Unit – II (Part - Two)

Single Degree of Freedom Systems (Forced Vibration)

Lecture Notes and Examples
Example: Response of an Undamped System Under Harmonic Force

A reciprocating pump, weighing 150 lb, is mounted at the middle of a steel plate of thickness 0.5
in., width 20 in., and length 100 in., clamped along two edges as shown in Figure below. During
operation of the pump, the plate is subjected to a harmonic force, F(t) = 50 cos 62.832t lb. Find
the amplitude of vibration of the plate.

Figure: Plate supporting an unbalanced pump.

Solution:
 The plate can be modeled as a fixed-fixed beam having Young s modulus (E) = 30 106 psi,
length (l) = 100 in., and area moment of inertia (I) = (1/12)(20)(0.5)3 = 0.2083 in4.
 The bending stiffness of the beam is given by:

 The amplitude of harmonic response is given with F0 = 50 lb, m = 150/386.4 lb-sec2/in.

(neglecting the weight of the steel plate), k = 1200 lb/in., and ω = 62.832 rad/s.
 Thus, amplitude becomes:

 The negative sign indicates that the response x(t) of the plate is out of phase with the
excitation F(t).
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Example: Total Response of a System

Find the total response of a single-degree-of-freedom system with m = 10 kg, c = 20 N-s/m, k =

4000 N/m, x0 = 0.01 m, and ̇ under the following conditions:
a) An external Force F(t) = F0 cos ωt acts on the system with F0 = 100 N and ω = 10 rad/s.
b) Free vibration with F(t) = 0.
Solution:
a) From the given data, we obtain:

 Using the initial conditions, x0 = 0.01 m, and ̇ in the equations:

 On may yields:

Or

 Substituting for in the above equation, we obtain:

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 Hence, the solution for the above equations yields:

and

Or

b) For free vibration, the total response is given by:

 Using the initial conditions x(0) = x0 = 0.01 m, and ̇ ( ) ̇ , X0 and 𝛟0 in the above
equation can be determined as:

 Note that the constants X0 and 𝛟0 in cases (a) and (b) are very different.

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Example: Response of a Damped System Under the Harmonic Motion of the Base
Figure below shows a simple model of a motor vehicle that can vibrate in the vertical direction
while traveling over a rough road. The vehicle has a mass of 1200 kg. The suspension system has
a spring constant of 400 kN/m and a damping ratio of ζ = 0.5. If the vehicle speed is 20 km/hr,
determine the displacement amplitude of the vehicle. The road surface varies sinusoidally with
an amplitude of Y = 0.05 m and a wavelength of 6 m.

Figure: Vehicle moving over a rough road.

Solution:
 The frequency ω of the base excitation can be found by dividing the vehicle speed ν km/hr by
the length of one cycle of road roughness:

For ν = 20 km/hr, ω = 5.81778 rad/s.

 The natural frequency of the vehicle is given by:

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 And hence the frequency ratio r is:

 The amplitude ratio can be found:

 Thus the displacement amplitude of the vehicle is given by:

 This indicates that a 5-cm bump in the road is transmitted as a 5.5-cm bump to the chassis
and the passengers of the car. Thus in the present case the passengers feel an amplified
motion.

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Example: Response of a Damped System Under Rotating Unbalance
An electric motor of mass M, mounted on an elastic foundation, is found to vibrate with a
deflection of 0.15 m at resonance (see Figure below). It is known that the unbalanced mass of the
motor is 8% of the mass of the rotor due to manufacturing tolerances used, and the damping ratio
of the foundation is ζ = 0.025.
Determine the following:
a) the eccentricity or radial location of the unbalanced mass (e),
b) the peak deflection of the motor when the frequency ratio varies from resonance, and
c) the additional mass to be added uniformly to the motor if the deflection of the motor at
resonance is to be reduced to 0.1 m.
Assume that the eccentric mass remains unaltered when the additional mass is added to the
motor.

a) The deflection at resonance (r = 1) is given by:

 From which the eccentricity can be found as:

b) The peak deflection of the motor is given by:

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 From which the peak deflection can be determined as:

c) If the additional mass added to the motor is denoted as Ma, the corresponding deflection is
given by:

 Which yields Ma = 0.5 M. Thus the mass of the motor is to be increased by 50% in order to
reduce the deflection at resonance from 0.15 m to 0.10 m.

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Example: Forced Vibration with Coulomb Damping

A spring-mass system, having a mass of 10 kg and a spring of stiffness of 4000 N/m, vibrates on
a horizontal surface. The coefficient of friction is 0.12. When subjected to a harmonic force of
frequency 2 Hz, the mass is found to vibrate with an amplitude of 40 mm. Find the amplitude of
the harmonic force applied to the mass.

Solution:
 The vertical force (weight) of the mass is . The natural
frequency is:

 And the frequency ratio is:

 The amplitude of vibration X is given by:

 The solution of this equation gives F0 = 97.9874 N.

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Example: Forced Vibration with Hysteresis Damping
A load of 5000 N resulted in a static displacement of 0.05 m in a composite structure. A
harmonic force of amplitude 1000 N is found to cause a resonant amplitude of 0.1 m. Find
(a) the hysteresis-damping constant of the structure,
(b) the energy dissipated per cycle at resonance,
(c) the steady-state amplitude at one-quarter of the resonant frequency, and
(d) the steady-state amplitude at thrice the resonant frequency.
Solution:

a)

 When ,

 Gives:

( )

b)

 Hence, ( )( )( )

c) Steady state amplitude at one-quarter of resonant frequency:

( )
d) Steady state amplitude at trice if resonant frequency:

( )