Dr.

Franciscus Supartono
Resilient and Sustainable
Concrete Infrastructures
Think to the Future
Dr. FX Supartono
[FIDIC Jakarta Conference 1-3 October 2017]
Asian Region that consists mainly of the developing countries,
including Indonesia, represents the fastest growing economy with
largest infrastructure’s development in the world. Nevertheless,
this fact has placed the excessive demand on the human
resources and the excessive use of the natural resources.
In fact the lack of qualified human resources (due to excessive
demand) may affect to lower quality of engineering design and
construction work. In some cases, the imprudent human error
may cause fatal “man-made disasters” that may conduce
human injuries or even human life loss as well as the economic
loss and environmental loss.
On the other hand, the excessive demand of natural resources
may strains the earth’s environment and ecosystem. Excessive
use of natural resources such as lime stone, timber, topsoil,
pastureland, water, and minerals will disrupt and damage the
ecosystem that may cause further natural disasters, or even in the
future time may destroy the continuing existence of the humanity.
In particular on the effect of climate change, although the efforts have
been made to improve economic development strategy, including the
infrastructure development process to become more eco-friendly,

KYOTO PROTOCOL
1997
PARIS U.N.
CLIMATE SUMMIT
2015

we observe that the trend of global warming is still continue. In

many countries, the resilient and sustainable development strategy
has not yet found the ‘real political entry point’ to make effective
efforts and progress, especially in the developing countries.
It is understood that engineers have the obligation to continuously
improve the quality of human life. However, that activity must be
implemented with proper understanding of quality, resilience
and sustainability.
But in the developing countries, many people still in ……
“Business as Usual” mentality
or even says …..
Expensive !

Resilient and sustainable

constructions are much more
expensive than conventional
construction
Consequently therefore ……
In fact such perception is wrong, due to wrong
calculation they use to define profitability balance the
initial investment in a construction against its long-term
maintenance / renewal costs and other social benefits.

Needs “Change of Approach”

< More simple approach but comprehensive target >
in order to be able to provide an effective Consulting 
Services to support the resilient and sustainable
infrastructure development.
 What do
Consulting Engineers
need to change
their action plan
to achieve that goal ?
 It should be implemented by performing and
using a correct design, materials, construction
method, and durability, for which the engineers
Resilience should be able to learn from similar disastrous
lessons and improve their knowledge in how to
perform a safe and resilient infrastructures
but cost effective.

It should be engaged by engineers

using their knowledge and abilities to
manage their activity in harmony with
the environment, as well as to inspire Sustainability
the optimism to create a sustainable
infrastructure’s world.
According to those principles, there are at least 5 substantial actions
need to be seriously implemented by Consulting Engineers in their
design, supervision and construction management activities:
1. Needs a good and effective ‘Space’ design
2. Needs a good and correct ‘Resistance’ design
3. Needs to use High Performance and ‘Green’ materials
4. Needs to assure Premium Quality Control and Quality Assurance
5. Needs to assure Routine Maintenance and Strategic Renewal on
the existing infrastructures
 1
Resilience and Sustainability:
Needs a good and effective
‘Space’ design
Resilience and sustainability needs a good
and effective ‘Space’ design
During the rapid economic growth at many developing
countries in the past, including in Indonesia, the
infrastructures have been developed rapidly as a
representation of the successful economic growth, e.g.
rapid development of very tall commercial buildings,
large and heavy industrial buildings, long-span bridges,
large harbours, etc, which were mainly made by using
concrete structures (Indonesian case).
Those buildings have in fact
covered almost all area of
Jakarta’s CBD by concrete
so there is no
more enough
land ‘Space’ for
water penetration
and recharging in
the earth that may
cause flooding in
the CBD.
Big floods in Jakarta CBD ……..
On the other hand, behind the luxury tall buildings in the Jakarta
CBD, we can still find the slumps area where poor people live.
In a contrast situation, those poor peoples are living strikingly
different from those of luxury buildings, having generally poor health,
even don’t have proper ground water for day-to-day life needs.

Therefore, ‘Space’ is an important factor to be designed

correctly and effectively for the future resilient and
sustainable infrastructure development.
 2
Resilience and Sustainability:
Needs a good and correct
‘Resistance’ design
In case of a ‘disaster’, it can be natural, e.g. earthquake, tsunami,
typhoon, flooding, volcanic eruption, etc; it could also be man-made,
such as an accident resulting from human mistake.
However, in many cases, even in a natural disaster, damage and
collapse of the infrastructures are often due to interaction/
combination of a natural disaster and human error.
Collapse of many low rise buildings in most of earthquake may
explain the fact that such kind of buildings were not well engineered
during the planning, design and construction process. Usually they
did not engineered correctly in accordance with the Seismic
Resistant Standard of the Buildings Structure Design Code.
However, the ‘disaster’ can be a good lesson for Consulting
Engineers to learn more about the correct and safe engineering
design and structural detailing, in order to be able to improve the
safety standards so that they can successfully withstand the
future disasters.
 3
Resilience and Sustainability:
Needs High Performance
and ‘Green’ materials
Uses High Performance & ‘Green’ Materials
 Uses High Performance materials to increase quality as well
as the service life-span of the infrastructures (such as high
strength concrete, high workability, low heat, etc).
 Reduces use of non-renewable natural resources to be
replaced by using artificial or byproducts materials.
 Particularly in concrete production, optimizes use of mineral
byproducts / waste materials that will reduces use of portland
cement in order to reduce carbon footprint.
 Uses less energy in the production and construction process.
What kind of byproducts can be used ?
[Eco-Friendly Concrete]

e.g.  Silica Fume (SF)

 Fly Ash (FA)
 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)

Nano
Technology
 3(a)
Ultra High strength Concrete
Ultra high strength fiber reinforced concrete

Research conducted by
Widodo Kushartomo in
Tarumanagara University
[2013] has produced 180 MPa
compressive strength of
UHSFRC, with heating
process up to 250oC in 8
hours (autoclave).

UHSFR CONCRETE

< Source: Widodo, Univ Tarumanagara >

 High tension failure at 23.61 MPa

FLEXURE TEST - UNTAR

< Source: Widodo, Univ Tarumanagara >
 3(b)
Uses Mineral Byproducts
may increase Durability
and Service Life‐span
of Newly Constructed 
Infrastructures
Increases sulphate corrosion resistance using the mineral additives
for cement replacement
It may increase durability and service life-span
of the Infrastructures
Fly Ash

Avoid concrete
corrosion in marine
environment
Avoid concrete corosion
in marine environment
Avoid such kind of corrosion in reinforced concrete or pre-
stressed concrete so that may increase service life-span
Good for using Slag Cement
in marine structures

< Source: Partono Fondas >

 Grand Wisata Overpass
Bekasi, Indonesia

High Performance (60 MPa)

Self Compacting Concrete
for longer service life-span

< Source: Eskapindo Matra & Partono Fondas >

 3(c)
Energy Efficiency
in Concrete Production
and Construction
Example of Energy Saving for the Production of 1 m3 Concrete
with 80 MPa Strength using Slag Cement compared with if
using OPC Conventional Concrete [This example is specified
in the concept design of future Sunda Strait Bridge Project]
Material I Material II
(Conven- Proportion Unit Energy I (Green Proportion Unit Energy II
tional Energy concrete Energy
concrete) [kg] [MJ/kg] [MJ] using slag) [kg] [MJ/kg] [MJ]
OPC 500 8 4000 OPC 200 8 1600

GGBF Slag 300 1.5 450

Silica fume 25 0.5 13 Silica fume 25 0.5 13

Fine Agr 680 0.08 54 Fine Agr 700 0.08 56
Coarse Agr 940 0.32 301 Coarse Agr 950 0.32 304
Water 175 0.1 18 Water 160 0.1 16
S’plasticizer 8 0.75 6 S’plasticizer 8 0.75 6
Energy/m3 of Concrete I : 4392 Energy/m3 of Concrete II : 2445
Energy Saving =  Energy / Energy I = 44%
Project of Sunda Strait Bridge Max water depth 135m

Sangiang P. Jawa

P.Panjurit
Island
P. Sangiang
P.Ular
SUMATRA
P. Sumatera
East Bridge
West Bridge
SPL 1224m SPL 2016m
JAWA
FD 70m FD 70m

P.Sumatra P.Jawa

P.Panjurit P.Sangiang P.Ular

SPL = Span Length

FD = Foundation Depth (Water Depth)

2000m

< Source: Partono Fondas>

Specified to use fc’ = 80 MPa
concrete with low cement
content to be 200-250 kg/m3,
using Ground Granulated
Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)
and Silica Fume (SF).

< Source: Partono Fondas >

Energy efficiency in concrete construction
Self Compacting Concrete Less Compaction Energy
Self Compacting Concrete
Lower Pouring Energy

<Source: Sika>
 Cement transport by railway

<Source: Semen Padang>

Energy consumption by trucks: 1.2 – 4.5 MJ/ton.km

Energy consumption by railway: 0.5 – 0.6 MJ/ton.km
 3(d)
Uses Precast System
to obtain High Performance 
Concrete Elements
Uses precast concrete may obtain a higher quality of construction
elements, faster construction time, and more eco-friendly (cleaner
construction site)
Bali Mandara Bridge [Operated 2013]
Total bridge length: 8.1 km
Total construction time: 16 months

<Source: Jasamarga Bali Tol>

Bali Mandara Toll Bridge uses mainly precast concrete elements

<Source: Jasamarga Bali Tol>

Precast
Concrete

<Source: Eskapindo Matra>

 Tower Foundation Concept
Designed at 70m water depth

<Source: Partono Fondas>

Bridge foundation’s concept designed using Precast Concrete
produced with Slag Cement & Self Compacting Concrete of 80
MPa strength that is to be installed at the water depth of -70m

70m

<Concept Design Source: Jacques Combault & FX Supartono>

 4
Resilience & Sustainability:
Needs to assure
Premium Quality Control
and Quality Assurance
We can construct the infrastructure,
but how good is quality of the
construction work?
Then, how well the monitoring and
maintenance are performed after
construction?
Quality control and quality assurance should be part of the resilient and
sustainable action plan to be applied in all process of infrastructure
production and construction, in order to assure the best construction
result as part of our responsibility to the next generation. Lack of quality
control and quality assurance may cause defects in the construction
result or even failure of the structure.

<Source: Dinas PU Daerah>

 51
<Source: Dinas PU Daerah>
<Source: Dinas PU Daerah>
 5
Resilience & Sustainability:
Needs Routine Maintenance
and Strategic Renewal
on existing infrastructures
Regular monitoring, maintenance and strategic renewal on existing
infrastructures should also be part of the resilient and sustainable
action plan to be managed by the engineers as a mandatory task, in
order to maintain or even increase service life-span of the structures.

Source: Ministry of Public Works

Lack of routine/continuous
monitoring and maintenance
may cause danger or even
resulting in a ‘man-made
disaster’ on the existing
infrastructure.

<Source: Dinas PU Daerah>

Concluding Remarks:
Learn from the past
and
Think to the future
Based on those lessons and experiences, the Consulting 
Engineers should always learn from the past, especially from 
any ‘human errors’ in the past, and try to collate similar 
experiences, in order to improve their knowledge in how to 
perform a correct and effective services to support the resilient
and sustainable infrastructure development, in particular for 
the best design and quality control & quality assurance on the 
new infrastructures as well as for the effective monitoring and 
maintenance on the existing one.
Only by learning the lessons and collating the experiences from 
the past, we may be able to change our action plan and more 
think to the future on how to always update and improve the 
voluntary action plans related to the above targets, which will 
lead humanity and environment to coexist harmoniously.
Moreover, the Engineers’ Associations should make efforts
to participate in the formulation of public policies for the
infrastructure’s regulation in their country, in order to be
able to encourage and give priority on the implementation
of resilient and sustainable principles in various aspects of
infrastructure development plan.
Thank You