas in order to produce goods

not locally available on their continent.Despite the risks, investors had extra cash to spare,

and overseas purchases offered the perspectives of higher profits.Low-cost work force and a

reliable supply of raw materials such as crude oil, rubber, and manganese for steel became

essential to the imperialists. made it necessary for developed countries to retain tight control

over these uncharted territories(Harvey,2017).Imperialists argued that the new system could

not work effectively until they personally managed these lands, which included colonizing

them.

Strong political forces

Leading European nations saw colonies as vital to their nativism,military might, and

national unity.Military chiefs of staff agreed that a strong marine was required to become a

great force.As a consequence, Maritime ships required bases for the troops around the world

in order to obtain coal and supplies. Islands and harbors were taken in order to satisfy these

demands.Colonies secured ports and coalition stations for Europe's expanding navies, which

was crucial during periods of war. Concerns over national security became a primary factor

in the decision to attack Egypt.The Suez Canal, which first opened in 1869, reduced travel

time (Kwet,2019).The canal was critical to the stability of the crown jewel of Britain's

kingdom, India. Many people also thought that owning a colony was a token of a country's

greatness, and colonies were status symbols.

Cultural forces.

A book called The Origin of Species was written by Charles Darwin. Darwin believed

that all life had grown over millions of years to its current form. Darwin proposed the
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principle of natural selection to justify the lengthy and gradual period of evolution. People

with physical features that were ideally matched to their environment were preferred by

natural selection. Darwin never advocated for any kind of societal reform.(Generani,201 The

term "survival of the fittest" was used to describe the mechanism of natural selection.

Englishman Herbert Spencer, was the first to extend the concept of "survival of the fittest" to

human cultures and countries. By claiming that certain individuals were more evolved than

others, social Darwinism aided imperialistic development.The imperialists believed that the

ethnicity of white people was superior. They also believed that their superiority made it easy

for them to conquer the less fortunate people as a natural way for nature to improve mankind.

As a result, the invasion of lesser beings was just, and the annihilation of weaker species was

the universal rule of existence.

Reasons for the decline of European empires in the 20th century

In the early twentieth century, European countries dominated a large portion of

Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. Many of these European empires collapsed in the years after

1945. The colonies struggled greatly through the 1930s Depression. European colonial

countries pushed their colonies to manufacture supply chains for European factories.During

the Great Depression, the price of raw materials plummeted dramatically. The colonies were

trapped in a state of suffering and instability as a consequence of this.Since the imperialists

were unable to control the vast colonies, there was widespread starvation in their death

camps.As a result of their many economic challenges, European states could no longer bear

the costs of maintaining their empires.In addition, there was discontent in the colonies, which

resulted in a growing wave of nationalism. After the war and the weakening of the

imperialists’ forces, the locals believed that they could be defeated.

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1 Colonial Violence: The Boer (South African War), 1899-1902

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Picture (slides 27, 28) from the notes showing hunger in the concentration camps
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Works cited

Harvey, David. The'new'imperialism: accumulation by dispossession. Routledge, 2017.

Generani, Gustavo. "The Island of Doctor Moreau By HG Wells: A Pre-Freudian Reply to

Darwinian Imperialism." English: Journal of the English Association 67.258 (2018):

235-261.

Kwet, Michael. "Digital colonialism: US empire and the new imperialism in the global

south." Race & Class 60.4 (2019): 3-26.