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A Heat Transfer Textbook: Solutions Manual For Chapter 1
A Heat Transfer Textbook: Solutions Manual For Chapter 1
Fifth Edition
by
John H. Lienhard IV
and
John H. Lienhard V
Phlogiston
Cambridge
Press Massachusetts
Professor John H. Lienhard IV
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Houston
4800 Calhoun Road
Houston TX 77204-4792 U.S.A.
Names: Lienhard, John H., IV, 1930– | Lienhard, John H., V, 1961–.
Title: A Heat Transfer Textbook: Solutions Manual for Chapter 1 /
by John H. Lienhard, IV, and John H. Lienhard, V.
Description: Fifth edition | Cambridge, Massachusetts : Phlogiston
Press, 2020 | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Subjects: Heat—Transmission | Mass Transfer.
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Problem 1.40 The local heat transfer coefficient during the laminar flow of fluid
over a flat plate of length L is equal to F/x1/2, where F is some function of fluid
properties and the flow velocity. How does the average heat transfer coefficient
compare with h(x=L) if x is the distance from the leading edge of the plate?
Solution: We use the definition of the average to get:
𝐿
ℎ̅ =
1
∫
𝐿
ℎ 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝐹 𝑥 1/2 | = 2 𝐹
= 2 ℎ(𝑥 = 𝐿)
𝐿 0 𝐿 √𝐿
0
Therefore, the average heat transfer coefficient = ℎ̅ = 2 ℎ(𝑥 = 𝐿)
Solution Entropy is not a path function. Any process connecting the initial to the
final states will yield the same increase of entropy.
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Solution.
a) (
2987.77 µm · K 9.9592 µm at 300 K
𝜆 max = =
𝑇K 0.5172 µm at 5777 K
b) The plotting and integration can be done in various ways depending upon what software
is used. The results in Fig. 1 are from an Excel spreadsheet with a step size of 0.2 µm at
300 K and of 0.02 µm at 5777 K.
35.0 9.0E+7
Blackbody Emissive Power [W/m²-μm]
Blackbody Emissive Power [W/m²-μm]
8.0E+7
30.0
7.0E+7
25.0
6.0E+7
20.0 5.0E+7
15.0 4.0E+7
3.0E+7
10.0
2.0E+7
5.0
1.0E+7
0.0 0.0E+0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 1 2 3 4 5
c) Using the values from Excel, a trapezoidal rule integration gives the area under the curve:
(
445.2 W/m2 at 300 K
Integrated area = 7 2
6.283 × 10 W/m at 5777 K
The Stefan-Boltzmann law yields (with 𝜎 = 5.670374 × 10−8 W/m2 K4 )
(
459.3 W/m2 at 300 K
𝜎𝑇 4 = 7 2
6.316 × 10 W/m at 5777 K
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Copyright 2020 John H. Lienhard, IV and John H. Lienhard, V.
At 5777 K, the integrated value is 99.48% of the Stefan-Boltzmann law, and at 300 K, it
is 96.93%. The principal reason that these values are low is that energy is also radiated at
wavelengths higher than the range of integration.
d) By integrating up to 𝜆 max from part a),
∫ 𝜆max (
1 28.4% at 300 K
4
𝑒𝜆,𝑏 (𝑇) 𝑑𝜆 =
𝜎𝑇 0 29.6% at 5777 K
These values are bit more than 1/4 of the total energy, but are often stated as “about 1/4”.
e) Similar integrations show that a 300 K surface radiates only 0.33% on wavelengths below
4 µm and that a 5777 K surface radiates 99.0% on wavelengths less than 4 µm (or 1% on
wavelengths above 4 µm). This fact enables the design of materials that selectively absorb
or reflect solar energy (see Section 10.6).
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Copyright 2020 John H. Lienhard, IV and John H. Lienhard, V.
Copyright 2020 John H. Lienhard, IV and John H. Lienhard, V.
Problem 1.46: Integration of Planck’s law, eqn. (1.30) over all wavelengths leads to the Stefan-
Boltzmann law, eqn. (1.28). Perform this integration and determine the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
in terms of other fundamental physical constants. Hint: The integral can be written in terms of
Riemann’s zeta function, 𝜁 (𝑠), by using this beautiful relationship between the zeta and gamma
functions ∫ ∞ 𝑠−1
𝑡
𝜁 (𝑠) Γ(𝑠) = 𝑑𝑡
0 𝑒 −1
𝑡
for 𝑠 > 1. When 𝑠 a positive integer, Γ(𝑠) = (𝑠 − 1)! is just a factorial. Further, several values of
𝜁 (𝑠) are known in terms of powers of 𝜋 and can be looked up.
Solution
∫∞
(1) 𝑒 𝑏 (𝑇) = 𝑒𝜆,𝑏 𝑑𝜆
0
∫∞
2𝜋ℎ𝑐2𝑜
(2) = 5
𝑑𝜆
0 𝜆 [exp(ℎ𝑐 𝑜 /𝑘 𝐵𝑇𝜆) − 1]
∫∞
2𝜋ℎ𝜈 3
(3) = 2
𝑑𝜈
0 𝑐 𝑜 [exp(ℎ𝜈/𝑘 𝐵𝑇) − 1]
2𝜋𝑘 4𝐵𝑇 4 ∞ 𝑥 3
∫
(4) = 𝑑𝑥
ℎ3 𝑐2𝑜 0 𝑒 𝑥 − 1
We are given ∫∞
𝑡 𝑠−1
𝜁 (𝑠) Γ(𝑠) = 𝑑𝑡
0 𝑒𝑡 − 1
For our case, 𝑠 = 4 and Γ(4) = 3! = 6. Hence:
2𝜋𝑘 4𝐵𝑇 4
(5) 𝑒 𝑏 (𝑇) = 𝜁 (4) 3!
ℎ3 𝑐2𝑜
12𝜋𝑘 4𝐵
(6) = 𝜁 (4) 𝑇 4
6ℎ3 𝑐2𝑜
Zeta is a famous function, and the value at 4 has been established to be:
𝜋4
𝜁 (4) =
90
Hence:
!
2𝜋 5 𝑘 4𝐵
(7) 𝑒 𝑏 (𝑇) = 𝑇4
15ℎ3 𝑐2𝑜
(8) = 𝜎 𝑇4
where we have also found the Stefan-Boltzmann constant in terms of fundamental physical constants.
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