A

SEMINAR REPORT

ON

“DISASTER MANAGEMENT”
In partial fulfillment for the award of the B.Tech in

CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:

YOGESHWAR SINGH

2018BCE060

(DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING)

YEAR 2021-22

SHRI GURU GOBIND SINGHJI INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
VISHNUPURI NANDED-431606

1
 CERTIFICATE

This is to be certifying that this is entitled, “DISASTER MANAGEMENT” submitted by

YOGESHWAR SINGH in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
B.TECH.inCivilEngineering,duringsession2021-2022in civil engineering department at the
Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vishnupuri, Nanded
⁸(Affiliated to Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded-431606 (M.S)India.

DATE:08/ Sept/20

PLACE:NANDED

Dr. P.B.Ullagadi Dr. L. G.PATIL

(HEAD OFTHEDEPARTMENT) (SEMINARGUIDE)

 TABLE OF CONTENT

1. ABSTRACT...................................................................................4
2. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................5
3. MOTIVATION................................................................................7
4. OBJECTIVE....................................................................................7
5. OVERVIEW....................................................................................8
6. CASESTUDIES.............................................................................11
7. LITERATUREREVIEW................................................................13

8. THEORETICALASPECTS….......................................................15

9. CONCUSION................................................................................15

10.REFERENCES……………………………………………………516
 ABSTRACT
Disaster Management deals with management of assets and information for a disastrous
occurrence is concerned and also how effectively and impeccably one coordinates and
mitigates these calamities. Disaster management, at the institutional arrangements level, deals
with issues of planning, coordinating, communicatio and hazard management. is an sudden
occurring calamity that causes distress. Disasters themselves are not limited to specific parts
of world, though; certain areas might be more prone to certain specific type of disaster.
Disaster cannot be stopped but can be predicted. There are certain types of disasters, where,
the loss during the actual event is not necessarily as high, but, the losses become very high due
to inability to manage the situation in a timely manner. More often than not, it happens due to
confusion and chaos in the context of too much loss, and, inefficient utilization of resources -
which are already strained. Disaster management works for the same sense. Disaster
management works under a cycle of prevention, mitigation, preparedness & recovery. These
activities include prediction of disaster, rate of disaster strike per year, rate of losses due to
disaster, etc. The management gives safety criteria such as building and by laws for
Earthquake, maintaining ground water table to sustain droughts, conducting programmes on
awareness among peoples, proving shelter, food and other needs after disaster strike, etc.
Management also has organizations of ready trained volunteers to help the peoples those who
faced the disaster. GIS is an excellent tool for disaster management such as detecting the
correct location of disaster, analysis of losses occurred, area affected and displays the updated
data through internet for general awareness. As having wide range of future scope it enables us
to be prepared for any uncertain calamity & a right path to follow.

Keywords

disaster, mitigation, hazards, risk, safety management, India

 INTRODUCTION
Disaster management can be defined as the organization and management of
resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of
emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen
the impact od disasters.
1.1 What is disaster?
Disaster is a sudden, calamitous event bringing great damage, loss, and destruction and
devastationtolifeandproperty.Thedamagecausedbydisastersisimmeasurableandvaries
withthegeographicallocation,climateandthetypeofearthsurface/degreeofvulnerability.
Thisinfluencesthemental,socioeconomic,politicalandculturalstateoftheaffectedarea.
Generally, disasters have the following effects in the concernedareas
i) It completely disrupts the normal day-to-daylife.
ii) It negatively influences the emergencysystems.
iii) Normal needs and processes like food, shelter, health,etc.

are affected and deteriorate depending on the intensity and severity of the disaster. It may
also be termed as “a serious disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread
human, material or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to
cope using its own resources.” Thus, a disaster may have the following main features:
Unpredictability, Unfamiliarity, Speed, Urgency, Uncertainty, and Threat. Thus, in simple
terms we can define disaster as a hazard causing heavy loss to life, property and livelihood,
e.g. a cyclone killing 10,000 people, or a crop loss of one crop can be termed as disaster.

1.2 Types of disaster

There is no country that is immune from disaster, though vulnerability to disaster varies.
There are four main types of disaster.
1.2.1 Natural disasters
These disasters include floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcano eruptions that can
have immediate impacts on human health, as well as secondary impacts causing further
death and suffering from floods causing landslides, earthquakes resulting in fires,
tsunamis causing widespread flooding and typhoons sinking ferries.
1.2.2 Environmental Emergencies
These emergencies include technological or industrial accidents, usually involving
hazardous material, and occur where these materials are produced, used or transported.
Large forest fires are generally included in this definition because they tend to be caused
by humans.
1.2.3 Complex Emergencies
These emergencies involve a break-down of authority,looting and attacks on strategic
 installations. Complex emergencies include conflict situations and war.
1.2.4 Pandemic Emergencies
These emergencies involve a sudden onset of a contagious disease that affects health but
also disrupts services and businesses, bringing economic and social costs.
1.2.5 Man-made Disaster
Disasters caused by chemical or industrial accidents, environmental pollution, transport
accidents and political unrest are classified as “human-made” or “human-induced”
disasters since they are the direct result of human action. Some of the disasters are listed
in Table 1 below.
1.3 Risk
Risk is a measure of the expected losses due to a hazardous event of a particular magnitude
occurring in a given area over a specific time period. Risk is a function of the probabilityof
particular occurrences and the losses each would cause. The level of risk dependson:

i) Nature of thehazard
ii) Vulnerability of the elements which areaffected
iii) Economic value of thoseelements.

1.4 Vulnerability
It is defined as “the extent to which a community, structure, service, and/or geographicarea
is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of particular hazard, on account of their
nature, construction and proximity to hazardous terrain or a disaster prone area”.

1.5 Hazards
Hazards are defined as “Phenomena that pose a threat to people, structures, or economic
assetsandwhichmaycauseadisaster.Theycouldbeeithermanmadeornaturallyoccurring in
ourenvironment.”

The extent of damage in a disaster depends on:

i) The impact, intensity and characteristics of the phenomenonand

ii) How people, environment and infrastructures are affected by thatphenomenon.

This relationship can be written as anequation:

Disaster Risk = Hazard + Vulnerability

MOTIVATION
Lossofhumanlives,naturaldisastersinflictseveredamagetoecologyandeconomyofaregion. With
installation of new technologies and by adopting space technology as INSAT and IRS
seriesofsatellites,Indiahasdevelopedanoperationalmechanismfordisasterwarningespecially
cycloneanddrought,andtheirmonitoringandmitigation.However,predictionofcertainevents likes
earthquake, volcanic eruption and flood is still at experimental level. Disasters disrupt progress
and destroy the hard-earned fruits of painstaking developmental efforts, often pushing
nations,inquestforprogress,backbyseveraldecades.Thus,efficientmanagementofdisasters, rather
than mere response to their occurrence has, in recent times, received increased attention both
within India and abroad. This is as much a result of the recognition of the increasing frequency
and intensity of disasters as it is an acknowledgement that good governance, in a caring and
civilized society, needs to deal effectively with the devastating impact ofdisasters.

OBJECTIVE
Following are the objectives:

 Reduce PersonalSuffering
 SpeedRecovery
 ProtectVictims
 Reduce damages anddeaths
OVERVIEW
The Government of India (GOI), Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and United Nations
DevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)signedanagreementinAugust2002fortheimplementation of
“Disaster Risk Management” Programme to reduce the vulnerability of the communities to
natural disasters, in identified multi– hazard disaster proneareas.

Goal: “Sustainable Reduction in Natural Disaster Risk” in some of the most hazard prone
districts in selected states of India”.

The four main objectives of this programme are:

1. National capacity building support to the Ministry of HomeAffairs.

2. Environmentbuilding,education,awarenessprogrammeandstrengtheningthecapacityatall
levels in natural disaster risk management and sustainablerecovery.

3. Multi-hazardpreparedness,responseandmitigationplansfortheprogrammeatstate,district,
block and village/ward levels in select programme states anddistricts.

4. Networking knowledge on effective approaches, methods and tools for natural disaster risk
management, developing and promoting policyframeworks.

Disaster management in India “Government of India”

“Ministry of Home Affairs”:

i) A review of the disaster management mechanism was carried out by the Government of
India after the Bhuj earthquake. It was noted that there was need for building up holistic
capabilities fordisastermanagement–soastobeabletohandlebothnaturalandman-
madedisasters.Itwas accordingly decided that the subject of Disaster Management be
transferred from the Ministry of Agriculture to the Ministry of Home Affairs (excluding
drought and epidemics and those emergencies/disasters which were specifically allotted to
otherMinistries).

ii) India has been very vulnerable to natural hazards and calamities. The Bhuj earthquake
accounted for 13,805 deaths, the super cyclone in Orissa accounted for 9,885 deaths. The
Government are of the view that if appropriate mitigation measures had been taken these
casualties could have been reducedsignificantly.

iii) Each year disasters also account for the loss of thousands of crops in terms of social and
community assets. It is clear that development cannot be sustainable without building in
mitigationintotheplanningprocess.Keepingtheabovefactorsinview,theGovernmentof
India have brought about a change in policy which emphasizes mitigation, prevention and
preparedness. A strategic roadmap is prepared on the succeeding pages that has been drawn up
for reducing the country’s vulnerability to disasters. Action for reducing our vulnerabilities to
disasters shall be taken in accordance with the roadmap. The roadmap will be reviewed every
two years to see if any change in direction is necessary.

A Disaster Management Plan in India includes the following:-

o Institutional and policyframework;

o Early warningsystem;
o Disaster prevention andmitigation;
o Preparedness.

Early Warning System

o Cyclone.
o Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) is mandated to monitor and give
warnings regarding Tropical Cyclone (TC). Monitoring process has been
revolutionized by the advent of remote sensing techniques. A TC intensity
analysis and forecast scheme has been worked out using satellite image
interpretation techniques which facilitate forecasting of stormsurges.
o The meteorological satellite has made a tremendous impact on the analysis of
cyclones.INSATdatahasalsobeenusedtostudythestructuresofdifferentTCs in the
Bay of Bengal. IMD is also producing Cloud Motion Vectors (CMVs). Very
High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) payload onboard INSAT –2Ewhich have
been improved upon to provide water vapour channel data in addition to
VISandIRonboardINSAT–2E.AseparatepayloadknownasChargedCouple
Device (CCD) has also been deployed onboard thissatellite.

Atpresentthereare166floodforecastingstationsonvariousriversinthecountrywhichincludes
134 level forecasting and 32 inflow forecasting stations, river-wise break up. The flood
forecasting involves the following four main activities:

i) Observation and collection of hydrological and hydro-meteorologicaldata.

ii) Transmission of data to forecastingcentres.
iii) Analysis of data and formulation offorecast.
iv) Disseminationofforecast.Forothernaturaldisastersspecificearlywarningsystems are
underprogress
Disaster prevention and mitigation
The Government of India have adopted mitigation and prevention as essential components of
their development strategy. The Tenth Five Year Plan document has a detailed chapter on
Disaster Management. The Government of India have issued guidelines that where there is a
shelf of projects, projects addressing mitigation will be given a priority. Measures for flood
mitigation were taken from 1950 onwards. As against the total of 40 million hectares prone to
floods,anareaofabout15millionhectareshasbeenprotectedbyconstructionofembankments. A
National Core Group for Earthquake Mitigation has been constituted consisting of experts in
earthquake engineering and administrators. A Disaster Risk Management Programme has been
takenupwiththeassistancefromUNDP,USAIDandEuropeanUnionin169mosthazardprone
districts in 17 States including all the 8 North Eastern States. Under this programme disaster
managementplanshavebeenpreparedforabout3500villages,250GramPanchayat,60blocks and
15districts.

Preparedness
Mitigation and preparedness measures go hand-in-hand for vulnerability reduction and rapid
professionalresponsetodisasters.TheCentralGovernmentisnowintheprocessoftrainingand
equipping96specialistsearchandrescueteams,eachteamconsistingof45personnelincluding
doctors, paramedics, structural engineers, etc. A 200 bedded mobile hospital, fully trained and
equippedisbeingsetupbytheMinistryofHealthandattachedtoaleadingGovernmenthospital in
Delhi. The Geographical Information System (GIS) data base is an effective tool for
emergency responders to access information in terms of crucial parameters for the disaster
affectedareas.

Vulnerability issues
o Fire and industrial accidents have been part of the landscape of thecity.
o Floods. Mumbai DMP identifies 10 sections along the CentralRailway.
o Chemical (transport, handling), biological, and nuclearhazards.
o Earthquakes. Mumbai lies in the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) in Seismic ZoneIII.
CASE STUDIES

Management of earthquake
India high earthquake risk and vulnerability is evident from the fact that about 59 per cent of
India’s land area could face moderate to severe earthquakes. During the period 2000 to 2010,
morethan25000liveswerelostduetomajorearthquakesinIndia,whichalsocausedenormous damage
to property and public infrastructure. All these earthquakes established that major casualties
were caused primarily due to the collapse ofbuildings.

These emphasise the need for strict compliance of town planning bye-laws and earthquake
resistance building codes in India. These guidelines have been prepared taking into account an
analysis of critical gapes responsible for specific risk. These guidelines emphasise the need for
carryingoutthestructuralsafetyauditofexistinglifelinesstructuresandothercriticalstructures
inearthquakeproneareas,andcarryingoutselectiveseismicstrengtheningandretrofitting.The
earthquake guidelines rest on the following six pillars of seismic safety for improving the
effectiveness of earthquakes management inIndia.

The following are the 6 pillars:

 Earthquake resistant construction of newstructures.

 Selective seismic strengthening and retrofitting of existing priority structures and lifeline
structures.

 Regulation andenforcement.

 Awareness and preparedness.

 Capacity development of education, training, R & D, capacity building anddocumentation.

 Emergencyresponse.

Surat, Disaster Management Plan

The city of Surat situated in the State of Gujarat in India having population of more than 4.7
million. Plague in Surat: The plague became an issue of global concern. Close to 200 deaths
were linked to the outbreak in Surat. The disease created widespread panic and led to a mass
exodus from the city. Apart from the human tragedy, it was a severe blow to not only Surat’s
economy which suffered a loss of several million rupees every day, but also to the nation’s
economy.Theoutbreakhadanimpactonindustrialproduction,tourism,export,andmanyother
areas. International flights to India were temporarily suspended, and export of food grainsfrom
Suratwasbanned.TheprecipitatingfactorfortheoutbreakofplagueinSuratwasconstantrain which
lashed the city for more than two months, and led to flooding and large-scale water-
logginginlow-lyingareas.Theprimaryreasonforthiswasthefaultydrainagesystem.Hundreds of
cattle and other animals died due to the flood and water-logging. The floods, in fact, only
brought to a crisis point the dangers inherent in inadequate waste managementsystems.

Conclusion:ThisplaguetaughtalessontotheMunicipalAuthority,otherrelatedauthoritiesand the
general public in the city. Following the plague all the drainage systems and storm water
systemwereimproved.Systemswerebuiltforthesolidwastemanagementandcleanliness.The public
became aware about the issues ofcleanliness.

The flood management system was introduced; a hydrological contour map was prepared for
the city. Rescue and relief services are put in order.

The Bhopal gas tragedy

The careless siting of industry and relatively poor regulatory controls leads to illhealth in the
urban centers. The Bhopal gas tragedy on December 2nd, 1984, where Union Carbide’s plant
leaked43tonsofmethylisocyanateandothersubstances,usedinthemanufactureofpesticides, is one
of the worst industrial accidents in the recent past. Of the 520,000 people who were exposed to
the gas, 8,000 died during the first week and another 8,000 later. The impact on the survivors
is visible eventoday.

Conclusion: The government of India and respective state government through their pollution
controlboardhavelaiddownstrictregulationandmonitoringsystemforindustriestoavoidany such
accident. Every industry is forced to have the safety measures and disaster management plan.
LITERATURE REVIEW
1) Shubhendu S.Shukla
He studied and concluded in Disaster Management: “Managing the Risk of
Environmental Calamity” that apart from loss of human lives, natural disasters inflict
severe damage to ecology and economy of a region. With installation of new
technologies and by adopting space technology as INSAT and IRS series of satellites,
India has developed an operational mechanism for disaster warning especially cyclone
and drought, and their monitoring and mitigation. However, prediction of certainevents
likes earthquake, volcanic eruption and flood is still at experimental level. Disasters
disruptprogressanddestroythehard-earnedfruitsofpainstakingdevelopmentalefforts,
often pushing nations, in quest for progress, back by several decades. Thus, efficient
management of disasters, rather than mere response to their occurrence has, in recent
times,receivedincreasedattentionbothwithinIndiaandabroad.Thisisasmucharesult of the
recognition of the increasing frequency and intensity of disasters as it is an
acknowledgement that good governance, in a caring and civilized society, needs to deal
effectively with the devastating impact ofdisasters.

2) A. J. Shah
From Applied Mechanics Department, S V National Institute of Technology, Surat,
Gujarat, India studied and concluded in “An overview of disaster management inIndia”
that Disasters are inevitable. The fact lies in stating “we must all be prepared to try to
survivethecurrentandtheforthcomingdisasters.”Wecannotrulethenaturebutwecan at least
be watchful and vigilant. The structured and preplanned preparedness and the
healthyresponsetothedisasterwillhelpsavethelives.Oursuccessliesin,asispreached by the
great people that existed and exist on earth “unity and unanimity devoid of discords.”
THEORETICAL ASPECTS
Disasters are events that have a huge impact on humans and the environment. Disasters are
inevitable,wecannotdoanythingtopreventthesebutdisasterpreparednessisonlyinourhand.
Disasters management requires government intervention and a proper planning as well as
funding. It is not necessary that these disasters are always unpredictable. Floods take place in
valleys and floodplains, droughts in areas with unstable and low rainfall, and oil spills happen
in shipping lanes. This predictability provides opportunities to plan for, prevent and to lessen
theimpactofdisasters.Disastersareinevitablealthoughwedonotalwaysknowwhenandwhere
theywillhappen.Buttheirworsteffectscanbepartiallyorcompletelypreventedbypreparation, early
warning, and swift, decisiveresponses.

Disaster management aims to reduce the occurrence of disasters and to reduce the impact of
those that cannot be prevented. The government White paper and Act on Disaster Management
define the roles of Local Authorities as well as Provincial and National government in disaster
management.Disastermanagementforcescomeintoactionassoonasadisasterstrikesandhelp out in
the relief, rescue and rehabilitation process. These are trained individuals and are given
extensive training to perform in the event of a disaster or a natural calamity and they work as a
team to reduce the loss of life and helping the locals getting back to normallife.

CONCLUSION

Apartfromlossofhumanlives,naturaldisastersinflictseveredamagetoecologyandeconomy of a
region. With installation of new technologies and by adopting space technology as INSAT and
IRS series of satellites, India has developed an operational mechanism for disaster warning
especially cyclone and drought, and their monitoring and mitigation. However, prediction of
certain events likes earthquake, volcanic eruption and flood is still at experimental level.
Disasters disrupt progress and destroy the hard-earned fruits of painstaking developmental
efforts, often pushing nations, in quest for progress, back by several decades. Thus, efficient
management of disasters, rather than mere response to their occurrence has, in recent times,
received increased attention both within India and abroad. This is as much a result of the
recognition of the increasing frequency and intensity of disasters as it is an acknowledgement
that good governance, in a caring and civilized society, needs to deal effectively with the
devastating impact ofdisasters.
REFERENCES
[1] National Disaster Management Authorities, Government of India.www.ndma.gov.in

[2] Gujarat Disaster Management Authority, Ghandinagar.www.gsdma.org.

[3] Disaster Risk Management Profile, Mumbai, India. http://emi.pdc.org/ cities/CP-Mumbai-

09-05.pdf

[4] SasikumarK.,DhirendraBhargava,DisasterManagementPlanforGIR:IGNFA,Dehradun.

[5] Sidhu K.S., Tsunami Rehabilitation Program, Planning Commission, March 18, 2005,
Manila.