The meter stick has mass. Each point of this meter stick has mass.

. The entire mass of the meter stick is represented by a single point called the center of mass.

The center of mass is the average location of the entire mass of the object such that, when that single point is supported, it is like supporting the whole object.

Suppose that one end of the meter stick hangs unsupported, until how much of it should be exposed before it starts to topple? Why?

When that center of mass is not supported, the meter stick will have the tendency to rotate.

Rotations
Difference between rotation and revolution. Toppling and stability Torque

Rotation vs Revolution

The disc rotates, the man revolves but they are both turning! Rotation means turning about own axis like Earths rotation. Revolution means turning around another object like Earth revolving around the sun.

Rotation vs Revolution

When the center of gravity shifts off of the support, rotation takes place.

Rotation vs Revolution

In the picture above, the CG is not located on the fulcrum but to the right side of the fulcrum.

Toppling and Stability

For as long as the CG is within the base, there is no rotation or no toppling.

Toppling and Stability

Where is the CG of this setup?
The center of gravity falls within the alignment of the base. Most probably in this setup it represented by the red dot.

Toppling & Stability

This car will tip because its center of gravity is outside of its base.

The centers of gravity of three trucks parked on a hill are shown by the Xs. Which truck(s) will tip over?

Toppling & Stability

Three balls contain weight located in different positions are standing on a floor. Which ball would least like to tip over? Why?
Rotation is lesser when the CG is near the ground. Ball A would least like to tip over.

Toppling & Stability

Stability is determined by the distance that the CG is raised in tipping. An object with a wider base and low CG is more stable.

Toppling & Stability

Why wont this topple?

CG is located below the support. Rotation is impossible!

Toppling & Stability

Explain why a long pole is beneficial to a tight rope bicycle rider if the pole droops?
When the pole droops the CG will shift downward thus the bicycle rider will become more stable.

Toppling & Stability

In order to be more stable, the CG has to be in located in the lowest point or in some instances below the support.

Toppling & Stability

Unbalanced torque () causes rotation.

The closer the CG to the ground, the lower is the lever arm hence, torque is small.

Torque

Consider a weight on the center of a meter stick which you are holding and you would move the weight closer and father from your grip, what would you feel? Does the force change when you move the weight?

Torque

Force
Tends to change the motion of things.

Torque
Tends to change the rotation of things.

Torque

Torque () = lever arm (r) x force (F) When the lever arm, r, is increased by moving the weight to the tip of the meter stick, the torque,, will increase.

: we denote lever arm as r to avoid confusion in the later part.

Torque

Torque () = lever arm (r) x force (F) When the lever arm, r, is increased by moving the weight to the tip of the meter stick, the torque,, will increase.

Torque

Torque () = lever arm (r) x force (F) When the lever arm,r, is increased by moving the weight to the tip of the meter stick, the torque,, will increase.

Torque

Torque () = lever arm (r) x force (F) When the force is applied an angle, only the component that is perpendicular to the lever arm counts. =r Fsin

Torque (Problem Solving)

Calculate the torque produced by a 50-N perpendicular force at the end of a 0.2m-long wrench.
= r F = 0.2m x 50N = 10N m

Calculate the torque produced by the same 50-N force when a pipe extends the length of the wrench to 0.5m.
= r F = 0.5m x 50N = 25N m

Torque (Problem Solving)

10m

300N

450N
Since torque is a vector quantity, direction of rotation matters. By convention, a negative torque tends to create a clockwise rotation.

Calculate the individual torques produced by the weights of the girl and boy on the seesaw in the figure. What is the net torque?
girl = r F = 5m x 300N = 1,500N m boy = r F = 5m x 450N = 2,250N m
net = girl + boy = 1,500N m + (-2,250N m) = -750N m

Torque (Problem Solving)

10m

300N

450N

Which of them needs an additional weight to make the seesaw balance? To make it balanced, an additional torque of 750N-m (from previous slide) in needed on the side of the girl.

Torque (Problem Solving)

10m

300N

450N

300 = r F 300 r= F 750N m = 300N 2.5m

Suppose that the available weight was only 300N, what distance should it sit from the fulcrum to make it balance?
It has to be placed at a distance 2.5m from the fulcrum.

Torque

A has torque and B has torque. When the torque of each is not equal, then they are no balanced. The seesaw will rotate in favor of the greater torque.

Equilibrium

= 0 = A+ B
Lever armA x Force A = Lever armA x Force A

A = B

Equilibrium

= 0 = A+ B
Lever armA x Force A = Lever armA x Force A

A = B

Equilibrium

= 0 = A+ B A = B 3m x 250N = 1.5mx 500 750N-m = 750N-m

Equilibrium

The mass of the rock is 1kg. What is the mass of the stick and where is the CG of the stick located?
The torque on each side should cancel each other or of the same magnitude but opposite in direction. Thus, the torque that a 1-kg rock can make is balanced by the torque of the stick. Since the CG of the stick and the rock is equidistant from the fulcrum, the mass of the stick is 1 kg and the CG is located on its geometric center.

Equilibrium

What is this for?

This provides a torque that is opposite to that of the load so no rotation will occur. Hence it is called counter weight.

= 0 = w+ cw
. .

w = cw

Equilibrium (Problem Solving)

0cm 25cm 50cm 75cm 100cm

1 kg

What is the mass of the stone?

= ball + box ball = box rball Fball rbox Fbox rball mball g rbox mbox g mball rbox mbox rball
mball rbox mbox rball
Note: The r is the lever arm distance from the fulcrum.

0.5m1kg 0.25m 2 kg

Equilibrium (Problem Solving)

If a 200-g mass is placed at the 20cm mark (30cm from the fulcrum) at what mark should a 500-g mass be placed so that the system balances?
200 = 500
Since the case is in equilibrium, then, torques on both sides cancel each other.

r200 F200 r500 F500 r200 m200g r500 m500g r200 m200 r500 m500 30cm200g r500 = 500g r500 = 12cm

Notice that g is cancelled and the unit of m need not to be in kilograms for as long as both ms have the same units. They can be cancelled anyway. Take note also that r is measured from the fulcrum, thus the 500g will be placed in 62cm mark of the meter stick.

Equilibrium (Problem Solving)

If a 100-g mass was placed at the 25-cm mark, and a 20-g mass at the 10-cm mark, where should a 500-g mass be placed to balance the system?
100 + 20 = 500 r100 F100 + r20 F20 r500 F500 r100 m100 + r20 m20 r500 m500

r500 =

25cm100g + 40cm20g

500g 2,500cm-g + 8,000cm-g r500 = 500g 10,500cm-g r500 = 500g r500 = 21cm

Equilibrium (Problem Solving)

A horizontal meter stick has a 3-kg blob of clay stuck on one end at the 0 mark, and 1-kg blob stuck on the other end, at the 100-cm mark. Neglecting the mass of the stick it self, where is the center of gravity of stick and clay system?
3kg = 1kg r3kg F3kg = r1kg F1kg x3kg= 100-x 1kg 3x= 100-x 3x + x = 100 4x = 100 100 x= 4 x=25cm
x 100-x

Equilibrium (Problem Solving)

A rigid plank of length L has 3 equal masses placed on it, one at each end and the 3rd is 2/3 of the length along the plank. What distance from the end of the plank should the pivot be placed in order to attain a balance?

Lever

Is it possible to obtain a bigger torque with lesser force? How?

How does lever uses the concept of torque? How then, is torque related to work?