Análise de Circuitos - Boylestad 12 Ed (SOLUCIONÁRIO)

Online Instructor’s Manual
to accompany
Introductory Circuit Analysis

Twelfth Edition
Robert L. Boylestad
Prentice Hall
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Contents
CHAPTER 1 1
CHAPTER 2 10
CHAPTER 3 15
CHAPTER 4 25
CHAPTER 5 32
CHAPTER 6 42
CHAPTER 7 56
CHAPTER 8 68
CHAPTER 9 92
CHAPTER 10 111
CHAPTER 11 130
CHAPTER 12 149
CHAPTER 13 156
CHAPTER 14 164
CHAPTER 15 174
CHAPTER 16 196
CHAPTER 17 203
CHAPTER 18 222
CHAPTER 19 252
CHAPTER 20 265
CHAPTER 21 279
CHAPTER 22 311
CHAPTER 23 318
CHAPTER 24 333
CHAPTER 25 342
CHAPTER 25 352
iii
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-504082-9
ISBN-10: 0-13-504082-5
Chapter 1
1. 
2. 
3. 
d 20,000 ft  1 mi   60 s   60 min 
4. = = = 1363.64 mph
t 10 s  5,280 ft  1 min   1 h 
 1h 
5. 4 min   = 0.067 h
 60 min 
d 31 mi
=  = 29.05 mph
t 1.067 h
 3 ft   1 mi 
6. 100 yds    5,280 ft  = 0.0568 mi
1 yd   
60 mi  1 h  1 min 
= 0.0167 mi/s
h  60 min   60 s 
d 0.0568 mi
t=  = 3.40 s
 0.0167 mi/s
95 mi  5,280 ft   1 h  1 min 
7. a. = 139.33 ft/s
h  mi   60 min   60 s 
d 60 ft
b. t=  = 0.431 s
 139.33 ft/s
d 60 ft  60 s   60 min   1 mi 
c. =  = 40.91 mph
t 1 s 1 min   1 h   5,280 ft 
8. 
9. 
10. 
5 5 5
11. MKS, CGS, C = (F  32)  (68  32)  (36) = 20
9 9 9
SI: K = 273.15 + C = 273.15 + 20 = 293.15
 0.7378 ft - lb 
12. 1000 J   = 737.8 ft-lbs
 1J 
Chapter 1 1
 3 ft  12 in.   2.54 cm 
13. 0.5 yd     = 45.72 cm
1 yd   1 ft   1 in. 
14. a. °F = 2(°C) + 30° = 40° + 30° = 70°
9 9
b. °F = (C)  32  (20)  32 = 68°
5 5
c. very close
d. 30°C  90°F vs. 86°

5°C  40°F vs 41°
15. a. 14.6 b. 56.0

1
c. 1,046.1 d. = 0.0625 = 0.1
16
e. 3.14159 = 3.1
16. a. 14.60 b. 56.04

1
c. 1,046.06 d. = 0.0625 = 0.06
16
e. 3.14159 = 3.14
17. a. 14.603 b. 56.042

1
c. 1,046.060 d. = 0.0625 = 0.063
16
e. 3.14159 = 3.142
18. a. 104 b. 106 c. 103 d. 103
e. 100 f. 101
19. a. 15  103 b. 5  103 c. 2.4  106 d. 60  103
e. 4.02  104 f. 2  1010
20. a. 4.2  103 + 48.0  103 = 52.2  103 = 5.22  104

b. 90  103 + 360  103 = 450  103 = 4.50  105
c. 50  105  6  105 = 44  105 = 4.4  104
d. 1.2  103 + 0.05  103  0.4  103 = 0.85  103 = 850
21. a. (102)(103) = 105 = 100  103

b. (102)(103) = 101 = 10
c. (103)(106) = 1  109
d. (102)(105) = 1  103
e. (106)(10  106) = 10
f. (104)(108)(1028) = 1  1024
2 Chapter 1
22. a. (50  103)(2  103) = 100  100 = 100
b. (2.2  103)(2  103) = 4.4  100 = 4.4
c. (82  106)(1.2  106) = 98.4
d. (30  104)(4  103)(7  108) = 840  101 = 8.40  103
23. a. 102/104 = 102 = 10  103

b. 102/103 = 105 = 10  106
c. 104/103 = 107 = 10  106
d. 107/102 = 1.0  109
e. 1038/104 = 1.0  1042
f. 100 / 10 2 = 101/102 = 1  103
24. a. (2  103)/(8  105) = 0.25  108 = 2.50  107

b. (4  103)/(4  106) = 4/4  109 = 1  109
c. (22  105)/(5  105) = 22/5  100 = 4.4
d. (78  1018)/(4  106) = 1.95  1025
25. a. (102)3 = 1.0  106 b. (104)1/2 = 10.0  103

c. (104)8 = 100.0  1030 d. (107)9 = 1.0  1063
26. a. (2  102)2 = 4  104

b. (5  103)3 = 125  109
c. (4  103)(3  103)2 = (4  103)(9  104) = 36  101 = 360
d. ((2  103)(0.8  104)(0.003  105))3 = (4.8  103)3 = (4.8)3  (103)3
= 110.6  109 = 1.11  1011
27. a. (103)2 = 1.0  106
(10 2 )(10 4 )
b. 3
= 102/103 = 1.0  105
10
(10 ) (10 2 ) (10 6 )(10 2 ) 10 4
3 2
c. 4
 4
 4 = 1.0  108
10 10 10
3 4
(10 )(10 )
d. 4
= 107/104 = 1.0  1011
10
e. (1  104)3(102)/106 = (1012)(102)/106 = 1010/106 = 1.0  1016
f.
(10 )(10 )
2 2 3

1

1
= 1.0  101
(10 ) 10 
2 2 3
4 3
(10 )(10 ) 10
(3  10 2 ) 2 (10 2 )
28. a. = (9  104)(102)/(3  104) = (9  106)/(3  104) = 3  102 = 300
3  10 4
(4  10 4 ) 2 16  10 8
b.  = 2  105
(20) 3
8  10 3
(6  104 ) 2 36  108
c. 2 2
 4
= 9.0  1012
(2  10 ) 4  10
Chapter 1 3
(27  10 6 )1 / 3 3  10 2
d.  = 1.5  107 = 150.0  109
2  10 5
2  10 5
(4  10 3 ) 2 (3  10 2 ) (16  10 6 )(3  10 2 ) 48  10 8
e.   = 24.0  1012
2  10  4 2  10  4 2  10  4
f. (16  106)1/2(105)5(2  102) = (4  103)(1025)(2  102) = 8  1020 = 800.0  1018

2 1/ 2
 (3  103 )3  1.60  102   (2  102 )(8  104 ) 
g.     
5 2
(7  10 )
(27  109 )(2.56  104 )(16  102 )1/ 2

49  1010
(69.12  105 )(4  101 ) 276.48  106
 
49  1010 49  1010
= 5.64  10 = 56.4  10
4 3
29. Scientific: a. 2.05 × 101

b. 5.04 × 104
c. 6.74 × 104
d. 4.60 × 102
Engineering: a. 20.46 × 100

b. 50.42 × 103
c. 674.00 × 106
d. 46.00 × 103
30. Scientific a. 5.0 × 102

b. 4.5 × 101
c. 1/32 = 0.03125 = 3.125 × 102
d. 3.14159 = 3.142 × 100
Engineering: a. 50.0 × 103

b. 0.045 × 103
c. 31.25 × 103
d. 3.142 × 100
4 Chapter 1
+2
31. a. 6  104 = 0.06  10+6 = 0.06 × 10+6
3
3
b. 0.4  103 = 400  106 = 400 × 106
+3
2 +3 +3
c. 50  105 = 5000  103 = 5  106 = 0.005  109 = 0.005 × 109
+2 3 3
+4 3 3
d. 12  107 = 0.0012  103 = 1.2  106 = 1200  109 = 1200 × 109
4 +3 +3
3
32. a. 0.05  100 s = 50  103 s = 50 ms
+3
+3
b. 2000  106 s = 2  103 s = 2 ms
3
3
c. 0.04  103 s = 40  106 s = 40 s
+3
+6
d. 8400  1012 s  0.0084  106 s = 0.0084 s
6
Chapter 1 5
+3
increase by 3
100
e. 100  103  103 m = 0.1  103 m = 0.1 km
3
 60 s 
33. a. 1.5 min   = 90 s
1 min 
 60 min   60 s 
b. 2 × 102 h    = 72 s
 1 h  1 min 
 1 s 
c. 0.05 s   6  = 0.05  106 s = 50  103 s
10 s 
 1 mm 
d. 0.16 m  3  = 0.16  103 mm = 160 mm
10 m 
 1 ns 
e. 1.2  107 s  9  = 1.2  102 ns = 120 ns
10 s 
1 min   1 h  1 day 
f. 4  108 s     = 4629.63 days
 60 s   60 min   24 h 
100 cm 
34. a. 80  103 m   = 8000  103 cm = 8 cm
 1m 
 1 m   1 km 
b. 60 cm     = 60  105 km
100 cm  1000 m 
 1 m 
c. 12 × 103 m  6  = 12  103 × 10+6 m = 12 × 103 m
10 m 
 1m  1m  4
60 cm2   = 60  10 m
2
d. 
100 cm   100 cm 
 1m 
35. a. 100 in.   = 2.54 m
 39.37 in. 
12 in.   1m 
b. 4 ft    39.37 in.  = 1.22 m
 1 ft   
6 Chapter 1
 4.45 N 
c. 6 lb   = 26.7 N
 1 lb 
 1 N   1 lb 
d. 60  103 dynes  5   = 0.13 lb
10 dynes   4.45 N 
 1 in.   1 ft 
e. 150,000 cm    = 4921.26 ft
 2.54 cm  12 in. 
 5280 ft  12 in.   1 m 

f. 0.002 mi     = 3.22 m
 1 mi   1 ft   39.37 in. 
1 yd 
36. 5280 ft, 5280 ft   = 1760 yds
 3 ft 
 12 in.   1 m 
5280 ft    = 1609.35 m, 1.61 km
 1 ft   39.37 in. 
60 mi 5280 ft 12 in. 1m 1h 1 min

37. = 26.82 m/s
h 1 mi 1 ft 39.37 in. 60 min 60 s
1000 m   39.37 in.   1 ft   1 mi 

38. 10 km      = 6.214 mi
 1 km   1 m  12 in.   5280 ft 
1 mi d 6.214 mi
= ,t=  = 40.39 min
6.5 min  1 mi
6.5 min
 3 ft  12 in. 
39. 100 yds    = 3600 in  3600 quarters
1 yd   1 ft 
d 500 mi
40. 60 mph: t=  = 8.33 h = 8 h:19.8 min
 60 mi/h
d 500 mi
75 mph: t =  = 6.67 h = 6h:40.2 min
 75 mi/h
difference = 1h:28.6 minutes
 cm 
41. d = t = 600  0.016 h   60 min   60 s   1 m  = 345.6 m
 s   1 h  1 min  100 cm 
Chapter 1 7
 
 14 ft  1 step 
42. d = 86 stories    9  = 1605 steps
 story   ft 
 12 
d d 1605 steps  1 minute 
= t    802.5 seconds  = 13.38 minutes
t  2 steps  60 seconds 
second
 14 ft   1 mile 
43. d = (86 stories)    1204 ft   = 0.228 miles
 story   5,280 ft 
min 10.22 min
 = 44.82 min/mile
mile 0.228 miles
5 min 1 mile  5,280 ft  1056 ft  14 ft 

44.   , distance = 86 stories   = 1204 ft
mile 5 min  1mile  minute  story 
d d 1204 ft
= t  = 1.14 minutes
t  1056 ft
min
 1 Btu 
45. a. 5 J  = 4.74  103 Btu
1054.35 J 
 1 gallon   1 m3  4 3
b. 24 ounces     = 7.1  10 m
128 ounces   264.172 gallons 
 86,400 s 
 = 1.21  10 s
5
c. 1.4 days 
 1 day 
 264.172 gallons   8 pints 

d. 1 m3     = 2113.38 pints
 1 m3  1 gallon 
46. 6(4 × 2 + 8) = 96
47. (42 + 6/5)/3 = 14.4
2
2
48. 5 
2
= 5.044
3
49. MODE = DEGREES: cos 21.87 = 0.928
50. MODE = DEGREES: tan1(3/4) = 36.87
51. 400 /(6 2


 10 / 5) = 7.071
8 Chapter 1
52. 205  106
53. 1.20  1012
54. 6.667  106 + 0.5  106 = 7.17  106
Chapter 1 9
Chapter 2
1. 
Q1Q2 (9  109 )(1 C)(2 C)

2. a. F= k  = 18  109 N
r2 (1 m) 2
Q1Q2 (9  109 )(1 C)2 C 

b. F=k = = 2  109 N
r2 (3 m) 2
Q1Q2 (9  109 )(1 C)(2 C)

c. F= k 2
 2
= 0.18  109 N
r (10 m)
r3 10 m F 18  109 N
d. Exponentially,  = 10 while 1  = 100
r1 1 m F2 0.18  109 N
3. a. r = 1 mi:
 5280 ft  12 in.   1 m 
1 mi     = 1609.35 m
 1 mi   1 ft   39.37 in. 
kQ1Q2 (9  109 )(8  106 C)(40  10-6 C) 2880  103
F=  
r2 (1609.35 m)2 2.59  106
= 1.11 N
b. r =10 ft:
12 in.   1 m 
10 ft    = 3.05 m
 1 ft   39.37 in. 
kQ1Q2 2880  103 2880  103
F=   = 0.31 N
r2 (3.05 m) 2 9.30
1 in.  1 m 
c. = 1.59 mm
16  39.37 in. 
kQ1Q2 2880  103 2880  103
F=    1138.34  103 N
r2 (1.59  103 m) 2 2.53  106
= 1138.34 kN
4. 
kQ 2 F1r12 kQ 2 k  F1r12  r12

5. Q1 = Q2 = Q; F1   Q 2
 ; F2   2   and F2  F1
r12 k r22 r2  k  r22
kQ1Q2 kQ1Q2 (9  109 )(20  106 ) 2

6. F= r  = 10 mm
r2 F 3.6  104
10 Chapter 2
kQ1Q2 kQ Q
7. F= 2
 1.8  1 22  kQ1Q2 = 4(1.8) = 7.2
r (2 m)
kQ1Q2 7.2
a. F= 2
 = 72 mN
r (10) 2
b. Q1/Q2 = 1/2  Q2 = 2Q1
 
7.2 = kQ1Q2 = (9  109)(Q1)(2Q1) = 9  109 2Q12
7 .2 7 .2
 Q12  Q1  = 20 C
18  10 9
18  109
Q2 = 2Q1 = 2(2  105 C) = 40 C
W 1.2 J
8. V=  = 60 kV
Q 20 C
9. W = VQ = (60 V)(8 mC) = 0.48 J
W 120  J  6.242  1018 electrons 

10. Q=  = 6 mC  15
 = 37.45 × 10 electrons
V 20 mV  1C 
W 72 J
11. Q=  =8C
V 9V
12. a. W = QV = (1 × 1012 electrons)(40 V) = 40 × 1012 eV

 1C 
b. 40 × 1012 eV 
 6.242  1018
electrons  = 6.41 μJ
Q 12 mC
13. I=  = 4.29 mA
t 2.8 s
Q 312 C
14. I =  = 2.60 A
t (2)(60 s)
15. Q = It = (40 mA)(0.8)(60 s) = 1.92 C
16. Q = It = (250 mA)(1.2)(60 s) = 18.0 C
Q 6 mC
17. t=  =3s
I 2 mA
 1C 
18. 21.847  1018 electrons   = 3.5 C
 6.242  10 electrons 
18
Q 3.5 C
I=  = 0.29 A
t 12 s
Chapter 2 11
19. Q = It = (4 mA)(90 s) = 360 mC
 6.242  1018 electrons 
 = 2.25  10 electrons
18
360 mC 
 1 C 
Q 86 C
20. I=  = 1.194 A > 1 A (yes)
t (1.2)(60 s)
 1C 
21. 0.84  1016 electrons   = 1.346 mC
 6.242  1018
electrons 
Q 1.346 mC
I=  = 22.43 mA
t 60 ms
22. a. Q = It = (2 mA)(0.01 s) = 2  1011 C

 6.242  1018 electrons   1 ¢ 
2  1011 C   
 1C   electron 
= 1.25  108 ¢ = $1.25  106 = 1.25 million
b. Q = It = (100 A)(1.5 ns) = 1.5  1013 C

 6.242  1018 electrons   $1 
1.5  1013 C    = 0.94 million
 1C   electron 
(a) > (b)
23. Q = It = (200  103 A)(30 s) = 6 C

W 40 J
V=  = 6.67 V
Q 6C
 420 C 
24. Q = It =   (0.5 min) = 210 C
 min 
W 742 J
V=  = 3.53 V
Q 210 C
W 0.4 J
25. Q=  = 0.0167 C
V 24 V
Q 0.0167 C
I=  = 3.34 A
t 5  103 s
Ah rating 200 Ah
26. I=  =5A
t (hours) 40 h
27. Ah = (0.8 A)(75 h) = 60.0 Ah
Ah rating 32 Ah
28. t(hours) =  = 25 h
I 1.28 A
12 Chapter 2
 60 min   60 s 
 1 min  = 1.728  10 J
6
29. 40 Ah(for 1 h): W1 = VQ = VIt = (12 V)(40 A)(1 h) 
 1 h  
 60 min  60 s 
 1 min  = 2.592  10 J
6
60 Ah(for 1 h): W2 = (12 V)(60 A)(1 h) 
 1 h  
Ratio W2/W1 = 1.5 or 50% more energy available with 60 Ah rating.
1 min   1 h 
For 60 s discharge: 40 Ah = It = I 60 s     = I(16.67  103 h)
 60 s   60 min 
40 Ah
and I = = 2400 A
16.67  10-3 h
1 min   1 h 
60 Ah = It = I 60 s     = I(16.67  103 h)
 60 s   60 min 
60 Ah
and I = = 3600 A
16.67  10-3 h
I2/I1 = 1.5 or 50 % more starting current available at 60 Ah
30. 0.75(18 Ah) = 13.5 Ah   250 mA
31. (18 Ah  15.5 Ah)/18 Ah × 100% = 13.89%
32. At 100 mA, discharge time  120 H; At 25 mA, discharge time  425 h;
 300 h more at 25 mA
3 Ah
33. I= = 500 mA
6.0 h
 60 min   60 s 
Q = It = (500 mA)(6 h)    = 10.80 kC
 1 h  1 min 
W = QV = (10.8 kC)(12 V)  129.6 kJ
34. 
35. 
36. 
 2.54 cm 
37. a. 0.5 in  = 1.27 cm
 1 in 
 30 kV 
1.27 cm  = 38.1 kV
 cm 
 270 kV 
b. 1.27 cm  = 342.9 kV
 cm 
c. 342.9 kV:38.1 kV = 9:1
Chapter 2 13
38. 
39. 
40. 
41. 
14 Chapter 2
Chapter 3
1. a. 0.5 in. = 500 mils
1000 mils 
b. 0.02 in.   = 20 mils
 1 in. 
1 1000 mils 
c. in. = 0.25 in.   = 250 mils
4  1 in. 
 39.37 in  1000 mils 

d. 10 mm = 10 × 103 m  = 393.7 mils
 1 m   1 in 
12 in.  10 mils 
3
e. 0.01 ft    = 120 mils
 1 ft   1 in. 
 1 in.  1000 mils 

f. 0.1 cm    = 39.37 mils
 2.54 cm   1 in. 
2. a. ACM = (30 mils)2 = 900 CM
b. 0.016 in. = 16 mils, ACM = (16 mils)2 = 256 CM
1"
c. = 0.125" = 125 mils, ACM = (125 mils)2 = 15.63  103 CM
8
 1 in.  1000 mils 

 1 in.  = 393.7 mils, ACM = (393.7 mils) = 155  10 CM
2 3
d. 1 cm  
 2.54 cm   
12 in.  1000 mils 

  1 in.  = 240 mils, ACM = (240 mils) = 57.60  10 CM
2 3
e. 0.02 ft 
 1 ft  
 39.37 in.  1000 mils 

f. 4 × 103 m     = 157.48 mils, ACM = (157.48 mils)2 = 24.8 × 103 CM
 1 m   1 in 
3. ACM = (dmils )2  dmils = ACM

a. d = 1600 CM = 40 mils = 0.04 in.
b. d= 820 CM = 28.64 mils = 0.029 in.
c. d= 40,000 CM = 200 mils = 0.2 in.
Chapter 3 15
d. d= 625 CM = 25 mils = 0.025 in.
e. d= 6.25 CM = 2.5 mils = 0.0025 in.
f. d= 3  103 CM = 54.77 mils = 0.055 in.
4. 0.02 in. = 20 mils, ACM = (20 mils)2 = 400 CM

l (200 )
R =  = (10.37) = 5.19 
A 400 CM
l  80 
5. a. A=   17  = 544 CM
R  2 .5  
b. d= ACM  544 CM = 23.32 mils = 23.3  103 in.
1 "
6. = 0.03125" = 31.25 mils, ACM = (31.25 mils)2 = 976.56 CM
32
l RA (2.2 )(976.56 CM)
R= l=  = 3.58 ft
R  600
l (10.37)(300)
7. a. ACM =  = = 942.73 CM
A 3.3 
d= 942.73 CM = 30.70 mils = 30.7  103 in.
b. larger
c. smaller
RA (500 )(94 CM)

8.  =  = 47  nickel
l 1000
9. a. 1/32 = 0.03125 = 31.25 mils, ACM = (31.25 mils)2 = 976.56 CM

l RA (3.12 )(976.56 CM)
R= l   = 293.82 ft
A  10.37
293.82 1000 (5)(293.82)

b.  x = 1.47 lbs
x 5 lb 1000
9 9
c. 40° C: F = C  32  (40)  32 = 40°
5 5
9 9
105° C: F = C  32  (105)  32 = 221°
5 5
F° = 40°  221°
16 Chapter 3
3 
10. a.  0.375 = 375 mils
8
4.8 = 4800 mils
 4 /  CM 
A = (375 mils)(4800 mils) = 1.8 × 106 sq. mils  6
 = 2.29 × 10 CM
 1 sq mil 
1 
b. = 0.083 in. = 83 mils
12
ACM = = (83 mils)2 = 6.89 × 103 CM
2.29  106 CM
(#12) = 332.37 wires
6.89  103 CM
11. a. 3" = 3000 mils, 1/2" = 0.5 in. = 500 mils

Area = (3  103 mils)(5  102 mils) = 15  105 sq. mils
 4 /  CM 
15  105 sq mils   = 19.108  10 CM
5
 1 sq mil 
l (10.37)(4)
R=  = = 21.71 
A 19.108  105 CM
l (17)(4)
b. R=  = = 35.59 
A 19.108  105 CM
Aluminum bus-bar has almost 64% higher resistance.
12. l2 = 2l1, A2 = A1/4, 2 = 1

 2l2
R2 A l A 2l A
 2  22 1  1 1 =8
R1 1l1 1l1 A2 l1 A1 / 4
A1
and R2 = 8R1 = 8(0.2 ) = 1.6 
R = 1.6   0.2  = 1.4 
d 2 4A 4(0.04 in.2 )
13. A= d=  = 0.2257 in.
4  
dmils = 225.7 mils
ACM = (225.7 mils)2 = 50,940.49 CM
l
1 1
R1 A1 lA lA
  11 2  1 2 (1 = 2)
R2  l2  2l2 A1 l2 A1
2
A2
R l A (800 m)(300 ft)(40,000 CM)
and R2 = 1 2 1  = 942.28 m
l1 A2 (200 ft)(50,940.49 CM)
Chapter 3 17
14. a. #12 = 6,529.9 CM, #14 = 4,106.8 CM
6,529.9 CM  4,106.8 CM
 100% = 59% larger
4,106.8 CM
#12 20 A #12 6,529.9 CM

b.  = 1.33,  = 1.59
#14 15 A #14 4,106.8 CM
Imax ratio = 1.33 vs Area ratio = 1.59
1.59  1.33
 100% = 19.55% higher ratio for area
1.33
#9 13,094 CM
15. a.  = 2 yes
#12 6,529.9 CM
#0 105,530 CM
b.  = 16.16 yes
#12 6,529.9 CM
#0 150 A
 = 7.5
#12 20 A
#10 10,381 CM
16. a.   10.16  10 yes
# 20 1,021.5 CM
# 20 1,021.5 CM
b.  = 103.28
# 40 9.89 CM
yes  100
l (10.37)(30) 311.1 CM
17. a. A=    = 51,850 CM  #3
R 6 m 6  103
but 110 A  #2
l (10.37)(30) 311.1 CM
b. A=    = 103,700 CM  #0
R 3 m 3  10 3
18. a. A/CM = 230 A/211,600 CM = 1.09 mA/CM
 
1.09 mA  1 CM  1000 mils  1000 mils 
b.      = 1.39 kA/in.2
CM  sq mils   1 in.   1 in. 
4 
 1 in.2  2
c. 5 kA   = 3.6 in.
1.39 kA 
18 Chapter 3
234.5  10 234.5  80 (314.5)(2 )
19.  , R2 = = 2.57 
2 R2 244.5
236  0 236  100

20. 
0.02  R2
(0.02 )(336)
R2 = = 0.028 
236
5 5
21. C= (F  32)  (32  32) = 0 (=32F)
9 9
5
C = (68  32)  20 (=68F)
9
234.5  20 234.5  0

4 R2
(234.5)(4 )
R2 = = 3.69 
254.5
5 5
22. a. °C = F  32  (70  32) = 21.11°
9 9
5
°C = (60  32) = 15.56°
9
234.5  21.11 234.5  15.56

0.025  R2
(250.06)(0.025 )
R2 = = 24.46 mΩ
255.61
5
b. °C = (50  32) = 10°
9
234.5  21.11 234.5  10

0.025  R2
(244.5)(0.025 )
R2 = = 23.91 mΩ
255.61
c. Part a: 25 mΩ  24.46 mΩ = 0.54 mΩ

Part b: 24.45 mΩ  23.91 mΩ = 0.55 mΩ
Linear 40°F  23.91 mΩ  0.55 mΩ = 23.36 mΩ
5
d. °C = (30  32) = 34.44°
9
234.5  21.11 234.5  34.44

25 m R2
(25 m)(200.06)
R2 = = 19.57 mΩ
255.61
Yes, 25 mΩ  19.57 mΩ = 5.43 mΩ
Chapter 3 19
5
e. °C = (120  32) = 48.89°
9
234.5  21.11 234.5  48.89

25 m R2
(25 m)(283.39)
R2 = = 27.72 mΩ
255.61
Yes, 2.72 mΩ
234.5  4 234.5  t2
23. a.  , t2 = 27.85C
1 1 .1 
234.5  4 234.5  t2
b.  , t2 = 210.65C
1 0.1 
24. a. 68F  20C

234.5+20 234.5  T2

1 2
2(254.5)
 234.5  T2
1
T2  274.5C
b. #10 = 0.9989 /1000
c. d mils  ACM  10,381 CM  101.89 mils

1 
din = 0.102 in 
10
1 1 1
25. a. 20 =   = 0.003929  0.00393
Ti  20C 234.5  20 254.5
b. R = R20[1 + 20(t  20C)]

1  = 0.8 [1 + 0.00393(t  20)]
1.25 = 1 + 0.00393t  0.0786
1.25  0.9214 = 0.00393t
0.3286 = 0.00393t
0.3286
t= = 83.61C
0.00393
26. R = R20[1 + 20(t  20C)]

= 0.4 [1 + 0.00393(16  20)] = 0.4 [1  0.01572] = 0.39 
20 Chapter 3
27. Table: 1000 of #12 copper wire = 1.588  @ 20C
5 5
C = (F  32) = (115  32) = 46.11C
9 9
R = R20[1 + 20(t  20C)]
= 1.588 [1 + 0.00393(46.11  20)]
= 1.75 
Rnominal 22 
28. R = 6
(PPM)( T) = (200)(65  20) = 0.198 
10 106
R = Rnominal + R = 22.198 
Rnominal 100 
29. R = 6
(PPM)( T) = (100)(50  20) = 0.30 
10 106
R = Rnominal + R = 100  + 0.30  = 100.30 
30. a. 2 times larger b. 4 times larger
31. 10 k  3.5 k = 6.5 k
32. 6.25 k and 18.75 k
33. 
34. a. 820   5%, 820   41 , 779   861 

b. 220   10%, 220   22 , 198   242 
c. 91 k  20%, 91 k  18.2 k, 77.8 k  109.2 k
d. 9.1 k  5%, 9100   455 , 8,645   9,555 k
e. 3.9 MΩ  20%, 3.9 MΩ  0.78 MΩ, 3.12 MΩ  4.68 M
35. a. 68  = Blue, Gray, Black, Silver

b. 0.33  = Orange, Orange, Silver, Silver
c. 22 k = Red, Red, Orange, Silver
d. 5.6 M = Green, Blue, Green, Silver
36. a. 10   20% 8 12 no overlap, continuance

15 Ω ± 20% 12 18
b. 10 Ω ± 10% 9 11 no overlap
15 Ω ± 10% 13.5 16.5
37. 470 Ω ± 10% = 470 Ω ± 47 Ω

= 423 Ω  517 Ω
Yes
38. No change
Chapter 3 21
39. a. 621 = 62  101  = 620  = 0.62 k
b. 333 = 33  103  = 33 k
c. Q2 = 3.9  102  = 390 
d. C6 = 1.2  106  = 1.2 M
1 1
40. a. G=  = 8.33 mS
R 120 
1
b. G= = 0.25 mS
4 k
1
c. G= = 0.46 S
2.2 M
Ga > Gb > Gc vs. Rc > Rb > Ra
41. a. Table 3.2, /1000 = 1.588 

1 1
G=  = 629.72 mS
R 1.588 
A 6529.9 CM (Table 3.2)
or G =  = 629.69 mS (Cu)
l (10.37)(1000)
6529.9 CM
b. G= = 384.11 mS (Al)
(17)(1000)
1 1 1
42. a. G1 = = 100 mS, G2 = = 50 mS, G3 = = 10 mS
10  20  100 
b. G2:G1 = 50 mS: 100 mS = 1:2 whereas R2:R1 = 20 Ω:10 Ω = 2:1. The rate of change is
the same although one is increasing and the other decreasing.
c. inverse  linear
2 5  2 l
43. A2 = 1 A1 = A1, l2 = 1   l1  1 , 2 = 1
3 3  3 3
A  l1 
1 1  3  A1 1
l A
 22 1  
G1 l1
 
G2 A2 1l1 A2  5  5
2 l1  A1 
l2 3 
G2 = 5G1 = 5(100 S) = 500 S
44. 
45. 
46. 
22 Chapter 3
47. 
1  2.54 cm 
48. in. = 0.083 in.   = 0.21 cm
12  1 in. 
d2
(3.14)(0.21 cm) 2
A=  = 0.035 cm2
4 4
RA (2 )(0.035 cm 2 )
l=  = 40,603 cm = 406.03 m
 1.724  106
1 "  2.54 cm   2.54 cm 

49. a.   = 1.27 cm, 3 in.   = 7.62 cm
2  1"   1 in . 
12 in.   2.54 cm 
4 ft    = 121.92 cm
 1 ft   1 in. 
l (1.724 x 10 -6)(121.92 cm)
R=  = 21.71 Ω
A (1.27 cm)(7.62 cm)
 (2.825  106 )(121.92 cm)

b. R=   = 35.59 Ω
A (1.27 cm)(7.62 cm)
c. increases
d. decreases
  250  106
50. Rs = = 100  d = = = 2.5 cm
d 100 100
R l (150 )(1/ 2 in.)

51. R = Rs l  w = s = = 0.15 in.
w R 500 
52. a. d = 1 in. = 1000 mils

ACM = (103 mils)2 = 106 CM
RA (1 m)(106 CM)
1 =  = 1 CM-/ft
l 103 ft
b. 1 in. = 2.54 cm
 d 2  (2.54 cm)2
A=  = 5.067 cm2
4 4
12 in.   2.54 cm 
l = 1000 ft    = 30,480 cm
 1 ft   1 in. 
RA (1 m)(5.067 cm 2 )
2 =  = 1.66  107 -cm
l 30,480 cm
Chapter 3 23
 2 1.66  107 -cm
c. k=  = 1.66  107
1 1 CM- / ft
53. 
54. 
55. 
56. 
57. 
58. a. 50C specific resistance  105 -cm

50C specific resistance  500 -cm
200C specific resistance  7 -cm
b. negative
c. No
  cm 300  30 270   cm
d. =    3.6 -cm/C
T 125  50 75 C
59. a. Log scale: 10 fc  3 k b. negative

100 fc  0.4 k
c. no—log scales imply linearity d. 1 k   30 fc

10 k   2 fc
R 10 k   1 k 
= = 321.43 /fc
fc 30 fc  2 fc
R
and = 321.43 /fc
 fc
60. a. @ 0.5 mA, V  195 V
@ 1 mA, V  200 V
@ 5 mA, V  215 V
b. Vtotal = 215 V  195 V = 20 V
c. 5 mA:0.5 mA = 10:1
compared to
215 V: 200 V = 1.08:1
24 Chapter 3
Chapter 4
1. V = IR = (5.6 mA)(220 ) = 1.23 V
V 24 V
2. I=  = 3.53 A
R 6.8 
V 24 V
3. R= = = 16 k
I 1.5 mA
V 12 V
4. I=  = 300 A
R 40 103 
5. V = IR = (3.6 A)(0.02 M) = 0.072 V = 72 mV
V 120 V
6. I=  = 2.4 mA
R 50 k
V 120 V
7. R= = = 54.55 
I 2.2 A
V 120 V
8. I=  = 15 mA
R 8 k
V 120 V
9. R= = = 28.57 
I 4.2 A
V 4.5 V
10. R= = = 36 
I 125 m A
V 24 mV
11. R= = = 1.2 k
I 20  A
12. V = IR = (12 A)(0.5 ) = 6 V
13. a. R=
V 120 V
= = 12.63   60 min   60 s 
b. t = 2 h   = 7200 s
I 9.5 A  1 h   1 min 
W = Pt = VIt
= (120 V)(9.5 A)(7200 s)
= 8.21  106 J
14. V = IR = (2.4 A)(3.3 M) = 7.92 V
15. 
Chapter 4 25
16. b. (0.13 mA)(500 h) = 65 mAh
17. 
18. 
19. 
W 540 J 540 J
20. P=   = 2.25 W
t 60 s 240 s
4 min
1 min
W 640 J
21. t=  = 16 s
P 40 J/s
 60 min   60 s 
22. a. 8 h   = 28,800 s
 1 h   1 min 
W = Pt = (2 W)(28,000 s) = 57.6 kJ
(2 W)(8 h)
b. kWh = = 16  103 kWh
1000
23. P = VI = (3 V)(1.4 A) = 4.20 W

W 12 J
t=  = 2.86 s
P 4.2 W
24. P = EI = (6 V)(750 mA) = 4.5 W
25. P = I2R = (7.2 mA)2 4 k = 207.36 mW
P 240 mW
26. P = I2R  I =  = 10.44 mA
R 2.2 k
P 2W
27. I=  = 129.10 mA
R 120 
V = IR = (129.10 mA)(120 ) = 15.49 V
E 22 V
28. I=  = 1.31 mA
R 16.8 k
P = I2R = (1.31 mA)2 16.8 k = 28.83 mW
  60 min   60 s  
W = Pt = (28.83 mW) 1 h     = 103.79 J
  1 h  1 min  
P 324 W
29. E=  = 120 V
I 2.7 A
26 Chapter 4
P 1W
30. I=  = 461.27 A
R 4.7 M
no
31. V= PR  (42 mW)(2.2 k)  92.40 = 9.61 V
P 100 W
32. 
P = VI, I = = 0.833 A
V 120 V
V 120 V
R=  = 144.06 
I 0.833 A
P 450 W
33. V=  = 120 V
I 3.75 A
V 120 V
R=  = 32 
I 3.75 A
P 0.4  103 W
34. a. P = EI and I =  = 0.13 mA
E 3V
b. Ah rating = (0.13 mA)(500 h) = 66.5 mAh
P 100 W
35. I=   5  103 = 70.71 mA
R 20 k
V = PR  (100 W)(20 k) = 1.42 kV
36. P = EI = (220 V)(30 A) = 6.6 kW

6.6 kW
PHP = = 8.85 HP
746 W/HP
 V 2   12 V  2
37. a. W = Pt =  t    60 s = 86.4 J
 R   10  
b. Energy doubles, power the same
 1 
4 weeks 
12 h  3
39.   [5 months] = 260 h
week  1 month 
 
(230 W)(260 h)
kWh = = 59.80 kWh
1000
 60 min   60 s 
W = Pt = (60 W)(10 h)  = 2.16 × 106 Ws
 1 h   1 min 
40. a.
Chapter 4 27
b. 1 Ws = 1 J  2.16 × 106 J
c. W = Pt = (60 W)(10 h) = 600 Wh
600 Wh
d. = 0.6 kWh
1000 W/1 kWh
e. Cost = (0.6 kWh)(11 ¢/kWh) = 6.6 ¢
Pt (1000)(kWh) (1000)(1200 kWh)

41. a. kWh = P  = 120 kW
1000 P 10 h
P 120  103 W
b. I=  = 576.92 A
E 208 V
c. Plost = Pi  Po = Pi  Pi = Pi(1  ) = 120 kW(1  0.82) = 21.6 kW

Pt (21.6 kW)(10 h)
kWhlost =  = 216 kWh
1000 1000
$1.00
42. #kWh = = 9.09
11¢
Pt (kWh)(1000) (9.09)(1000)
kWh = t  = 36.36 h
1000 P 250 W
(kWh)(1000) (11.11)(1000)
t=  = 2.32 h
P 4800
$74
43. a. = $2.39/day
31 days
$2.39 / day
b. = 16¢/h
15 h/day
16¢
c. = 1.45 kWh
11¢/kWh
1.45 kWh
d. = 24.16  24 bulbs
60 W
e. no
$1.00
44. = 9.09 kWh
11¢/kWh
9.09 kWh
= 48.61 h
187 W
28 Chapter 4
45. t = 5 h/day(365 days) = 1825 h
P  t (339 W)(1825 h)
kWh =  = 618.68 kWh
1000 1000
Cost = (618.68 kWh)(11¢/kWh) = $68.05
P  t (213 W)(1825 h)
kWh =  = 388.73 kWh
1000 1000
Cost = (388.73 kWh)(11¢/kWh) = $42.76
Cost Savings = $68.05  $42.76 = $25.29
P  t (78 W)(4 h/day)(31 days)

46. kWh =  = 9.67 kWh
1000 1000
Cost = (11¢/kWh)(9.67 kWh) = $1.06
47. a. P = EI = (120 V)(100 A) = 12 kW
 746 W 
b. PT = 5 hp   + 3000 W + 2400 W + 1000 W
 hp 
= 10,130 < 12,000 W (Yes)
c. W = Pt = (10.13 kW)(2 h) = 20.26 kWh
1 1h
(1600 W)(6 h)  (1200 W)(1/4 h)  (4800 W) h  (900 W) 10 min  (200 W)(2 h)  (50 W)(3.5 h)
2 60 min)
48. kWh =
1000
9600 Wh +300 Wh  2400 Wh + 150 Wh  400 Wh + 175 Wh
= = 13.025 kWh
1000
(13.025 kWh)(11¢/kWh) = 1.43¢
1h 1
(200 W)(4 h)  (6)(60 W)(6 h) + (1200 W) 20 min  (175 W)(3.5 h) + (250 W) 2 h  (30 W)(8 h)
60 min 6
49. kWh =
1000
800 Wh  2160 Wh + 400 Wh + 612.5 Wh + 541.67 Wh + 240 Wh
= = 4.754 kWh
1000
(4.754 kWh)(11¢/kWh) = 52.29¢
746 W
(0.5 hp)
Po hp 373
50. =  100%   100%   100% = 90.98%
Pi 410 W 410
Po P (1.8 hp)(746 W/hp)

51. = , Pi = o  = 1960.29 W
Pi  0.685
P 1960.29 W
Pi = EI, I = i  = 16.34 A
E 120 V
Chapter 4 29
Po (0.8 hp)(746 W/hp) 596.8
52. =  100%   100%   100% = 67.82%
Pi (4 A)(220 V) 880
53. a. Pi = EI = (120 V)(1.8 A) = 216 W

Pi = Po + Plost, Plost = Pi  Po = 216 W  50 W = 166 W
Po 50 W
b. % =  100% =  100% = 23.15%
Pi 216 W
Po Po (3.6 hp)(746 W/hp)

54. Pi = EI = I= = = 16.06 A
 E (0.76)(220 V)
(2 hp)(746 W/hp)
55. a. Pi = P o = = 1657.78 W
 0.9
b. Pi = EI = 1657.78 W
(110 V)I = 1657.78 W
1657.78 W
I= = 15.07 A
110 V
Po(2 hp)(746 W/hp)

c. Pi = = = 2131.43 W
 0.7
Pi = EI = 2131.43 W
(110 V)I = 2131.43 W
2131.43 W
I= = 19.38 A
110 V
Po (15 hp)(746 W/hp)

56. Pi = = = 12,433.33 W
 0.9
12, 433.33 W
I = Pi = = 56.52 A
E 220 V
57. T = 1  2
0.75 = 0.85  2
2 = 0.88
58. T = 1  2 = (0.87)(0.75) = 0.6525  65.25%
59. T = 1  2 = 0.78 = 0.92

0.78
2 = = 0.867  86.7%
0.9
30 Chapter 4
60. a. T = 1  2  3 = (0.93)(0.87)(0.21) = 0.170  17%
b. T = 1  2  3 = (0.93)(0.87)(0.80) = 0.647  64.7%

64.7%  17%
 100% = 280.59%
17%
Po
61. T = = 1  2 = 1  21 = 212
Pi
Po Po 128 W
12   1 =  = 0.4
2 Pi 2 Pi 2(400 W)
2 = 21 = 2(0.4) = 0.8
 2 = 40%, 2 = 80%
Chapter 4 31
Chapter 5
1. a. E and R1
b. R1 and R2
c. E1, E2, and R1
d. E1 and R1; E2, R3 and R4
e. R3, R4 and R5; E and R1
f. R2 and R3
2. a. RT = 0.1 k + 0.39 k + 1.2 k + 6.8 kΩ = 8.49 k

b. RT = 1.2  + 2.7  + 8.2  = 12.1 
c. RT = 8.2 k + 10 k + 9.1 k + 1.8 k + 2.7 k = 31.8 k
d. RT = 47  + 820  + 91  + 1.2 k = 2158.0 
3. a. RT = 1.2 k + 1 k + 2.2 k + 3.3 k = 7.7 k

b. RT = 1 k + 2 k + 3 k + 4.7 k + 6.8 k = 17.5 k
4. a. 1 M
b. 100 , 1 k
c. RT = 100  + 1 k + 1 M + 200 k = 1.2011 M vs. 1.2 M for part b.
5. a. RT = 10  + 33  + 56 Ω, Reading = 99 
b. RT = 2.2 k + 0.82 kΩ + 1.2 k + 3.3 k, Reading = 7.52 k
6. a. RT = 129 k = R + 56 k + 22 k + 33 k, Reading = 18 k

b. RT = 103 k = 24 k + R1 + 43 k + 2R1 = 67 k + 3R1, R1 = 12 k
R2 = 24 k
7. a. 1.2 k
b. 0
c. 
8. a. RT = 10  + 12  + 18  = 40 
E 72 V
b. Is =  = 1.8 A
RT 40 
c. V1 = I1R1 = (1.8 A)(10 ) = 18 V, V2 = I2R2 = (1.8 A)(12 ) = 21.6 V,
V3 = I3R3 = (1.8 A)(18 ) = 32.4 V
d. Ps = EIs = (72 V)(1.8 A) = 129.6 W
e. P18 = V3I3 = (32.4 V)(1.8 A) = 58.32 W
9. a. the most: R3, the least: R1

b. R3, RT = 1.2 k + 6.8 k + 82 k = 90 k
E 45 V
Is =  = 0.5 mA
RT 90 k
c. V1 = I1R1 = (0.5 mA)(1.2 k) = 0.6 V, V2 = I2R2 = (0.5 mA)(6.8 k) = 3.4 V,
V3 = I3R3 = (0.5 mA)(82 k) = 41 V, results agree with part (a)
32 Chapter 5
d. Ps = EIs = (72 V)(1.8 A) = 129.6 W
e. P18Ω = V3I3 = (32.4 V)(1.8 A) = 58.32 W
10. a. RT = 12 k + 4 k + 6 k = 22 k
E = IRT = (4 mA)(22 k) = 88 V
b. RT = 12  + 22  + 82  + 10  = 126 
E = IRT = (500 mA)(126 ) = 63 V
V 5.2 V
11. a. a. I=  =4A
R 1.3 
b. E = IRT = (4 A)(9 ) = 36 V
c. RT = 9  = 4.7  + 1.3  + R, R=3
d. V4.7  = (4 A)(4.7 ) = 18.8 V
V1.3  = (4 A)(1.3 ) = 5.2 V
V3  = (4 A)(3 ) = 12 V
V 6.6 V
b. a. I=  = 3 mA
R 2.2 k
b. V3.3 k = (3 mA)(3.3 k) = 9.9 V
E = 6.6 V + 9 V + 9.9 V = 25.5 V
V 9V
c. R=  = 3 k
I 3 mA
d. V2.2 k = 6.6 V, V3 k = 9 V, V3.3 k = 9.9 V
E 36 V 1 1
12. a. Im =  = 8.18 mA, Vm = E  (36 V) = 18 V
RT 4.4 k 2 2
b. RT = 1 k + 2.4 k + 5.6 k = 9 k
E 22.5 V
Im =  = 2.5 mA, Vm = 2.5 mA(2.4 k + 5.6 k) = 20 V
RT 9 k
3.3 k(12 V)
c. V3.3kΩ = = 8.8 V
4.5 k
Vm = 12 V  8.8 V = 3.2 V
12 V
Im = = 2.67 mA
4.5 k
13. a. RT = 3 k + 1 k + 2 k = 6 k
E 120 V
Is =  = 20 mA
RT 6 k
VR1 = (20 mA)(3 k) = 60 V
VR2 = (20 mA)(1 k) = 20 V
VR3 = (20 mA)(2 k) = 40 V
Chapter 5 33
b. PR1 = I12 R1 = (20 mA)2  3 k = 1.2 W
PR2 = I 22 R2 = (20 mA)2  1 k = 0.4 W
PR3 = I 32 R3 = (20 mA)2  2 k = 0.8 W
c. PT = PR1  PR2  PR3 = 1.2 W + 0.4 W + 0.8 W = 2.4 W
d. PT = EIs = (120 V)(20 mA) = 2.4 W
e. the same
f. R1  the largest
g. dissipated
h. R1: 2 W, R2 : 1/2 W, R3: 1 W
14. P = 21 W = (1 A)2R, R = 21 
V1 = I1R1 = (1 A)(2 ) = 2 V, V2 = I2R2 = (1 A)(1 ) = 1 V
V3 = I3R3 = (1 A)(21 ) = 21 V
E = V1 + V2 + V3 = 2 V + 1 V + 21 V = 24 V
15 P = 8 W = I21 , I = 8 = 2.828 A
P = 16 W = I2R1 = (2 .828 A)2R1, R1 = 2 
RT = 32  = 2  + R2 + 1  = 3  + R2, R2 = 29 
E = IRT = (2.828 A)(32 ) = 90.5 V
 1 
16. a. RT = NR1 = 8 28   = 225 
 8 
E 120 V
I=  = 0.53 A
RT 225 
2
8   1   64  225 
b. P = I2R =  A   28       =8W
 15   8   225  8 
 8  225 
c. V = IR =  A    = 15 V
 15  8 
d. All go out!
34 Chapter 5
17. Ps = PR1  PR2  PR3
EI = I2R1 + I2R2 + 24
(R1 + R2)I2  EI + 24 = 0
6I2  24 I + 24 = 0
I2  4 I + 4 = 0
 (4)  (4) 2  4(1)(4) 4  16  16 4
I=   =2A
2(1) 2 2
24 
P = 24 W = (2 A)2R, R = =6
4
18. a. Vab + 4 V + 24 V  12 V = 0, Vab = 28 V + 12 V = 16 V

b. Vab + 4 V + 8 V  16 V = 0, Vab = 16 V  12 V = 4 V
c. Vab + 12 V  18 V + 6 V  12 V = 0, Vab = 30 V  18 V = 12 V
12 V
19. a. ET = 8 V  16 V + 20 V = 12 V, I = = 1.17 A
10.3 
2V
b. ET = 4 V + 18 V  12 V = 2 V, I  = 173.91 mA
11.5 
8 mW 8 mW
20. a. P = 8 mW = I2R, R = 2
 = 2 k
I (2 mA)2
E 20 V  E
I=  = 2 mA (CW), E = 10 V
RT 3 k  2 k
16 V V 12 V
b. I= = 8 mA, R =  = 1.5 k
2 k I 8 mA
E E  4 V  10 V E  14 V
I=   = 8 mA (CCW)
RT 2 k   1 .5 k  3.5 k
E = 42 V
21. a. +10 V + 4 V  12 V  V = 0
V = 14 V  12 V = 2 V
b. +30 V + 20 V  8 V  V = 0
V = 50 V  8 V = 42 V
c. 6 V  22 V  V1 + 36 V = 0
V = 36 V  28 V = 8 V
12 V
22. a. I= = 1.5 A
8
b. V2 = IR = (1.5 A)(2 Ω) = 3 V
c. 60 V  12 V  V1  3 V = 0
V1 = 60 V  15 V = 45 V
Chapter 5 35
23. a. +10 V  V2 = 0
V2 = 10 V
+10 V  6 V  V1 = 0
V1 = 4 V
b. +24 V  10 V  V1 = 0
V1 = 14 V
+10 V  V2 + 8 V = 0
V2 = 18 V
24. a. V1.8Ω = IR = (3 A)(1.8 Ω) = 5.4 V

24 V  V1  10 V  5.4 V = 0, V1 = 24 V  15.4 V = 8.6 V
V2.7Ω = IR = (3 A)(2.7 Ω) = 8.1 V
10 V  8.1 V  V2 = 0
V2 = 10 V  8.1 V = 1.9 V
b. + 10 V  V1 + 6 V  2 V  3 V = 0, V1 = 11 V
+10 V  V2  3 V = 0, V2 = 7 V
1 V 50 V (50 V)(2 )
25.  , R2 = = 100 
2 R2 1V
1 V 100 V (100 V)(2 )
 , R3 = = 200 
2 R3 1V
26. a. 10 k
b. V3: V2 = 10 k:1 k = 10:1
V3: V1 = 10 k:100  = 100:1
RE (10 k)(60 V)
c. V3 = 3  = 54.05 V
RT 0.1 k  1 k  10 k
( R  R3 ) E (1 k  10 k)(60 V)
d. V = 2  = 59.46 V
RT 11.1 k
40 (30 V)
27. a. V= = 20 V
40   20 
(2 k  3 k)(40 V) (5 k)(40 V)
b. V=  = 20 V
4 k  1 k  2 k  3 k 10 k
(1.5   0.6   0.9 )(0.72 V) (3 )(0.72 V)

c.  = 0.36 V
(2.5   1.5   0.6   0.9   0.5 ) 6 k
36 Chapter 5
V1 20 V (1.2 )(20 V)
28. a.  , V1 = = 12 V
1.2  2  2
V2 20 V (6.8 )(20 V)
 , V2 = = 68 V
6.8  2  2
E = V1 + 20 V + V2 = 12 V + 20 V + 68 V = 100 V
b. 120 V  V1  80 V = 0, V1 = 40 V
80 V  10 V  V3 = 0, V3 = 70 V
1000 V V 68 (1000 V)
c.  2 , V2 = = 680 V
100  68  100 
1000 V V1 2 (1000 V)
 , V1 = = 20 V
100  2  100 
E = V1 + V2 + 1000 V
= 20 V + 680 V + 1000 V
= 1700 V
d. V1 = 0 V
10 k(50 V  30 V)
V2 =
10 k  3.3 k  4.7 k
10 k(20 V)
= = 11.11 V
18 k
Vx = E1  V3.3kΩ
3.3 k(20 V)
V3.3kΩ =
18 k
= 3.67 V
Vx = 50 V  3.67 V = 46.33 V
2V V 2 k(2 V)
29.  2 , V2 = =4V
1 k 2 k 1 k
2V V 3 k(2 V)
 4 , V4 = =6V
1 k 3 k 1 k
2V
I= = 2 mA
1 k
E = 2 V + 4 V + 12 V + 6 V = 24 V
Chapter 5 37
R (20 V)
30. a. 4V=
2.2 k  1.8 k  R
4(4 kΩ + R) = 20R
16 kΩ + 4R = 20R
16R = 16 kΩ
16
R= k = 1 kΩ
16
(6 M  R )(140 V)
b. 100 V =
6 M  R  3 M
100(9 MΩ + R) = 840 MΩ + 140R
900 MΩ + 100R = 840 MΩ + 140R
40R = 60 MΩ
60
R= M = 1.5 MΩ
40
8V
31. a. Rbulb = = 160 
50 mA
R (12 V) 160 (12 V)
Vbulb = 8 V = bulb  , Rx = 80  in series with the bulb
Rbulb  Rx 160   Rx
V 2 (4 V) 2
b. VR = 12 V  8 V = 4 V, P =  = 0.2 W, 1/4 W okay
R 80 
32. VR1  VR2 = 72 V

1
VR  VR2 = 72 V
5 2
 1 72 V
VR2 1   = 72 V, VR2  = 60 V
 5 1.2
VR 60 V VR 72 V  60 V 12 V
R2 = 2  = 15 k, R1 = 1   = 3 k
I R2 4 mA I R1 4 mA 4 mA
33. RT = R1 + R2 + R3 = 2R3 + 7R3 + R3 = 10R3

R (60 V)
VR3 = 3 = 6 V, VR1 = 2VR3 = 2 (6 V) = 12 V, VR2  7VR3 = 7(6 V) = 42 V
10 R3
34. a. VR3  4VR2 = 4(3VR1 )  12VR1

64 V
E = VR1  3VR1  12VR1 RT = R1 + 3R1 + 12R1 = 16R1 = = 6.4 k
10 mA
6.4 k
R1 = = 400 , R2 = 3R1 = 1.2 k, R3 = 12R1 = 4.8 k
16
38 Chapter 5
64 V 6.4 M
b. RT = = 6.4 M, R1 = = 400 k, R2 = 1.2 M, R3 = 4.8 M
10 A 16
I1 10 mA R  400 k
 = 103 and 1  = 103 also
I  10  A R1 400 
35. a. Va = 12 V + 5 V = 17 V
Vb = 5 V + 16 V = 21 V
Vab = 17 V  21 V = 4 V
b. Va = 14 V
Vb = 14 V + 6 V + 10 V = 30 V
Vab = 14 V  30 V = 16 V
c. Va = 10 V + 3 V = 13 V
Vb = 8 V
Vab = 13 V  (8 V) = 21 V
60 V + 20 V 80 V
36. a. I =  = 0.8 A
18   82  100 
Va = 60 V  I(18 Ω) = 60 V  (0.8 A)(18 Ω) = 60 V  14.4 V = 45.6 V
 100 V + 60 V 160 V
I =  = 20 mA
2 k  2 k  2 k  2 k 8 k
Va = 10 V  I(2 kΩ) = 100 V  (20 mA)(2 kΩ) = 100 V  40 V = 60 V
47 V  20 V 27 V
37. I= = = 3 mA (CCW)
2k +3k + 4k 9k
V2k = 6 V, V3k = 9 V, V4k = 12 V
a. Va = 20 V, Vb = 20 V + 6 V = 26 V, Vc = 20 V + 6 V + 9 V = 35 V
Vd = 12 V, Ve = 0 V
b. Vab = 6 V, Vdc = 47 V, Vcb = 9 V
c. Vac = 15 V, Vdb = 47 V + 9 V = 38 V
4 V + 4 V 8V VR 12 V  4 V 8 V
38. I R2 =  = 1 A, R1 = 1 =  = 8 Ω,
8 8 I 1A 1A
VR 8V 4V 4V
R3 = 3 =  =4Ω
I 1A 1A
Chapter 5 39
39. VR2 = 48 V  12 V = 36 V
VR2 36 V
R2 = = = 2.25 k
I 16 mA
VR3 = 12 V  0 V = 12 V
VR3 12 V
R3 = = = 0.75 k
I 16 mA
VR4 = 20 V
VR4 20 V
R4 = = = 1.25 k
I 16 mA
VR1  E  VR2  VR3  VR4
= 100 V  36 V  12 V  20 V = 32 V
VR 32 V
R1 = 1 = = 2 k
I 16 mA
40. a. Va = 8 V + 14 V = +6 V, Vb = 14 V
Vc = +I(10 Ω)  6 V with
14 V + 6 V 20 V
I=  =1A
10   10  20 
Therefore, Vc = (1 A)(10 Ω)  6 V = 10 V  6 V = 4 V
Vd = 0 V
b. Vab = Va  Vb = 6 V  14 V = 8 V
Vcb= Vc  Vb = 4 V  14 V = 10 V
Vcd = Vc  Vd = 4 V  0 V = 4 V
c. Vad = Va  Vd = 6 V  0 V = 6 V
Vca = Vc  Va = 4 V  6 V = 2 V
41. V0 = 0 V, V4 = (2 kΩ)(6 mA) + 3 V = 12 V + 3 V = 15 V, V7 = 4 V

V10 = V1  V0 = 12 V  0 V = 12 V, V23 = V2  V3 = 4 V  (8 V) = 4 V + 8 V = 12 V
V30 = V3  V0 = 8 V  0 V = 8 V, V67 = V6  V7 = 4 V  4 V = 0 V
4 V + 8 V 12 V
V56 = V5  V6 = 3 V  4 V = 1 V, I =  =3A
4 4
42. V0 = 0 V, V03 = V0  V3 = 0 V  0 V = 0 V, V2 = (3 mA)(3.3 kΩ) = 9.9 V

V23 = V2  V3 = 9.9 V  0 V = 9.9 V, V12 = V1  V2 = 20 V  9.9 V = 10.1 V
 Ii   Io
Ii = 4 mA + 3 mA + 10 mA = 17 mA
40 Chapter 5
43. a. VL = ILRL = (2 A)(28 ) = 56 V
Vint = 60 V  56 V = 4 V
V 4V
Rint = int  =2
I 2A
VNL  VFL 60 V  56 V
b. VR =  100% =  100% = 7.14%
VFL 56 V
3.3 (12 V) 39.6 V

44. a. VL =  = 11.85 V
3.3   43 m 3.343 
VNL  VFL 12 V  11.85 V

b. VR =  100% =  100% = 1.27%
VFL 11.85 V
11.85 V
c. Is = IL = = 3.59 A
3.3 
Ps = EIs = (12 V)(3.59 A) = 43.08 W
Pint = I2Rint = (3.59 A)2 43  = 0.554 W
E 12 V 12 V
45. a. I=   = 1.36 mA
RT 2 k  6.8 k 8.8 k
E 12 V 12 V
b. I=   = 1.33 mA
RT 8.8 k  0.25 k 9.05 k
c. not for most applications.
Chapter 5 41
Chapter 6
1. a. R2 and R3
b. E and R3
c. R2 and R3
d. R2 and R3
e. E, R1, R2, R3, and R4
f. E, R1, R2, and R3
g. E2, R2 and R3
2. a. R3 and R4, R5 and R6

b. E and R1, R6 and R7
(36 )(18 )
3. a. RT = = 12 
36   18 
1 1
b. RT = 
1

1

1 1  10 S  0.5  103 S  33.33  106 S
3
1 k 2 k 30 k
1
= = 0.652 k
1.533  103 S
1 1 1
c. RT =  
1

1

1 833.33  10 S  8.33  10 S  83.33  10 S 92.49  103 S
6 3 3
1.2  120 k 12 k
= 10.81 
18 k
d. RT = = 6 k
3
(6 k)(6 k)
RT = = 3 k
6 k  6 k
22  10 
e. RT = = 5.5 , RT  = =5
4 2
(5.5 )(5 )
RT = = 2.62 
5.5   5 
1 1
f. RT = 
1

1

1 1000  10 S  1  10 3 S  0.001  103 S
3
1  1 k 1 M
1
= = 0.99 
1001.001  10 3 S
1 1
4. a. RT = 
1

1

1 1  10 S  0.833  103 S  3.333  10 3 S
 3
1 k  1 .2 k  0 .3 k 
1
= = 193.57 
5.166  10 3 S
42 Chapter 6
1 1
b. RT = 
1

1

1

1 1  10 S  0.833  10 S  0.455  10 3 S  1  103 S
3 3
1 k 1.2 k 2.2 k 1 k
1
= = 304.14 
3.288  103 S
5. a. RT = 3   6  = 2 
(2 )( R )
RT = 1.6  = , R=8
2R
6 k
b. RT = = 2 k
3
(2 k)( R)
RT = 1.8 k = , R = 18 k
2 k  R
(20 k)( R )
c. RT = 5.08 k = , R = 6.8 k
20 k  R
1 1
d. RT = 1.02  = 
1 1 1 1
  416.67  10 6 S +  147.06  10 6 S
2.4 k R 6.8 k R
1.02 kΩ =
1
1
563.73  106 
R
1.020 k 
575 × 103 + =1
R
1.020 k
R= = 2.4 kΩ
425  103
RT = 6 kΩ =
R1
e.
4
R1 = 24 kΩ
6. a. 1.2 k
b. about 1 k
1
c. RT =
1 1 1 1
  
1.2 k 22 k 220 k 2.2 M
1
=
833.333  10 S  45.455  10 S  4.545  10 6 S  0.455  10 6 S
6 6
1
= = 1.131 k
883.788  10 6 S
(1.2 k)(22 k)
d. 220 k, 2.2 M: RT = = 1.138 k
1.2 k  22 k
e. RT reduced.
Chapter 6 43
1 1 1
7. a. RT =   = 1.18 
1

1

1 0.25 S + 0.50 S  0.10 S 0.85 S
4  2  10 
b. 
c. RT = 3 Ω  6 Ω = 2 
8. 24   24  = 12 
1 1 1 1
  
RT R1 12  120 
1
0.1 S = + 0.08333 S + 0.00833 S
R1
1
0.1 S = + 0.09167 S
R1
1
= 0.1 S  0.09167 S = 0.00833 S
R1
1
R1 = = 120 
0.00833 S
(8 )(24 )
9. a. RT = =6
8   24 
b. VR1  VR2 = 36 V
E 36 V
c. Is =  =6A
RT 6
VR 36 V
I1  1  = 4.5 A
R1 8
VR 36 V
I2  2  = 1.5 A
R2 24 
d. Is = I1 + I2
6 A = 4.5 A + 1.5 A = 6 A (checks)
VR1 18 V VR 18 V VR 18 V
10. a. I1 =  = 6 A, I2 = 2  = 2 A, I3 = 3  = 0.5 A
R1 3 R2 9 R3 36 
1 1
b. RT = 
1

1

1 0. 333 S  0 . 111 S  0.028 S
3  9  36 
1
= = 2.12 
472  103 S
E 18 V
c. Is =  = 8.5 A
RT 2.12 
44 Chapter 6
d. Is = I1 + I2 + I3 = 6 A + 2 A + 0.5 A = 8.5 A
e. they match
VR1 24 V VR 24 V
11. a. I R1   = 2.4 mA, I R2  2  = 20 mA,
R1 10 k R 2 1.2 k
VR3 24 V
I R3   = 3.53 mA
R3 6.8 k
1 1
b. RT = 
1

1

1 100  10 S  833.333  106 S  147.06  106 S
6
10 k 1.2 k 6.8 k
1
= = 925.93 
1.08  103 S
E 24 V
c. Is =  = 25.92 mA
RT 925.93 
d. Is = I1 + I2 + I3 = 2.4 mA + 20 mA + 3.53 mA = 25.93 mA
e. they match
12. a. RT  900 
1
b. RT =
1 1 1 1
  
20 k 10 k 1 k 91 k
1
=
50  10 S  100  10 S  1  103 S  10.99  106 S
6 6
1
= = 862.07 , very close
1.16  103 S
c. I3 the most, I4 the least
VR1 60 V VR 60 V
d. I R1   = 3.0 mA, I R2  2  = 6 mA
R1 20 k R2 10 k
VR 60 V VR 60 V
I R3  3  = 60.0 mA, I R4  4  = 0.659 mA
R3 1 k R4 91 k
E 60 V
e. Is =  = 69.6 mA
RT 862.07 k
Is = 3 mA + 6 mA + 60 mA + 0.659 mA = 69.66 mA (checks)
f. always greater
Chapter 6 45
(18 )( R2 )
13. a. RT = 6 Ω =
18   R2
108 Ω + 6R2 = 18R2
12R2 = 108 Ω
108 
R2 = =9Ω
12
V 2 E2 E2
b. P = 81 W =  
R R 9
and E2 = (9)(81)
or E = 729 = 27 V
V 2 E2
14. a. P=  and E = PR  (100 W)(4 )  400 = 20 V
R R
E 20 V
b. R2 =  = 10 Ω
I2 2A
V1 E 20 V
c. I1 =   =2A
R1 R1 10 
20 V
d. Is = I1 + I2 + I3 = 2 A + 2 A + =4A+5A=9A
4
e. Ps = EIs = (20 V)(9 A) = 180 W
E 2 (20 V) 2 E 2 (20 V) 2 400 W

f. PR1   = 40 W, PR2    = 40 W,
R1 10  R2  20 V  10
 
2A 
g. Ps = P1 + P2 + P3
180 W = 40 W + 40 W + 100 W = 180 W (checks)
(20 )(10.8 A)
15. I3 = =9A
20   4 
E = VR3  I 3 R3  (9 A)(4 ) = 36 V
I R1 = 12.3 A  10.8 A = 1.5 A
VR1 36 V
R1 =  = 24 
I R1 1.5 A
16. a. V = 48 V
48 V
b. I2 = = 2.67 mA
18 k
46 Chapter 6
48 V 48 V
c. Is =   I 2 = 16 mA + 4 mA + 2.67 mA = 22.67 mA
3 k 12 k
V 2 E 2 (48 V)2
d. P=   = 192 mW
R R 12 k
VR2 E 12 V
17. a. I R2  = 4 A  1 A = 3 A, R2 =   =4Ω
I2 I2 3 A
VR3 E 12 V
b. R3 =   = 12 Ω
I3 I3 1 A
12 V
c. I1  = 6 A, Is = I1 + 4 A = 6 A + 4 A = 10 A
2
18. 
1 1
19. a. RT = 
1

1

1 1000  10 S  212.77  106 S  100  106 S
6
1 k 4.7 k 10 k
1
= = 761.61 
1.313  103 S
VR 60 V VR 60 V
I R1  1  = 60 mA, I R2  2  = 12.77 mA
R1 1 k R2 4.7 k
VR3 60 V
I R3   = 6 mA
R3 10 k
b. PR1  VR1  I R1 = (60 V)(60 mA) = 3.6 W

PR2  VR2  I R2 = (60 V)(12.77 mA) = 766.2 mW
PR3  VR3  I R3 = (60 V)(6 mA) = 360 W
E 60 V
c. Is =  = 78.78 mA
RT 761.61 
Ps = EsIs = (60 V)(78.78 mA) = 4.73 W
d. Ps = 4.73 W = 3.6 W + 766.2 mW + 360 mW = 4.73 W (checks)
e. R1 = the smallest parallel resistor
E 120 V
20. a. Ibulb =  = 66.667 mA
Rbulb 1.8 k
R 1.8 k
b. RT =  = 225 
N 8
E 120 V
c. Is =  = 0.533 A
RT 225 
Chapter 6 47
V 2 (120 V)2
d. P=  =8W
R 1.8 k
e. Ps = 8(8 W) = 64 W
f. none, Is drops by 66.667 mA
21. Network redrawn:
RT = 3.33 Ω  7.5 Ω = 2.31 Ω

E 2 (60 V)2
Ps =  = 1.56 kW
RT 2.31 
22. a. 5 × 60 W = 300 W
300 W
Ibulbs = = 2.5 A
120 V
1200 W
Imicro = = 10 A
120 V
320 W
ITV = = 2.67 A
120 V
25 W
IDVD = = 208.33 mA
120 V
b. Is =  I = 2.5 A + 10 A + 2.67 A + 208.33 mA = 15.38 A

No
E 120 V
c. RT =  = 7.8 Ω
I s 15.38 A
d. Ps = E Is = (120 V)(15.38 A) = 1,845.60 W
e. Ps = 1845.60 W = 300 W + 1200 W + 320 W + 25 W = 1845 W (checks)
48 Chapter 6
23. a. 8   12  = 4.8 , 4.8   4  = 2.182 
24 V  8 V
I1 = = 14.67 A
2.182 
V 2 (24 V  8 V) 2
b. P4 =  = 256 W
R 4
c. I2 = I1 = 14.67 A
24. Is = 8 mA + 6 mA = 14 mA
I2 = 6 mA  2 mA = 4 mA
25. a.  Ii   Io
2A+3A+9A=6A+I
14 A = 6 A + I
I = 14 A  6 A = 8 A
b.  Ii   Io
8 mA = 2 mA + I1
I1 = 8 mA  2 m A = 6 mA
 Ii   Io
I1 + 9 mA = I2
I2 = 6 mA + 9 mA = 15 mA
 Ii   Io
I2 = 10 mA + I3
I3 = 15 mA  10 mA = 5 mA
26. a.  Ii   Io
8 A = 3 A + I2
I2 = 8 A  3 A = 5 A, I3 = 3 A
 Ii   Io
I2 + I3 = I4
I4 = 5 A + 3 A = 8 A
b.  Ii   Io
Is = 36 mA + 4 mA = 40 mA
 Ii   Io
36 mA = I3 + 20 mA
I3 = 36 mA  20 mA = 16 mA
 Ii   Io
4 mA + 20 mA = I4
I4 = 24 mA
I5 = Is = 40 mA
Chapter 6 49
27. I R2 = 5 mA  2 mA = 3 mA
E = VR2 = (3 mA)(4 k) = 12 V
VR1 12 V 12 V
R1 =   = 3 k
I R1 (9 mA  5 mA) 4 mA
VR3 12 V
R3 =  = 6 k
I R3 2 mA
E 12 V
RT =  = 1.33 k
I T 9 mA
E 10 V
28. a. R1 =  =5
I1 2 A
I2 = I  I1 = 3 A  2 A = 1 A
E 10 V
R=  = 10 
I2 1A
b. E = I1R1 = (2 A)(6 ) = 12 V
E 12 V
I2 =  = 1.33 A
R2 9
P 12 W
I3 =  =1A
V 12 V
E 12 V
R3 =  = 12 
I3 1A
I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 2 A + 1.33A + 1 A = 4.33 A
64 V
29. a. I1 = = 64 mA
1 k
64 V
I3 = = 16 mA
4 k
Is = I1 + I2 + I3
I2 = Is  I1  I3 = 100 mA  64 mA  16 mA = 20 mA
E 64 V
R=  = 3.2 k
I 2 20 mA
I = I2 + I3 = 20 mA + 16 mA = 36 mA
50 Chapter 6
V12
b. P=  V1  PR1  (30 W)(30 ) = 30 V
R1
E = V1 = 30 V
E 30 V
I1 =  =1A
R1 30 
Because R3 = R2, I3 = I2 , and Is = I1 + I2 + I3 = I1 + 2I2
2 A = 1 A + 2I2
1
I2 = (1 A) = 0.5 A
2
I3 = 0.5 A
E 30 V
R2 = R3 =  = 60 
I 2 0.5 A
PR2  I 22 R2 = (0.5 A)2  60  = 15 W
6 1 1
30. I2 = I1  I1 = (9 A) = 4.5 A
12  2 2
6
I3 = I1  3I1 = 3(9 A) = 27 A
2
6 1 1
I4 = I1  I1 = (9 A) = 3 A
18  3 3
IT = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 9 A + 4.5 A + 27 A + 3 A = 43.5 A
8 k(20 mA )
31. a. I1 = = 16 mA
2 k  8 k
I2 = 20 mA  16 mA = 4 mA
1 k( IT ) 1 k( IT )
b. I2.4kΩ = 2.5 A = 
1 k  2.4 k 3.4 k
3.4 k(2.5 A)
and IT = = 8.5 A
1 k
I1 = IT  2.5 A = 8.5 A  2.5 A = 6 A
1 1
32. a. RT = =
1 1 1 250  10 S  125  103 S  83.333  10 3 S
 3
 
4  8  12 
1
= = 2.18 
458.333  103
R 2.18 
Ix = T I, I1 = (6 A) = 3.27 A
Rx 4
2.18 
I2 = (6 A) = 1.64 A
8
2.18 
I3 = (6 A) = 1.09 A
12 
I4 = 6 A
Chapter 6 51
b. 4 Ω  4 Ω = 2 Ω
20 (8 A) 20 (8 A)
I2 =  = 5.33 A
20   2   8  30 
I 5.33 A
I1 = 2  = 2.67 A
2 2
I3 = 8 A  I2 = 8 A  5.33 A = 2.67 A
I4 = 8 A
9
33. a. I1  (10 A) = 9 A
10
I1 9 A
b. I1/I2 = 10 /1  = 10, I2 =   0.9 A
10 10
c. I1/I3 = 1 k/1  = 1000, I3 = I1/1000 = 9 A/1000  9 mA
d. I1/I4 = 100 k/1  = 100,000, I4 = I1/100,000 = 9 A/100,000  90 A
e. very little effect, 1/100,000
1
f. RT =
1 1 1 1
  
1  10  1 k 100 k
1
=
1 S  0.1 S  1  10 3 S  10  10 6 S
1
= = 0.91 
1.10 S
R 0.91 
Ix = T I , I1 = (10 A) = 9.1 A excellent (9 A)
Rx 1
0.91 
g. I2 = (10 A) = 0.91 A excellent (0.9 A)
10 
0.91 
h. I3 = (10 A) = 9.1 mA excellent (9 mA)
1 k
0.91 
i. I4 = (10 A) = 91 A excellent (90 A)
100 k
3 I (39 )(1 A)
34. a. CDR: I36 = = 1 A, I = = 13 A = I2
3   36  3
I1 = I  1 A = 13 A  1 A = 12 A
b. I3 = I = 24 mA, V12kΩ = IR = (4 mA)(12 kΩ) = 48 V

V 48 V
I2 =  = 12 mA
R 4 k
I1 = I 4 mA  I2
= 24 mA  4 mA  12 mA
= 8 mA
52 Chapter 6
35. a. R = 3(2 k) = 6 k
6 k(32 mA)
b. I1 = = 24 mA
6 k  2 k
I 24 mA
I2 = 1  = 8 mA
3 3
36. 84 mA = I1 + I2 + I3 = I1 + 2I1 + 2I2 = I1 + 2I1 + 2(2I1)

84 mA = I1 + 2I1 + 4I1 = 7I1
84 mA
and I1 = = 12 mA
7
I2 = 2I1 = 2(12 mA) = 24 mA
I3 = 2I2 = 2(24 mA) = 48 mA
VR 24 V
R1 = 1  = 2 k
I1 12 mA
VR 24 V
R2 = 2  = 1 k
I2 24 mA
VR 24 V
R3 = 3  = 0.5 k
I 3 48 mA
37. a. PL = VLIL
72 W = 12 V  IL
72 W
IL = =6A
12 V
I 6A
I1 = I2 = L  =3A
2 2
b. Psource = EI = (12 V)(3 A) = 36 W
c. Ps1  Ps2 = 36 W + 36 W = 72 W (the same)
d. Idrain = 6 A (twice as much)
38. RT = 8   56  = 7 
E 12 V
I2 = I3 =  = 1.71 A
RT 7
1 1
I1 = I 2  (1.71 A) = 0.86 A
2 2
16 V
39. I8  = = 2 A, I = 5 A  2 A = 3 A
8
V 16 V
IR = 5 A + 3 A = 8 A, R = R  =2
IR 8A
Chapter 6 53
E 12 V 12 V
40. a. Is =   = 1.188 mA
RT 0.1 k  10 k 10.1 k
VL = IsRL = (1.19 mA)(10 k) = 11.90 V
12 V
b. Is = = 120 mA
100 
c. VL = E = 12 V
4.7 k(9 V) 42.3V

41. a. VL =  = 6.13 V
4.7 k  2.2 k 6.9
b. VL = E = 9 V
c. VL = E = 9 V
20 V
42. a. I1 = = 5 A, I2 = 0 A
4
b. V1 = 0 V, V2 = 20 V
c. Is = I1 = 5 A
22 k(20 V)
43. a. V2 = = 16.48 V
22 k  4.7 k
b. RT = 11 M  22 k = 21.956 k
21.956 k(20 V)
V2 = = 16.47 V (very close to ideal)
21.956 k  4.7 k
c. Rm = 20 V[20,000 /V] = 400 k
RT = 400 k  22 k = 20.853 k
20.853 k(20 V)
V2 = = 16.32 V (still very close to ideal)
20.853 k  4.7 k
200 k(20 V)
d: a. V2 = = 13.33 V
200 k  100 k
b. RT = 200 k  11 M = 196.429 k

(196.429 k)(20 V)
V2 = = 13.25 V (very close to ideal)
196.429 k  100 k
c. Rm = 400 k
RT = 400 k  200 k = 133.333 k
(133.333 k)(20 V)
V2 = = 11.43 V (a 1.824 V drop from Rint = 11 M level)
133.333 k  100 k
e. DMM level of 11 M not a problem for most situations
VOM level of 400 k can be a problem for some situations.
54 Chapter 6
44. a. Vab = 20 V
11 M(20 V)
b. Vab = = 18.33 V
11 M  1 M
c. Rm = 200 V[20,000 /V] = 4 M
4 M(20 V)
Vab = = 16.0 V (significant drop from ideal)
4 M  1 M
Rm = 20 V[20,000 /V] = 400 k
400 k(20 V)
Vab = = 5.71 V (significant error)
400 k  1 M
45. not operating properly, 6 k not connected at both ends

6V
RT = = 1.71 k
3.5 mA
RT = 3 k  4 k = 1.71 k
46. Vab = E + I4 k  R4 k
12 V  4 V 8V
I4 k =  = 1.6 mA
1 k  4 k 5 k
Vab = 4 V + (1.6 mA)(4 k) = 4 V + 6.4 V = 10.4 V
4 V supply connected in reverse so that
12 V  4 V 16 V
I=  = 3.2 mA
1 k  4 k 5 k
and Vab = 12 V  (3.2 mA)(1 k) = 12 V  3.2 V = 8.8 V obtained
Chapter 6 55
Chapter 7
1. a. R1, R2,. and E are in series; R3, R4 and R5 are in parallel
b. E and R1 are in series; R2, R3 and R4 are in parallel.
c. E and R1 are in series; R2, R3 and R4 are in parallel.
d. E1 and R1 are in series; E2 and R4 in parallel.
e. E and R1 are in series, R2 and R3 are in parallel.
f. E, R1, R4 and R6 are in parallel; R2 and R5 are in parallel.
2. a. RT = 4  + 10   (4  + 4 ) + 4  = 4 Ω + 10   8  + 4 
= 4  + 4.44  + 4  = 12.44 
10 
b. RT = 10  + = 10  + 5  = 15 
2
4
c. RT = + 10  = 2  + 10  = 12 
2
d. RT = 10 
3.
2.2 k  10 k  = 1.8 k
RT = 2 × 1.8 kΩ = 3.6 kΩ
4. RT = 1 Ω  (1 Ω + 1 Ω + RT) = 1 Ω  (2 Ω + RT)
2   RT 2   RT
= 
1   2   RT 3   RT
RT(3 Ω + RT) = 2 Ω + RT
3RT + RT2 = 2 Ω + RT
RT2 + 2RT  2 Ω = 0
2  (2) 2  4(1)(2)
RT =
2
2  4  8 2  12 2  3.464
=  
2 2 2
RT = 1  1.732 = 0.732 Ω or 2.732 Ω
Since RT < 1 Ω and positive choose RT = 0.732 Ω
56 Chapter 7
 R 
5. RT = 7.2 kΩ = R1   R1  1  = R1  1.5R1
 2
( R1 )(1.5R1 ) 1.5 R12 1.5 R1
so that 7.2 kΩ =  
R1  1.5 R1 2.5 R1 2.5
2.5(7.2 k)
and R1 = 1.2 kΩ
1.5
6. a. yes
b. I2 = Is  I1 = 10 A  4 A = 6 A
c. yes
d. V3 = E  V2 = 14 V  8 V = 6 V
e. RT = 4   2  = 1.33  , RT = 4   6  = 2.4 
RT = RT  RT = 1.33  + 2.4  = 3.73 
20 
f. RT  RT = = 10 , RT = RT  RT = 10  + 10  = 20 
2
E 20 V
Is =  =1A
RT 20 
g. Ps = EIs = Pabsorbed = (20 V)(1 A) = 20 W
7. a. RT = R1  R2 = 10   15  = 6 
RT = RT  (R3 + R4) = 6   (10  + 2 ) = 6   12  = 4 
E 36 V E 36 V
b. Is =  = 9 A, I1 = = =6A
RT 4 RT 6
E 36 V 36 V
I2 =   =3A
R3  R4 10   2  12 
I1 = Is  I2 = 6 A  3 A = 3 A
c. Va = I2R4 = (3 A)(2 ) = 6 V
8. Redrawn:
a. Va = 32 V
8 Ω  24 Ω = 6 Ω
6 (32 V)
Vb = = 10.67 V
6   12 
32 V 32 V
b. I1 =  = 1.78 A
12 +6  18 
RT = 72 Ω  18 Ω  18 Ω = 8.12 Ω
9Ω
Chapter 7 57
E 32 V
Is =  = 3.94 A
RT 8.12 
5 k(60 V)
9. a. Va = 36 V, Vb = 60 V Vc = = 20 V
5 k  10 k
 60 V  36 V
b. I1  = 24 mA,
1 k
60 V 60 V
I8kΩ = 8 k = 7.5 mA, I10kΩ = = 4 mA
15 k
24 mA   I  24 mA + 7.5 mA = 31.5 mA
 I 2  31.5 mA + 4 mA = 35.5 mA
10. a. RT = 1.2 k + 6.8 k = 8 k, RT = 2 k  RT = 2 k  8 k = 1.6 k

RT  = RT + 2.4 k = 1.6 k + 2.4 k = 4 k
RT = 1 k  RT  = 1 k  4 k = 0.8 k
E 48 V
b. Is =  = 60 mA
RT 0.8 k
RTE (1.6 k)(48 V)

c. V=  = 19.2 V
RT  2.4 k  1.6 k  2.4 k
2R
11. RT = 2 R  2 R (R + R) = 2 R  2R  2 R =
3
= 15 Ω
E 120 V
RT = 
I 8A
15 Ω =
2R 3
and R = (15 ) = 22.5 Ω
3 2
2 R = 45 Ω
12. a. RT = (R1  R2  R3)  (R6 + R4  R5)

= (12 k  12 k  3 k)  (10.4 k + 9 k  6 k)
= (6 k  3 k)  (10.4 k + 3.6 k)
= 2 k  14 k = 1.75 k
E 28 V E 28 V
Is =  = 16 mA, I2 =  = 2.33 mA
RT 1.75 k R2 12 k
R = R1  R2  R3 = 2 k
R = R6 + R4  R5 = 14 k
58 Chapter 7
R( I s ) 2 k(16 mA)
I6 =  = 2 mA
R  R 2 k  14 k
Chapter 7 59
b. V1 = E = 28 V
R = R4  R5 = 6 k  9 k = 3.6 k
V5 = I6 R = (2 mA)(3.6 k) = 7.2 V
VR23 (28 V)2

c. P=  = 261.33 mW
R3 3 k
= 6 A; VR2  24 V  8 V = 16 V, I 2  VR2 / R2 = 16 V/2 Ω = 8 A

24 V
13. a. I1 
4
8V
I 3  = 0.8 A, I = I1 + I2 = 6 A + 8 A = 14 A
10 
20 V
14. I1 = = 425.5 mA
47 
14 V 14 V
I2 =  = 139.35 mA
160   270  100.47 
15. a. R = R4 + R5 = 14 Ω + 6 Ω = 20 Ω
R = R2  R = 20 Ω  20 Ω = 10 Ω
R = R + R1 = 10 Ω + 10 Ω = 20 Ω
RT = R3  R = 5 Ω  20 Ω = 4 Ω
E 20 V
Is = = =5A
RT 4 
20 V 20 V 20 V
I1 = = = =1A
R1  R 10  + 10  20 
20 V
I3 = =4A
5
I 1A
I4 = 1 = (since R = R2) = = 0.5 A
2 2
b. Va = I3R3  I4R5 = (4 A)(5 Ω)  (0.5 A)(6 Ω) = 20 V  3 V = 17 V

I 
Vbc =  1  R2 = (0.5 A)(20 Ω) = 10 V
2
E 20 V
16. a. I1 = 
R1  R4  ( R2  R3  R5 ) 3   3   (3   6   6 )
20 V 20 V 20 V
= = =
3  + 3   (3  + 3 ) 3  + 3   6  3  + 2 
=4A
60 Chapter 7
R4 ( I1 ) 3 (4 A)
b. CDR: I2 = 
R4  R2  R3  R5 3   3   6   6 
12 A
= = 1.33 A
6+3
I
I3 = 2 = 0.67 A
2
c. I4 = I1  I2 = 4 A  1.33 A = 2.67 A
Va = I4R4 = (2.67 A)(3 Ω) = 8 V
Vb = I3R3 = (0.67 A)(6 Ω) = 4 V
VE 2V
17. a. IE =  = 2 mA
RE 1 k
IC = IE = 2 mA
VRBVCC  (VBE  VE ) 8 V  (0.7 V + 2 V)

b. IB = = =
RB RB 220 k 
8 V  2.7 V 5.3 V
= = = 24 μA
220 k 220 k
c. VB = VBE + VE = 2.7 V
VC = VCC  ICRC = 8 V  (2 mA)(2.2 kΩ) = 8 V  4.4 V = 3.6 V
d. VCE = VC  VE = 3.6 V  2 V = 1.6 V

VBC = VB  VC = 2.7 V  3.6 V = 0.9 V
22 V 22 V
18. a. I=  =1A
4   18  22 
b. 22 V + Vi  22 V = 0, V1 = 44 V
19. a. All resistors in parallel (between terminals a & b)
RT = 16 Ω  16 Ω  8 Ω  4 Ω  32 Ω
8 Ω  8 Ω  4 Ω  32 Ω
4 Ω  4 Ω  32 Ω
2 Ω  32 Ω = 1.88 
Chapter 7 61
b. All in parallel. Therefore, V1 = V4 = E = 32 V
c. I3 = V3/R3 = 32 V/4 Ω = 8 A 
d. Is = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5
32 V 32 V 32 V 32 V 32 V
= + + + +
16  8  4  32  16 
=2A+4A+8A+1A+2A
= 17 A
E 32 V
RT = = = 1.88 Ω as above
I s 17 A
12 V
20. I= = 1.2 mA
10 k
V ab = Va  Vb = 12 V  (18 V) = 30 V
21. a. Va = 6 V, Vb = 20 V
Vab = Va  Vb = (6 V)  (20 V) = 6 V + 20 V = +14 V
20 V
b. I 5   =4A
5
V 14 V
I 2   ab  =7A
2 2
6V
I 3  =2A
3
I3Ω = I2Ω + I 6V , I6V = I3Ω  I2Ω = 2 A  7 A = 5 A
I + I6V = I5Ω, I = I5Ω  I6V = 4 A  (5A) = 9 A
22. a. Applying Kirchoff's voltage law in the CCW direction in the upper "window":
+18 V + 20 V  V8Ω = 0
V8Ω = 38 V
38 V
I8Ω = = 4.75 A
8
18 V 18 V
I3Ω = = =2A
3 + 6 9
KCL: I18V = 4.75 A + 2 A = 6.75 A
b. V = (I3Ω)(6 Ω) + 20 V = (2 A)(6 Ω) + 20 V = 12 V + 20 V = 32 V
62 Chapter 7
I 3 R3 2 R3 R3
23. I2R2 = I3R3 and I2 =   (since the voltage across parallel elements is the same)
R2 20 10
R3
I1 = I2 + I3 = +2
10
R 
KVL: 120 = I112 + I3R3 =  3  2  12 + 2R3
 10 
and 120 = 1.2R3 + 24 + 2R3
3.2R3 = 96 
96 
R3 = = 30 
3.2
24. Assuming Is = 1 A, the current Is will divide as determined by the load appearing in each
branch. Since balanced Is will split equally between all three branches.
1  10
V1 =  A  (10 ) = V
3  3
1  10
V2 =  A  (10 ) = V
6  6
1  10
V3 =  A  (10 ) = V
3  3
10 10 10
E = V1 + V2 + V3 = V + V + V = 8.33 V
3 6 3
E 8.33 V
RT = = = 8.33 
I 1A
25. 36 kΩ  6 kΩ  12 kΩ = 3.6 kΩ
3.6 k (45 V)
V= = 16.88 V  27 V. Therefore, not operating properly!
3.6 k  + 6 k 
6 kΩ resistor "open"
R (45V) 9 k(45 V)
R = 12 k  36 k = 9 k, V =  = 27 V
R  6 k 9 k  6 k
Chapter 7 63
26. a. RT = R5  (R6 + R7) = 6   3  = 2 
RT = R3  (R4 + RT) = 4   (2  + 2 ) = 2 
RT = R1 + R2 + RT = 3  + 5  + 2  = 10 
240 V
I= = 24 A
10 
4 ( I ) 4 (24 A)
b. I4 =  = 12 A
44 8
6 (12 A) 72 A
I7 =  =8A
6  3 9
c. V3 = I3R3 = (I  I4)R3 = (24 A  12 A)4 Ω = 48 V

V5 = I5R5 = (I4  I7)R5 = (4 A)6 Ω = 24 V
V7 = I7R7 = (8 A)2 Ω = 16 V
d. P = I 72 R7 = (8 A)22 Ω = 128 W
P = EI = (240 V)(24 A) = 5760 W
27. a. RT = R4  (R6 + R7 + R8) = 2 Ω  7 Ω = 1.56 Ω

RT = R2  (R3 + R5 + RT) = 2 Ω  (4 Ω + 1 Ω + 1.56 Ω) = 1.53 Ω
RT = R1 + RT = 4 Ω + 1.53 Ω = 5.53 Ω
b. I = 40 V/5.53 Ω = 7.23 A
2 ( I ) 2 (7.23 A)
c. I3 =  = 1.69 A
2   6.56  2   6.56 
2 (1.69 A)
I7 = = 0.375 mA
2+7
PR7  I 2 R = (0.375 A)2 2 Ω = 0.281 W
28. Network redrawn:
24 V
I8Ω = I6Ω = =3A
8
P6Ω = I2R = (3 A)2  6 Ω = 54 W
64 Chapter 7
29. a. R10 + R11  R12 = 1 Ω + 2 Ω  2 Ω = 2 Ω
R4  (R5 + R6) = 10 Ω  10 Ω = 5 Ω
R1 + R2  (R3 + 5 Ω) = 3 Ω + 6 Ω  6 Ω = 6 Ω
RT = 2 Ω  3 Ω  6 Ω = 2 Ω  2 Ω = 1 Ω
I = 12 V/1 Ω = 12 A
b. I1 = 12 V/6 Ω = 2 A c. I6 = I4 = 0.5 A
6 (2 A)
I3 = =1A
6+6
1A
I4 = = 0.5 A
2
12 A
d. I10 = =6A
2
30. a. E = (40 mA)(1.6 k) = 64 V
48 V
b. RL2 = = 4 k
12 mA
24 V
RL3 = = 3 k
8 mA
c. I R1 = 72 mA  40 mA = 32 mA
I R2 = 32 mA  12 mA = 20 mA
I R3 = 20 mA  8 mA = 12 mA
VR1 64 V  48 V 16 V
R1 = = = = 0.5 k
I R1 32 mA 32 mA
VR2 48 V  24 V 24 V
R2 = = = = 1.2 k
I R2 20 mA 20 mA
VR3 24 V
R3 = = = 2 k
I R3 12 mA
31. I R1 = 40 mA
I R2 = 40 mA  10 mA = 30 mA
I R3 = 30 mA  20 mA = 10 mA
I R5 = 40 mA
I R4 = 40 mA  4 mA = 36 mA
VR1 120 V  100 V 20 V

R1 = = = = 0.5 k
I R1 40 mA 40 mA
VR2 100 V  40 V 60 V
R2 = = = = 2 k
I R2 30 mA 30 mA
Chapter 7 65
VR3 40 V
R3 = = = 4 k
I R3 10 mA
VR4 36 V
R4 = = = 1 k
I R4 36 mA
VR5 60 V  36 V 24 V
R5 = = = = 0.6 k
I R5 40 mA 40 mA
P1 = I12 R1 = (40 mA)20.5 k = 0.8 W (1 watt resistor)

P2 = I 22 R2 = (30 mA)22 k = 1.8 W (2 watt resistor)
P3 = I 32 R3 = (10 mA)24 k = 0.4 W (1/2 watt or 1 watt resistor)
P4 = I 42 R4 = (36 mA)21 k = 1.3 W (2 watt resistor)
P5 = I 52 R5 = (40 mA)20.6 k = 0.96 W (1 watt resistor)
All power levels less than 2 W. Four less than 1 W.
32.
= 400 Ω  390 Ω
80 V
R1 =
200 mA
= 266.67 Ω  270 Ω
40 V
R2 =
150 mA
33. a. yes, RL  Rmax (potentiometer)
R2 (12 V) R2 (12 V)
b. VDR: VR2 = 3 V = =
R1  R2 1k
3 V(1 k )
R2 = = 0.25 k = 250 
12 V
R1 = 1 k  0.25 k = 0.75 k = 750 
c. VR1 = E  VL = 12 V  3 V = 9 V (Chose VR1 rather than VR2  RL since numerator of VDR

R1 (12 V) equation "cleaner")
VR1 = 9 V =
R1  ( R2  RL )
9R1 + 9(R2  RL) = 12R1
R1  3( R2  RL ) 
 2 eq. 2 unk( RL = 10 k)
R1  R2  1 k  
3R2 RL 3R2 10 k
R1 = 
R2  RL R2  10 k
and R1(R2 + 10 k) = 30 k R2
66 Chapter 7
R1R2 + 10 k R1 = 30 k R2
R1 + R2 = 1 k: (1 k  R2)R2 + 10 k (1 k  R2) = 30 k R2
R22 + 39 k R2  10 k2 = 0
R2 = 0.255 k, 39.255 k
R2 = 255 
R1 = 1 k  R2 = 745 
80 (40 V)
34. a. Vab = = 32 V
100 
Vbc = 40 V  32 V = 8 V
b. 80   1 k = 74.07 
20   10 k = 19.96 
74.07 (40 V)
Vab = = 31.51 V
74.07  + 19.96 
Vbc = 40 V  31.51 V = 8.49 V
(31.51 V ) 2 (8.49 V ) 2
c. P= + = 12.411 W + 3.604 W = 16.02 W
80  20 
(32 V ) 2 (8 V ) 2
d. P= + = 12.8 W + 3.2 W = 16 W
80  20 
The applied loads dissipate less than 20 mW of power.
35. a. ICS = 1 mA
(100 )(1 mA) 0.1

b. Rshunt =
Rm I CS
=  Ω = 5 mΩ
I max  I CS 20 A  1 mA 20
(1 k )(50  A)
36. 25 mA: Rshunt = 2Ω
25 mA  0.05 mA
(1 k )(50  A)
50 mA: Rshunt = =1Ω
50 mA  0.05 mA
100 mA: Rshunt  0.5 Ω
Vmax  VVS 15 V  (50  A)(1 k)

37. a. Rs = = = 300 kΩ
I CS 50  A
b. Ω/V = 1/ICS = 1/50 μA = 20,000

5 V  (1 mA)(1000 )
38. 5 V: Rs = = 4 kΩ
1 mA
50 V  1 V
50 V: Rs = = 49 kΩ
1 mA
500 V  1 V
500 V: Rs = = 499 kΩ
1 mA
Chapter 7 67
39. 10 MΩ = (0.5 V)(Ω/V)  Ω/V = 20  106
ICS = 1/(Ω/V) =
1
= 0.05 μA
20  106
2 k
 1 kΩ 
E zero adjust 3V
40. a. Rs =  Rm  = = 28 kΩ
Im 2 100  A 2
E zero adjust
b. xIm = + Rm + + Runk
Rseries 2
E  zero adjust 
Runk =   Rseries  Rm + 
xI m  2 
30  103
 30 kΩ 
3V
=  30  103
x100  A x
3 1 1
x = , Runk = 10 kΩ; x = , Runk = 30 kΩ; x = , Runk = 90 kΩ
4 2 4
41. 
40. a. Carefully redrawing the network will reveal that all three resistors are in parallel
R 12 
and RT =  =4Ω
N 3
R 18 
b. Again, all three resistors are in parallel and RT =  =6Ω
N 3
42. a. Network redrawn:
Rohmmeter = 1.2 kΩ  (3.1 kΩ + 1.2 kΩ + 1.65 kΩ)

= 1.2 kΩ  5.95 kΩ
= 1 kΩ
b. All three resistors are in parallel
R 18 
Rohmmeter =  =6Ω
N 3
68 Chapter 7
Chapter 8
8 (6 A)
1. a. I1 = = 4.8 A I2 = 6 A  I1 = 6 A  4.8 A = 1.2 A
8 2 
b. Vs = I1R1 = (4.8 A)(2 Ω) = 9.6 V
2. a. I1 = I2 = 20 mA
b. V2 = I2R2 = (20 mA)(3.3 kΩ) = 66 V

Vs = IRT = (20 mA)((1.2 kΩ + 3.3 kΩ) = 20 mA(4.5 kΩ) = 90 V
3. E + VR1  Vs = 0, VR1 = (8 mA)(2.7 kΩ) = 21.6 V

Vs = E + VR1 = 10 V + 21.6 V = 31.6 V 
4. a. Vs = E = 24 V
E 24 V 24 V
b. I2 =   =6A
R1  R2 1   3  4
c. I + Is = I2, Is = I2  I = 6 A  2 A = 4 A
5. V1 = V2 = Vs = IRT = 0.6 A[6   24   24 ] = 0.6 A[6   12 ] = 2.4 V

V 2.4 V
I2 = 2  = 0.1 A
R2 24 
R3Vs 16 (2.4 V )
V3 =  = 1.6 V
R3  R4 24 
E 24 V E 24 V 24 
6. a. I1 = = = 12 A, I R2 = = = =3A
R1 2  R2  R3 6  + 2  8 
KCL: I + Is  I1  I R2 = 0
I s = I1 + I R2  I = 12 A + 3 A  4 A = 11 A
b. Vs = E = 24 V
R3 E 2 (24 V) 48 V
VDR: V3 = = = =6V
R2  R3 6  + 2  8 
E 22 V
7. a. I= = = 4.68 A, Rp = Rs = 4.7 Ω
Rs 4.7 
E 9V
b. I= = = 4.09 mA, Rp = Rs = 2.2 kΩ
Rs 2.2 k
68 CHAPTER 8
8. a. E = IRs = (6 A)(12 Ω) = 72 V, Rs = 12 Ω
b. E = IRs = (18 mA)(5.6 kΩ) = 100.8 V, Rs = 5.6 kΩ
Rs ( I ) 100 (20 A)
9. a. CDR: IL = = = 18.18 A, IL  I
Rs  RL 100  + 10 
b. Es = IR = (20 A)(100 Ω) = 2 kV
Rs = 100 Ω
Es 2 kV
I= = = 18.18 A
Rs + RL 100  + 10 
10. a. E = IR2 = (2 A)(5.6 Ω) = 11.2 V, R = 5.6 Ω
b. ET = 12 V + 11.2 V = 23.2 V, RT = 10 Ω + 5.6 Ω = 15.6 Ω
ET 23.2 V
c. I3 =  = 217.64 mA
RT  91  15.6   91 
11. a. IT = 6.2 A  1.2 A  0.8 A = 4.2 A
b. Vs = IT R = (4.2 A)(4 ) = 16.8 V
12. IT = 7 A  3 A = 4 A
R ( I ) 6 (4 A)
CDR: I1 = 2 T = = 2.4 A
R1  R2 4  + 6 
V2 = I1R1 = (2.4 A)(4 ) = 9.6 V
13. a. Conversions: I1 = E1/R1 = 9 V/3 Ω = 3 A, R1 = 3 Ω

I2 = E2/R2 = 20 V/2 Ω = 10 A, R2 = 2 Ω
b. IT = 10 A  3A = 7 A, RT = 3 Ω  6 Ω  2 Ω
= 2 Ω  2 Ω
=1Ω
V ab = IT RT = (7 A)(1 Ω) = 7 V

7V
c. I3 = = 1.17 A
6
E 12 V
14. a. I= = = 5.45 mA, Rp = 2.2 kΩ
R2 2.2 k 
b. IT = 8 mA + 5.45 mA  3 mA = 10.45 mA

R = 6.8 k  2.2 k = 1.66 k
V1 = ITR = (10.45 mA)(1.66 k) = 17.35 V
CHAPTER 8 69
c. V1 = V2 + 12 V  V2 = V1  12 V = 17.35 V  12 V
= 5.35 V
V2 5.35 V
d. I2 = = = 2.43 mA
R2 2.2 k 
15. a. 4  4I1  8I3 = 0

6  2I2  8I3 = 0
I1 + I2 = I3
────────────
1 5 4
I1 =  A , I 2  A, I 3  A
7 7 7
1 5 4
I R1  I1   A, I R2  I 2  A, I R3  I3  A
7 7 7
4 
b. Va = I3R3 =  A  (8 ) = 4.57 V
7 
16. a. 10 + 12  3I3  4I1 = 0 I1 = 3.06 A

12  3I3  12I2 = 0 I2 = 0.19 A
I1 + I2 = I3 I3 = 3.25 A
───────────────
I R1  I1 = 3.06 A, I R3  I 2 = 0.19 A = I12Ω

I R2  I 3 = 3.25 A
b.
1.714 )(1.5 A)
I12Ω = = 0.19 A
1.714   12 
c. the same
17. 10  I1 5.6 kΩ  I3 2.2 kΩ + 20 = 0

20 + I3 2.2 kΩ + I2 3.3 kΩ  30 = 0
I1 + I2 = I3
─────────────────────────
I1 = I R1 = 1.45 mA, I2 = I R2 = 8.51 mA, I3 = I R3 = 9.96 mA
70 CHAPTER 8
18. a. 1.2 kΩ I1 + 9  8.2 kΩ I3 = 0
10.2 kΩ I2 + 8.2 kΩ I3 + 6 = 0
I2 + I3 = I1
──────────────────────
I1 = 2.03 mA, I2 = 1.23 mA, I3 = 0.8 mA
I R1 = I1 = 2.03 mA
I R2 = I3 = 0.8 mA
I R3  I R4 = I2 = 1.23 mA = I9.1kΩ
b.
19. V4 = I2R4 = (1.23 mA)(1.1 kΩ) = 1.35 V

Va = 6 V  V4 = 6 V  1.35 V = 4.65 V
I1 = I R1 (CW), I2 = I R2 (down), I3 = I R3 (CW), I4 = I R4 (down)

I5 = I R5 (CW)
a. E1  I1R1  I2R2 = 0 b. E1  I2(R1 + R2)  I3R1 = 0

I2R2  I3R3  I4R4 = 0 I2R2  I3(R3 + R4) + I5R4 = 0
I4R4  I5R5  E2 = 0 I3R4  I5(R4 + R5)  E2 = 0
I1 = I2 + I3 ───────────────────
I3 = I4 + I5
────────────────
c. I2(R1 + R2) + I3R1 + 0 = E1

I2(R2)  I3(R3 + R4) + I5R4 =0
0 + I3R4  I5(R4 + R5) = E2
───────────────────────────
3I2 + 2I3 + 0 = 10
1I2  9I3 + 5I5 = 0
0 + 5I3  8I5 = 6
─────────────
d. I3 = I R 3 = 63.69 mA (CW)
CHAPTER 8 71
20. a. 4  4I1  8(I1  I2) = 0
8(I2  I1)  2I2  6 = 0
───────────────
1 5
I1 =  A , I2 =   A
7 7
1
I R1 = I1 =  A
7
5
I R2 = I2 =  A
7
 1   5  4
I R3 = I1  I2 =   A     A  = A (dir. of I1 )
 7   7  7
4 
b. Va = I R3 R3   A  (8 ) = 4.57 V
7 
21 a. 10  4I1  3(I1  I2)  12 = 0

12  3(I2  I1)  12I2 = 0
─────────────────
I1 = 3.06 A, I2 = 0.19 A
I E1 = 3.06 A (CCW)
I E2 = 3.06 A + 0.19 A = 3.25 A (up)
I R2 = I1  I2 = (3.06 A)  (0.19 A) = 3.25 A
b. PE2  I E2 E2 = (3.25 A)(12 V) = 39 W

PR3  I R23 R3 = (0.19 A)2 12 Ω = 433.2 mW
22. a. 10  I1(5.6 kΩ)  2.2 kΩ(I1  I2) + 20 = 0

20  2.2 kΩ(I2  I1)  I2 3.3 kΩ  30 = 0
────────────────────────────
I1 = 1.45 mA, I2 = 8.51 mA
I R1 = I1 = 1.45 mA, I R2 = I2 = 8.51 mA
I R3 = I2  I1 = 7.06 mA (direction of I2)
b. V3.3kΩ = I2R2 = (8.51 mA)(3.3 kΩ) = 28.1 V
23. a. I1(1.2 kΩ) + 9  8.2 kΩ(I1  I2) = 0

I2(1.1 kΩ) + 6  I2 (9.1 kΩ)  8.2 kΩ(I2  I1) = 0
──────────────────────────────────
I1 = 2.03 mA, I2 = 1.23 mA
I R1 = I1 = 2.03 mA, I R3  I R4  I 2 = 1.23 mA
I R2  I1  I 2 = 2.03 mA  1.23 mA = 0.80 mA (direction of I1)
b. Va = 6 V  I2(1.1 kΩ) = 6 V  (1.23 mA)(1.1 kΩ) = 6 V  1.35 V = 4.65 V
72 CHAPTER 8
24. a. 10  I12  1(I1  I2) = 0
1(I2  I1)  I2 4  5(I2  I3) = 0
5(I3  I2)  I3 3  6 = 0
──────────────────────
3I1  1I 2  0  10
1I1  10 I 2  5 I 3  0
0  5I 2  8I 3   6
I1 = 3.31 A, I2 = 63.69 mA, I3 = 789.8 mA
b, c. Ignore
d. I10V  = I1 = 3.31 A
I 6V  = I3 = (789.8 mA) = 789.8 mA
25. a. I1 2.2 kΩ  (I1  I2)9.1 kΩ + 18 V = 0

18 V  (I2  I1)9.1 kΩ  7.5 kΩ I2  (I2  I3)6.8 kΩ = 0
6.8 kΩ(I3  I2)  3 V  3.3 kΩ I3 = 0
──────────────────────
with 11.3 kΩ I1  9.1 kΩI2 = 18 V
23.4 kΩ I2  9.1 kΩI1  6.8 kΩ I3 = 18 V
10.1 kΩ I3  6.8 kΩ I2 = 3 V
──────────────────────
or
11.3 kΩ I1  9.1 kΩ I2 = 18 V
9.1 kΩ I2 + 23.4 kΩ I2  6.8 kΩ I3 = 18 V
6.8 kΩ I2 + 10.1 kΩ I3 = 3 V
─────────────────────────────
b. I1 = 1.21 mA, I2 = 0.48 mA, I3 = 0.62 mA
c. I E1  = I1  I2 = 1.21 mA  (0.48 mA) = 1.69 mA

I E2  = I3 = (0.62 mA) = 0.62 mA
26. a. 16  4I1  3(I1  I2)  12  4(I1  I3) = 0

12  3(I2  I1)  10 I2  15  4(I2  I3) = 0
16  4(I3  I1)  4(I3  I2)  7I3 = 0
─────────────────────────────
b. I1 = 0.24 A, I2 = 0.52 A, I3 = 1.28 A
c. I R5 = I1 = 0.24 A
CHAPTER 8 73
27. a. 6.8 k I1  4.7 k(I1  I2) + 6  2.2 k(I1  I4) = 0
6  4.7 k(I2  I1)  2.7 k I2  8.2 k (I2  I3) = 0
1.1 k I3  22 k(I3  I4)  8.2 k(I3  I2)  9 = 0
5  1.2 k I4  2.2 k(I4  I1)  22 k(I4  I3) = 0
────────────────────────────────────
b. I1 = 0.03 mA, I2 = 0.88 mA, I3 = 0.97 mA, I4 = 0.64 mA
c. I6V = I1  I2 = 0.03 mA  (0.88 mA) = 0.91 mA,

P6V = E I6V = (6 V)(0.91 mA) = 5.46 mW
28. a. Network redrawn:
b. 2I1  6  4I1 + 4I2 = 0

4I2 + 4I1  1I2 + 1I3  6 = 0
1I3 + 1I2 + 6  8I3 = 0
c. I1 = 3.8 A, I2 = 4.20 A, I3 = 0.20 A
d. PE2  E2 I 3 = (6 V)(0.2 A) = 1.2 W

PE1  E1 I 2 = (6 V)(4.2 A) = 25.2 W
PT  PE1  PE2 = 1.2 W + 25.2 W = 26.4 W
29. a. 20 V  IB(270 kΩ)  0.7 V  IE(0.51 kΩ) = 0

IE(0.51 kΩ) + 8 V + IC(2.2 kΩ)  20 V = 0
IE = IB + IC
──────────────────────────────
IB = 63.02 μA, IC = 4.42 mA, IE = 4.48 mA
b. VB = 20 V  IB(270 k) = 20 V  (63.02 A)(270 k) = 20 V  17.02 V = 2.98 V

VE = IERE = (4.48 mA)(510 ) = 2.28 V
VC = 20 V  IC(2.2 k) = 20 V  (4.42 mA)(2.2 k) = 20 V 9.72 V = 10.28 V
c.   IC/IB = 4.42 mA/63.02 A = 70.14
74 CHAPTER 8
30.
24 V  6I1  4I2  10I1 + 12 V = 0

and 16I1 + 4I2 = 36
I1  I2 = 6 A
───────────────────
I1 = I2 + 6 A
16[I2 + 6 A] + 4I2 = 36
16I2 + 96 + 4I2 = 36
20I2 = 60
I2 = 3 A
I1 = I2 + 6 A = 3 A + 6 A = 3 A
I24V = I6 = I10 = I12V = 3 A (CW)
I4 = 3 A (CCW)
31.
20 V  4I1  6(I1  I2)  8(I3  I2)  1I3 = 0

10I1  14I2 + 9I3 = 20
I3  I1 = 3 A
I2 = 8 A
────────────────────────
10I1  14(8 A) + 9[I1 + 3 A] = 20
19I1 = 105
I1 = 5.526 A
I3 = I1 + 3 A = 5.526 A + 3 A = 8.526 A
I2 = 8 A
I20V = I4Ω = 5.53 A (dir. of I1)
I6 = I2  I1 = 2.47 A (dir. of I2)
I8 = I3  I2 = 0.53 A (dir. of I3)
I1 = 8.53 A (dir. of I3)
CHAPTER 8 75
32. a. (4 + 8)I1  8I2 = 4
(8 + 2)I2  8I1 = 6
─────────────
 1   5  4
b. I8  I1  I 2    A     A   A
 7   7  7
33. a. (4 + 3)I1  3I2 = 10  12

(3 + 12)I2  3I1 = 12
─────────────────
b. I 3   I 2  I1  0.19 A  (3.06 A) = 3.25 A
34. a.
a. I1(5.6 k + 2.2 k)  2.2 k (I2) = 10 + 20

I2(2.2 k + 3.3 k)  2.2 k (I1) = 20  30
──────────────────────────────
b. I E1 = I1 = 1.45 mA, I E2  = 8.51 mA,

I E3  = I1  I2 = (1.45 mA)  (8.5 mA) = 9.96 mA
35. a.
I1(2 + 1)  1I2 = 10
I2(1 + 4 + 5)  1I1  5I3 = 0
I3(5 + 3)  5I2 = 6
───────────────────
b. I1 = 3.31 A, I2 = 63.69 mA, I3 = 789.8 mA
c. I R2  I1  I 2 = (3.31 A)  (63.69 mA) = 3.37 A
36. a.
(2.2 k + 9.1 k)I1  9.1 kI2 = 18

(9.1 k + 7.5 k + 6.8 k)I2  9.1 k I1  6.8 kI3 = 18
(6.8 k + 3.3 k)I3  6.8 kI2 = 3
───────────────────────────
b. I1 = 1.21 mA, I2 = 0.48 mA, I3 = 0.62 mA
c. I E1  = I1  I2 = 1.21 mA  (0.48 mA) = 1.69 mA

I E2  = I3 = (0.62 mA) = 0.62 mA
76 CHAPTER 8
37. a. (3 Ω + 6 Ω)I1  6 Ω I2 = 9 V
(6 Ω + 2 Ω)I2  6 Ω I1 = 20 V
────────────────────
9 Ω I1  6 Ω I2 = 9 V
6 Ω I1 + 8 Ω I2 = 20 V
────────────────────
I1 = 5.33 A, I2 = 6.5 A
b. Vab = 2 Ω (I2)  20 V = 2 Ω = 2 Ω(6.5 A)  20 V = 13 V  20 V = 7 V
38. a. I1(6.8 k + 4.7 k + 2.2 k)  4.7 k I2  2.2 k I4 = 6

I2(2.7 k + 8.2 k + 4.7 k)  4.7 k I1  8.2 k I3 = 6
I3(8.2 k + 1.1 k + 22 k)  22 k I4  8.2 k I2 = 9
I4(2.2 k + 22 k + 1.2 k)  2.2 k I1  22 k I3 = 5
───────────────────────────
b. I1 = 0.03 mA, I2 = 0.88 mA, I3 = 0.97 mA, I4 = 0.64 mA
c. I 22k  = I4  I3 = (0.64 mA)  (0.97 mA) = 0.33 mA

V22kΩ = I22kΩ  22 kΩ = (0.33 mA)(22 kΩ) = 7.26 V
39. a. (1 Ω + 2 Ω + 4 Ω)I1  2 ΩI2  4 ΩI3 = 12 V

(2 Ω + 2 Ω + 10 Ω)I2  2 ΩI1  10 ΩI3 = 20 V
(4 Ω + 10 Ω + 8 Ω)I3  10 ΩI2  4 ΩI1 = 20 V
───────────────────────────
7I1  2I2  4I3 = 12

2I1  14I2 + 10I3 = 20
4I1 + 10I2  22I3 = 20
────────────────
b. I1 = 2.38 A, I2 = 0.195 A, I3 = 1.25 A
c. Va = (I1  I3)4 Ω = (2.38 A  1.25 A)4 Ω = 4.5 V

Vb = I38 Ω = (1.25 A)(8 Ω) = 10 V
d. Vab = Va  Vb = 4.5 V  10 V = 5.5 V
CHAPTER 8 77
40. a.
At V1:  I i   I o
V1 V V
0  5A  1 2
2 8
At V2:  Ii   Io
V1  V2 V
3A 2
8 4
1 1 1
and V1     V2    5
 2 8 8
1 1 1 
V1    V2     3
8 8 4 
───────────────────────────
b. V1 = 10.27 V, V2 = 11.36 V
c. V8Ω = V1  V2 = 10.27 V  (11.36 V) = 1.09 V
V1 10.27 V
d. I 2  =  = 5.14 A
2 2
V 11.36 V
I 4  = 2  = 2.84 A
4 4
41. a.
At V1:  I i   I o
V1
0  12 A  I 6  and V1  I 6  54 V  V2  0
8
V  V  54 V V1 V
or I = 1 2   2 9 A
6 6 6
V1 V1 V2
so that 0 =  12 A    9A
8 6 6
 1 1   1 
or V1     V2  = 12 A + 9 A = 3 A
8  6    6  
At V2:  I i   I o
V2 V
I  2
20  5 
V1 V2 V V
or  9 A  2  2
6 6 20  5 
 1 1 1   1 
and V2      V1  = 9 A
 6  20  5    6 
78 CHAPTER 8
 1 1   1 
resulting in V1     V2  = 3 A
8  6   6 
 1   1 1 1 
V1    V2    = 9 A
 6   6  20  5  
──────────────────────────────
b. V1 = 29.29 V, V2 = 33.34 V
V2 33.34 V
c. I 20     = 1.67 A
20  20 
42. a.
At V1:  I i   I o
V1 V1  V2
4A  2A
2 4
Ar V2:  I i   I o
V1  V2 V V
2A  2  2
4 20  5 
1 1 1
or V1     V2    2
2 4  4
1 1 1 1
V1    V2    2
4  4 20 5 
b. V1 = 4.8 V, V2 = 6.4 V
c. I1: P = V1I1 = (4.8 V)(4 A) = 19.2 W
I2: P = (V1  V2 ) I 2  (4.8 V  6.4 V)(2 A) = 3.2 W
43. a.
At V1:  I i   I o
V1 V1  V2 V1  V2
0  6A   
5 3 2
At V2:  I i   I o
V1  V2 V1  V2 V2 V
7A     2
3 2 4 8
 1 1 1   1 1 
so that V1      V2   = 6 A
5  3  2   3  2  
 1 1 1 1   1 1 
V2       V1   =7A
4  8  3  2   3  2  
────────────────────────────────────
or 1.03V1  0.833V2 = 6
0.833V1 + 1.21V2 = 7
───────────────────
CHAPTER 8 79
b. V1 = 2.59 V, V2 = 4 V
c. V2Ω = V3Ω = V2  V1 = 4 V  (2.59 V) = 6.59 V

V5Ω = V1 = 2.59 V
V4Ω = V8Ω = V2 = 4 V
44. a.
= 3 A, Rp = R3 = 4 Ω
12 V
Source conversion: I3 =
4
At V1:  I i   I o
V1 V V V
0  1 5 A 1 2 + 3 A
3 6 4
At V2:  I i   I o
V1  V2 V2
3A   4A
4 8
 1 1 1  V2
Rewritten: V1     = 5 A  3 A
 3  6  4   4 
 1   1 1 
V1    V2   = 4 A + 3A
4   4  8 
b. V1 = 14.86 V, V2 = 12.57 V
14.86 V
c. I 6   = 2.48 A
6
45. a.
= 5 A, Rp = R1 = 3 Ω
15 V
Source Conversion: I2 =
3
At V1:  I i   I o
V1 V1  V2 V1  V3
5A  
3 6 6
At V2:  I i   I o
V1  V2 V2 V  V3
 3 A 2
6 4 5
At V3:  I i   I o
V1  V3 V2  V3 V3
 
6 5 7
80 CHAPTER 8
Rewritten:
 1 1 1  1 1
V1      V2  V3 = 5 A
 3  6  6   6  6 
 1 1 1  1 1
V2      V1  V3 = 3 A
 6  4  5   6  5 
 1 1 1  1 1
V3      V2  V1 = 0
 6  5  7   5  6 
────────────────────────────────────
b. V1 = 7.24 V, V2 = 2.45 V, V3 = 1.41 V
c. V5 = V3  V2 = 1.41 V  (2.45 V) = 3.86 V

 +
46. a.
= 4 A, Rp = R2 = 4 Ω
16 V
Source Conversion: I2 =
4
At V1:  I i   I o
V1 V1  V3 V1  V2
02 A+  
9  20  20 
At V2:  I i   I o
V1  V2 V2  V3 V
  2
20  20  18 
At V3:  I i   I o
V1  V3 V2  V3 V
  4A  3
20  20  4
Rewritten:
 1 1 1  1 1
V1      V2  V3 = 2 A
 9  20  20   20  20 
 1 1 1  1 1
V2      V1  V3 = 0
 20  20  18   20  20 
 1 1 1  1 1
V3      V2  V1 = 4A
 20  20  4   20  20 
────────────────────────────────────
b. V1 = 6.64 V, V2 = 1.29 V, V3 = 10.66 V
c. VR6 = V3  V1 = 10.66 V  (6.64 V) = 17.30 V

 +
CHAPTER 8 81
47. a.
At V1:  I i   I o
V1 V1  V2
05 A 
2 2
At V2:  I i   I o
V1  V2 V2 V V  V3
  2  2
2 9 7 2
At V3:  I i   I o
V2  V3 V V
5 A  3  3
2 2 4
Rewritten:
 1 1  1
 2   2   V1  2  V2  0 = 5 A
 1 1 1 1  1 1
 2   9   7   2   V2  2  V1  2  V3 = 0
 1 1 1  1
V3     V3  V2 = 5A
2  2  4  2
────────────────────────────────────
b. V1 = 5.31 V, V2 = 0.62 V, V3 = 3.75 V
V2 0.62 V
c. I9   = 68.9 mA
9 9
48. a.
At V1:  I i   I o
V1 V1  V3
05 A+ 
2 6
At V2:  I i   I o
V2
5A2 A
4
At V3:  I i   I o
V1  V3 V
 2A  3
6 5
82 CHAPTER 8
Rewritten:
 1 1  1
V1     V3 = 5 A
 2  6   6 
 1 
V2  =5A2A
 4  
 1 1  1
V3     V1 = 2A
 6  5   6 
───────────────────────
b. V1 = 6.92 V, V2 = 12 V, V3 = 2.3 V
V2 12 V
c. I4Ω =  =3A
4 4
49. a.
 Ii   Io
Node V1:
V1 V1  V2
2A= 
6  10 
Supernode V2, V3:
V V V V
0= 2 1  2  3
10  4  12 
Independent source:
V2  V3 = 24 V or V3 = V2  24 V
2 eq. 2 unknowns:
V1 V1  V2
 =2A
6  10 
V2  V1 V2 V2  24 V
  =0
10  4 12 
─────────────────────
0.267V1  0.1V2 = 2
+0.1V1  0.433V2 = 2
────────────────
V1 = 10.08 V, V2 = 6.94 V
V3 = V2  24 V = 17.06 V
CHAPTER 8 83
50.
 Ii   Io
Supernode:
V1 V
3A+4A=3A+  2
20  40 
 V1 V
4 A   2
2 eq. 2 unk.  20  40 
V2  V1  16 V

Subt. V2 = 16 V + V1
V (16 V  V1 )
4A= 1 
20  40 
and V1 = 48 V
V2 = 16 V + V1 = 64 V
──────────────────
51. a.
1 1 1
V1     V2   = 5
 2 8 8
1 1 1 
V1    V2    = 3
8 8 4 
────────────────────
V1 = 10.27 V, V2 = 11.36 V
b. VI1 = V1 = 10.27 V, VI 2 = V2 = 11.36 V
52. a.
1 1  1
V1     V2   = 12 A + 9 A = 3 A
 8 6  6
 1 1 1 1
V2      V1   = 9 A
 20 5 6  6
──────────────────────────────
V1 = 29.29 V, V2 = 33.34 V
84 CHAPTER 8
b. V1  V6Ω  54 V  V2 = 0
V6 = V1  V2  54 V = 29.29 V  (33.34 V)  54 V = 49.95 V
+ 
53. a.
 1 1 1  1 1
V1      V2  V3 = 2 A
 9  20  20   20  20 
 1 1 1  1 1
V2      V1  V3 = 0
 20  20  18   20  20 
 1 1 1  1 1
V3      V2  V1 = 4A
 20  20  4   20  20 
V1 = 6.64 V, V2 = 1.29 V, V3 = 10.66 V
b. Original Network:
V4Ω = 16 V  V3 = 16 V  10.66 V = 5.34 V
5.34 V
I 4Ω = = 1.34 A
4
54. a.
 1 1  1
 2   2   V1  2  V2  0 = 5 A
 1 1 1 1  1 1
 2   9   7   2   V2  2  V1  2  V3 = 0
 1 1 1  1
 2   2   4   V3  2  V2 = 5A
────────────────────────────────────
b. V1 = 5.31 V, V2 = 0.62 V, V3 = 3.75 V
V2 0.62 V
c. I9   = 68.89 mA
9 9
CHAPTER 8 85
 1 1  1
55. a. V1     V3 = 5 A
 2  6  6 
 1 
V2  =5A2A
 4  
 1 1  1
V3     V1 = 2A
6  5  6 
───────────────────────
b. V1 = 6.92 V, V2 = 12 V, V3 = 2.3 V
V2 6.92 V
c. I2Ω =  = 3.46 A
2 2
56. a.
 1 1 1  1 1
V1      V2  V3 = 12 A
1  2  2   2  2
 1 1 1  1 1
V2      V1  V3 = 2 A
 2  4  10   2  10 
 1 1 1  1 1
V3      V1  V2 = 2A
 2  10  8   2  10 
────────────────────────────────────
and 2V1  0.5V2  0.5V3 = 12

0.5V1 + 0.85V2  0.1V3 = 2
0.5V1  0.1V2 + 0.725V3 = 2
───────────────────────
V1 = 9.63 V, V2 = 4.49 V, V3 = 10.02 V
b. Vab = V2  V3 = 4.49 V  10.02 V = 5.53 V
57. a.
I1(6 Ω + 2 Ω + 10 Ω)  2 ΩI2  10 ΩI3 = 12 V

I2(2 Ω + 5 Ω + 5 Ω)  2 ΩI1  5 ΩI3 = 0
I3(5 Ω + 20 Ω + 10 Ω)  10 ΩI1  5 ΩI2 = 0
or 18I1  2I2  10I3 = 12

2I1 + 12I2  5I3 = 0
10I1  5I2 + 35I3 = 0
───────────────
I1 = 850.99 mA, I2 = 258.53 mA, I3 = 280.07 mA
86 CHAPTER 8
b. I R5 = I3  I2 = 280.07 mA  258.53 mA = 21.54 mA
c. no
no 2 Ω/10 Ω =  5 Ω/20 Ω =
1 1
d.
5 4
58. a.
 1 1 1  1 1
V1      V2  V3 = 2 A
6  2  5  2  5
 1 1 1  1 1
V2      V1  V3 = 0
 2  5  10   2  5
 1 1 1  1 1
V3      V2  V1 = 0
 5  5  20   5  5
────────────────────────────────────
or 0.867V1  0.5V2  0.2V3 = 12

0.5V1 + 0.8V2  0.2V3 = 0
0.2V1  0.2V2 + 0.45V3 = 0
───────────────────────
V2 = 5.7 V, V3 = 5.6 V
b. V5Ω = V2  V3 = 5.7 V  5.6 V = 0.1 V
c. no
no 2 Ω/10 Ω =  5 Ω/20 Ω =
1 1
d.
5 4
59. a.
Source conversion: E = IR = (12 m)(2 kΩ) = 24 V

Rs = 2 kΩ
I1(2 kΩ + 33 kΩ + 3.3 kΩ)  33 kΩI2  3.3 kΩI3 = 24 V

I2(33 kΩ + 56 kΩ + 36 kΩ)  33 kΩI1  36 kΩI3 = 0
I3(36 kΩ + 3.3 kΩ + 5.6 kΩ)  3.3 kΩI1  36 kΩI2 = 0
────────────────────────────────────
I1 = 0.97 mA, I2 = I3 = 0.36 mA
b. I5 = I2  I3 = 0.36 mA  0.36 mA = 0 mA
c, d. yes
CHAPTER 8 87
60. a.
 1 1 1  1 1
V1      V2  V3 = 12 mA
 2 k 33 k 56 k 33 k 56 k
 1 1 1  1 1
V2      V1  V3 = 0
 33 k 3.3 k 36 k 33 k 36 k
 1 1 1  1 1
V3      V2  V1 = 0
 56 k 36 k 5.6 k  36 k 56 k
────────────────────────────────────
Rewritten: 548.16V1  30.3V2  17.86V3 = 12 × 103

30.3V1 + 361.11V1  27.78V3 = 0
17.86V1  27.78V2 + 224.21V3 = 0
────────────────────────────
V2 = 2.01 V, V3 = 2.01 V
b. VR5 = V2  V3 = 2.01 V  2.01 V = 0 V
c, d. yes
61. Mesh Analysis
(1 k + 2 k + 2 k)I1  2 k I2  2 k I3 = 10
(2 k + 2 k + 2 k)I2  2 k I1  2 k I3 = 0
(2 k + 2 k + 2 k)I3  2 k I1  2 k I2 = 0
─────────────────────────────────
I1 = I10V = 3.33 mA
Nodal Analysis:
Source conversion: I = 10 V/1 kΩ = 10 mA, R = 1 kΩ
 1 1 1  1 1
V1  + +   V2  V3 = 10 mA
 1 k 2 k 2 k  2 k 2 k
 1 1 1  1 1
V2  + +   V1  V3 = 0
 2 k 2 k 2 k  2 k 2 k
 1 1 1  1 1
V3  + +   V2  V1 = 0
 
2 k 2 k  2 k 2 k  2 k 
──────────────────────────────────────
V1 = 6.67 V = E  IRs = 10 V  I(1 k)
10  6.67 V
I= = 3.33 mA
1k
88 CHAPTER 8
62. Mesh Analysis
Source conversion: E = 20 V, R = 10 
(10 + 10 + 20)I1  10I2  20I3 = 20

(10 + 20 + 20)I2  10I1  20I3 = 0
(20 + 20 + 10)I3  20I1  20I2 = 0
──────────────────────
I1 = I20V = 0.83 A
V  20 V  8.3 V
= 11.7 V
V 11.70 V
Is =  = 1.17A
Rs 10 
Nodal Analysis:
1 1 1 1 1
V1        V2    V3  2
 10 10 20   20  10 
1 1 1 1 1
V2        V1    V3  0
 20 20 10   20   20 
1 1 1 1 1
V3        V1    V2  0
10 20 20  10   20 
───────────────────────
V
I Rs = 1 = 1.17 A
Rs
63. 20 V
I=
4 2  2 
 +   + 3     + 4 
5 5  5 
20 V
=
4
 + (3.14 )  (4.4 )
5
= 7.36 A
CHAPTER 8 89
64.
RT = 2.27 k + [4.7 k + 2.27 k]  [1.1 k + 2.27 k]

= 2.27 k + [6.97 k]  [3.37 k]
= 2.27 k + 2.27 k
= 4.54 k
8V
I= = 1.76 mA
4.54 k
65. (Y-Δ conversion)

400 V 400 V
I= 
12 k  12 k  6 k 3 k
= 133.33 mA
42 V 42 V
66. a. I= 
(18   18 )   (18   18 )  (18   18 ) 9   9   9  
= 7 A (YΔ conversion)
b.   Y conversion
67.
10 V 5V 15 V
I s1 = + = = 0.83 mA
18 k  18 k  18 k 
90 CHAPTER 8
68. a.
b. R = R1 + 1 k = 3 k
R = R2 + 1 k = 3 k
3k
RT = = 1.5 k
2
RT = 1 k + 1.5 k + 1 k = 3.5 k
E 20 V
Is = = = 5.71 mA
RT 3.5 k 
69. Using two   Y conversions:
c  g: 27   9   27  = 5.4 
a  h: 27   9   27  = 5.4 
RT = 5.4   (13.5  + 5.4 )

= 5.4   18.9
= 4.2 
CHAPTER 8 91
Chapter 9
1. a. E1: RT (from source) = 4 Ω + 2 Ω  12 Ω
= 4 Ω + 1.71 Ω
= 5.71 Ω
E1 16 V
Is    2.8 A
RT 5.71 V
2 (2.8 A)
I12    0.4 A
2   12 
RT (from source) = 2 Ω + 4 Ω  12 Ω
E2:
=2Ω+3Ω
=5Ω
E2 10 V
Is   2A
RT 5
4 (2 A)
I12    0.5 A
4   12 
I12Ω = 0.5 A  0.4 A = 0.1 A
b.
1.333 (1A)
I12  = 0.1 A
1.333   12 
c. the same
2. a.
24 (3 A)
I  = 2.25 A
24   8 
V   I R = (2.25)(4.7 Ω) = 10.575 V
4.7 (12 V)
V   = 1.763 V
4.7   3.3   24 
V   10.575 V  1.763 V = 8.81 V

92 CHAPTER 9
V  2 (10.575 V)2
b. P=  = 23.79 W
R 4.7 
V  2 (1.763 V) 2
c. P=  = 0.661 W
R 4.7 
V 2 (8.81 V) 2
d. P=  = 16.51 W
R 4.7 
e. 23.79 W + 0.661 W  16.51 W

24.45 W  16.51 W
3. E:
RT = 12   24   56   28.8 
E 24 V
Is =  = 0.833 A
RT 28.8 
24 (0.833 A)

I 56 = 0.25 A
I: 24   56 
24   56   16.8 
12 (8 A)
I   = 3.33 A
12   16.8 
24 (3.33 A)
  
I 56 =1A
24   56 
I 56   I   I   0.25 A+1 A = 1.25 A
4. E1:
42 V
IT = = 1.944 A
18  + 3.6 
9 ( IT ) 9 (1.944 A)
I1 = 
96 15 
= 1.17 A
E2:
E2 24 V
IT =  =2A
RT 12 
I24V = IT + I1 = 2 A + 1.17 A = 3.17 A (dir. of I1)
CHAPTER 9 93
5. E:
6.8 k(36 V)
V2 = = 13.02 V
6.8 k  12 k
I:
12 k(9 mA)
I2 = = 5.75 mA
12 k  6.8 k
V2  I 2 R2 = (5.75 mA)(6.8 k) = 39.10 V

V2 = V2  V2 = 13.02 V + 39.10 V = 52.12 V
6. I: 1.2 k  4.7 k  0.956 k

3.3 kΩ + 0.956 kΩ = 4.256 kΩ
4.256 k(5 mA)
I 
2.2 k  4.256 k
 3.3mA
E: 2.2 kΩ + 3.3 kΩ = 5.5 k Ω

5.5 k  4.7 k  2.53 k
RT = 2.54 kΩ + 1.2 kΩ = 3.73 kΩ
8V
Is  = 2.14 mA
3.73 k
4.7 k(21.4 mA)
I   = 0.986 mA
4.7 k  5.5 k
I  I   I  = 3.3 mA + 0.986 mA = 4.286 mA
7. E1:
E1 12 V
I1 =  = 1.03 A
RT 6   5.88 
94 CHAPTER 9
30 ( I1 ) 30 (1.03 A)
I  
30   7  37 
 835.14 mA
Vs = I(4 ) = (835.14 mA)(4 )
= 3.34 V
I:
8 (6 A)
I = =4A
8  4
Vs = I(4 ) = 4 A(4 ) = 16 V
E2:
RT = 12   (4  + 5 ) = 12   9  = 5.14 
E 8V
I = 2   0.875 A
RT 4   5.14 
12 ( I ) 12 (0.875 A)
I =   0.5 A
12   9  21 
Vs I (4 ) = 0.5 A(4 ) = 2 V
Vs = Vs Vs  Vs = 16 V  3.34 V  2 V = 10.66 V
8. a. RTh = R3 + R1  R2 = 4 Ω + 6 Ω  3 Ω = 4 Ω + 2 Ω = 6 Ω
R2 E 3 (18 V)
ETh =  6V
R2  R1 3   6 
CHAPTER 9 95
ETh 6V
b. I1 = = = 0.75 A
RTh  R 6  + 2 
6V
I2 = = 166.67 mA
6  + 30 
6V
I3 = = 56.60 mA
6  + 100 
9. a. RTh:
 RTh  3.3 k  1.2 k  2.4 k

 3.3 k  0.8 k
 4.1 k
ETh:
ETh  (120 mA)(2.4 k  1.2 k)

 96 V
b. RTh = 4.1 kΩ
96 V
I= = 15.74 mA
6.1 k
P = I2R = (15.74 mA)2 2 kΩ = 0.495 W
R = 100 kΩ:
96 V
I= = 0.922 mA
104.1 k
P = I2R = (0.922 mA)2 100 kΩ = 85 mW
10. a. RTh:
 RTh = 5 Ω + 5 Ω  5 Ω = 7.5 Ω
ETh:
20 V
ETh = = 10 V
2
96 CHAPTER 9
2
 ETh 
2
 10 V 
b. R = 2 Ω: P =  R =  2  = 2.22 W
 Th
R  R   7.5   2  
2
 
R = 100 Ω: P = 
10 V
 100  = 0.87 W
 7.5   100  
11.
RTh = 3 Ω  8 Ω = 2.18 Ω
18 V + 12 V
I= = 2.73 A
3 8 
V3Ω = IR = (2.73 A)(3 Ω) = 8.19 V
ETh = 18 V  8.19 V = 9.81 V
12. RTh:
RTh = 5.6 kΩ  2.2 kΩ = 1.58 kΩ
ETh: Superposition:
I:
ETh = IRT
= 8 mA(5.6 k  2.2 k)
= 8 mA(1.579 k)
= 12.64 V
E:
5.6 k(16 V)
ETh =
5.6 k  2.2 k
= 11.49 V
+
ETh = 11.49 V  12.64 V = 1.15 V

CHAPTER 9 97
13. RTh:
RTh = 4   (2  + 6 Ω  3 ) = 2 
ETh:
72 V
IT = =9A
6   3   (2   4 )
3 ( IT ) 3 (9 A)
I2 =  =3A
3  6 9
ETh = V6 + V2 = (IT)(6 ) + I2(2 )
= (9 A)(6 ) + (3 A)(2 ) = 60 V
14. a. RTh:
RTh = 2.7 k  (4.7 k + 3.9 k) = 2.7 k  8.6 k = 2.06 k
ETh:
3.9 k(18 mA)

I = = 6.21 mA
3.9 k  7.4 k
ETh = I(2.7 k) = (6.21 mA)(2.7 k) = 16.77 V
b.
16.77 V 16.77 V
I= 
2.06 k  1.2 k 3.26 k
= 5.14 mA
98 CHAPTER 9
15. a. RTh:
RTh = 2  + 8  = 10 
ETh:
ETh = V16
20 V
IT = = 825.08 mA
20   4.24 
5 ( IT ) 5 (825.08 mA)
I =  = 125.01 mA
5   28  33 
ETh = V16Ω = (I)(16 Ω) = (125.01 mA)(16 Ω) = 2 V
20 Ω:
ETh 2V 2V
b. I =   = 66.67 mA
RTh  R 10   20  30 
50 Ω: I =
2V 2V
 = 33.33 mA
10   50  60 
100 Ω: I =
2V 2V
 = 18.18 mA
10   100  110 
16. a. RTh:
RTh = 3. 3 k + 2.2 k  1.1 k

= 3.3 k + 0.73 k
= 4.03 k
ETh: Superposition:
E1:
2.2 k(12 V)
ETh = V2.2kΩ =
2.2 k  1.1 k
=8V
CHAPTER 9 99
ETh = E2 = 4 V
ETh = ETh + ETh = 8 V + 4 V = 12 V
b.
1.2 k(12 V)
V= = 2.75 V
1.2 k  4.03 k
17. RTh:
RTh = 2.2 k  5.6 k = 1.58 k

R = 1.58 k + 3.3 k
= 4.88 k
R = 4.88 k  6.8 k = 2.84 k

RTh = 1.2 k + R = 1.2 k + 2.84 k = 4.04 k
ETh: Source conversions:

22 V
I1 = = 10 mA, Rs = 2.2 k
2.2 k
12 V
I2 = = 2.14 mA, Rs = 5.6 k
5.6 k
Combining parallel current sources: IT = I1  I2 = 10 mA  2.14 mA = 7.86 mA
2.2 k  5.6 k = 1.58 k
100 CHAPTER 9
Source conversion:
E = (7.86 mA)(1.58 k) = 12.42 V
R = Rs + 3.3 k = 1.58 k + 3.3 k = 4.88 k
12.42 V  6 V 6.42 V
I=  = 549.66 A
4.88 k  6.8 k 11.68 k
V6.8kΩ = I(6.8 k) = (549.66 A)(6.8 k) = 3.74 V

ETh = 6 V + V6.8kΩ = 6 V + 3.74 V = 9.74 V
18. a. RTh:
RTh = 51 k  10 k = 8.36 k
ETh:
10 k(20 V)
ETh = = 3.28 V
10 k  51 k
b. IERE + VCE + ICRC = 20 V

but IC = IE
and IE(RC + RE) + VCE = 20 V
20 V  VCE 20 V  8 V 12 V
or IE =   = 4.44 mA
RC  RE 2.2 k  0.5 k 2.7 k
c.
ETh  IBRTh  VBE  VE = 0

E  VBE  VE 3.28 V  0.7 V  (4.44 mA)(0.5 k)
and IB = Th 
RTh 8.36 k
2.58 V  2.22 V 0.36 V
= = = 43.06 μA
8.36 k 8.36 k
CHAPTER 9 101
d. VC = 20 V  ICRC = 20 V  (4.44 mA)(2.2 k)
= 20 V  9.77 V
= 10.23 V
19. a. ETh = 20 V
ETh 20 V 20 V
I = 1.6 mA =  , RTh  = 12.5 k
RTh RTh 1.6 mA
b. ETh= 60 mV, RTh = 2.72 k
c. ETh = 16 V, RTh = 2.2 k
20.
4
RTh = 4   (2   2 )  =2
2
2 (6 V) 12 V
V4Ω =  = 1.5 V
2 4 2  8 
V2Ω = V4Ω = 1.5 V
ETh = V4Ω + V2Ω = 1.5 V + 1.5 V = 3 V
21. a. From Problem 8, RN = RTh = 6 Ω
RT  6   3   4 
 6   1.714   7.714 
E 18 V
Is =  = 2.333 A
RT 7.714 
3 (2.333 A)
IN = =1A
3 4 
b. RTh = 6 Ω, ETh = INRN = (1 A)(6 Ω) = 6 V
c. same results
102 CHAPTER 9
22. a. From Problem 9, RN = RTh = 4.1 kΩ
2.4 k(120 mA)
I 
2.4 k  (1.2 k  3.3 k)
 87.80 mA
1.2 k(87.80 mA)

IN 
1.2 k  3.3 k
 23.41 mA
b. RTh = 4.1 kΩ, ETh = INRN = (23.41 mA)(4.1 kΩ) = 96 V
c. same results.
23. From Problem 11, RN = RTh = 2.18 Ω
IN = 6 A  1.5 A = 4.5 A
24. From Problem 12, RN = RTh = 1.58 kΩ
IN = 8 mA  7.27 mA = 0.73 mA
25. From Problem 13, RN = RTh = 2 Ω
72 V
I4Ω = = 18 A
4
72 V
I3Ω = = 16 A
3 6 2 
6 (16 A)
I2Ω = = 12 A
6 2 
IN = I4Ω + I2Ω = 18 A + 12 A = 30 A
CHAPTER 9 103
RT = 20 Ω + 5 Ω  (12 Ω + 1.778 Ω) = 23.67 Ω

E 20 V
Is =  = 844.95 mA
RT 23.67 
5 (844.95 mA)
I12Ω = =224. 98 mA
5   (12   1.778 )
16 (224.98 mA)
IN = = 200 mA
16   2 
27. From Problem 17, RN = RTh = 4.04 kΩ
104 CHAPTER 9
4.88 k(3.427 mA)
I 
4.88 k  1.02 k
 2.83 mA
6.8 k(2.83 mA)

IN = = 2.41 mA
6.8 k   k
6V
IN  = 1.5 A
4
29. a. RN:
RN = 4   12  = 3 
E = 12 V:
12 V
IN = =3A
4
CHAPTER 9 105
I = 2 A:
IN = 2 A
IN = IN + IN = 3 A + 2 A = 5 A
b.
I: 3 (5A)
I 
3    
 145.63 mA
V   IR
 (145.63 mA)(100 )
 14.56 V
E:
100 (72 V)
V  
100   3 
 69.9 V
V100   V   V 
 69.9 V  14.56 V
 55.34 V
30. a. R = RTh = 6 Ω from Problem 8
b. ETh = 6 V from Problem 8

E2 (6 V)2
Pmax = Th  = 1.5 W
4 RTh 4(6 )
31. a. R = RTh = 2.18 Ω from Problem 11
b. ETh = 9.81 V from Problem 11

2
ETh (9.81 V) 2
Pmax =  = 11.06 W
4 RTh 4(2.18 )
106 CHAPTER 9
32. a. R = RTh = 2 Ω from Problem 13
b. ETh = 60 V from Problem 13

E2 (60 V) 2
Pmax = Th  = 450 W
4 RTh 4(2 )
33. a. R = RTh = 4.04 kΩ from Problem 17
b. ETh = 9.74 V from Problem 17

E2 (9.74 V)2
Pmax = Th  = 5.87 mW
4 RTh 4.04 k)
34. a.
R = RN = RTh = 2.18 Ω
I N2 RN (13.33A)2 2.18 
b. Pmax =  = 96.84 W
4 4
2
 ETh 
35. Pmax =   R4
 RTh  R4 
with R1 = 0 Ω, ETh is a maximum and RTh is a minimum.
 R1 = 0 Ω
36. a.
V, and therefore V4 wll be its largest value

when R2 is as large as possible. Therefore,
choose R2 = open-circuit ( Ω) and
V2
P4 = 4 will be a maximum.
R4
b. No, examine each individually.
37. The voltage VL will be a maximum when R = 500 Ω because the full voltage, E, will appear
across RL.
VL2 E 2 (12 V) 2
Pmax =   = 1.44 W
RL RL 500 
CHAPTER 9 107
38. IT = 4 A + 7 A = 11 A
RT = 10   6   3  = 1.67 
VL = ITRT = (11 A)(1.67 ) = 18.37 V
V 18.37 V
IL = L  = 6.12 A
RL 3
5 V / 2.2 k  20 V / 8.2 k
39. Eeq = = 0.2879 V
1/ 2.2 k  1/ 8.2 k
1
Req = = 1.7346 k
1/ 2.2 k  1/ 8.2 k
Eeq 0.2879 V
IL =  = 39.3 μA
Req  RL 1.7346 k  5.6 k
VL = ILRL = (39.3 μA)(5.6 k) = 220 mV
40. IT = 5 A  0.4 A  0.2 A = 4.40 A

RT = 200   80   50 Ω  50  = 17.39 
VL = ITRT = (4.40 A)(17.39 ) = 75.52 V
V 76.52 V
IL = L  = 0.38 A
RL 200 
(4 A)(4.7 )  (1.6 A)(3.3 ) 18.8 V + 5.28 V

41. Ieq =  = 3.01 A
4.7   3.3  8
Req = 4.7  + 3.3  = 8 
Req ( I eq ) 8 (3.01 A)
IL = = = 2.25 A
Req + RL 8  + 2.7 
VL = ILRL = (2.25 A)(2.7 Ω) = 6.08 V
 (4 mA)(8.2 k)  (8 mA)(4.7 k)  (10 mA)(2 k)

42. I eq =
8.2 k  4.7 k  2 k
32.8 V + 37.6 V  20 V
= = 3.38 mA
14.9 k
Req = 8.2 k + 4.7 k + 2 k = 14.9 k
Req I eq (14.9 k)(3.38 mA)
IL = = = 2.32 mA
Req + RL 14.9 k  6.8 k
VL = ILRL = (2.32 mA)(6.8 k) = 15.78 V
108 CHAPTER 9
43. 15 k  (8 k + 7 k) = 15 k  15 k = 7.5 k
7.5 k(60 V)
Vab = = 45 V
7.5 k  2.5 k
45 V
Iab = = 3 mA
15 k
44.
10 V  8 V
Iba =
2 k  0.51 k  1.5 k
= 498.75 A
V0.51kΩ = (498.75 A)(0.51 k)
= 0.25 V
Vab = 10 V  0.25 V = 9.75 V

45.
Vab = 0 V (short)
Iab = 0 A (open)
R2 any resistive value
 R2 = short-circuit, open-circuit, any value
24 V I
46. a. Is = = 1.5 mA, I = s = 0.5 mA
24 k 3
8 k 
3
b. 24 V
Is = = 0.83 mA
24 k  8 k  12 k
12 k( I s )
I= = 0.5 mA
12 k  8 k
c. yes
CHAPTER 9 109
47. (a) 10 V
IT =
4 k  8 k  4 k  4 k
10 V
=
2.67 k  2 k
10 V
= = 2.14 mA
4.67 k
8 ( I T )
I1 = = 1.43 mA, I2 = IT/2 = 1.07 mA
8  4
I = I1  I2 = 1.43 mA  1.07 mA = 0.36 mA
(b) (8 k  4 k)(10 V)
V1 =
8 k  4 k  4 k  4 k
= 5.72 V
V
I1 = 1 = 0.71 mA
8 k
V2 = E  V1 = 10 V  5.72 V
= 4.28 V
V2
I2 = = 1.07 mA
4 k
I = I2  I1 = 1.07 mA  0.71 mA
= 0.36 mA
R1 ( I ) 3 (6 A)
48. a. I R2   =2A
R1  R2  R3 3   2   4 
V = I R2 R2 = (2 A)(2 ) = 4 V
R2 ( I ) 2 (6 A)
b. I R1   = 1.33 A
R1  R2  R3 3   2   4 
V = I R1 R1 = (1.33 A)(3 ) = 4 V
110 CHAPTER 9
Chapter 10
Q1 (9  109 )(4 C)
1. (a) E= k 2
= 2
= 36  103 N/C
r (1 m)
Q1 (9  109 )(4  C)
(b) E = k  = 36  109 N/C
r2 (1 mm) 2
E (1 mm): E (2 m) = 36 × 109: 36 × 103 = 1 × 106
kQ kQ (9  109 )(2  C)
2. E =  r = = = 15.81 m
r2 E 72 N/C
Q 1200 C
3. C=  = 50 μF
V 24 V
4. Q = CV = (0.15 F)(45 V) = 6.75 μC
 1m 
5. a. 1"   25.4 mm
 39.37" 
V 500 mV
E = = = 19.69 V/m
d 25.4 mm
25.4 mm
b.  0.254 mm
100
V 500 mV
E = = = 1.97 kV/m
d 0.254 mm
Q 160 C
6. V=  = 23.53 V
C 6.8  F
V 23.53 V
E = = = 4.71 kV/m
d 5 mm
 1m 
7. 0.1"   2.54 mm
 39.37" 
A (0.1 m 2 )
C = 8.85  1012εr = 8.85  1012(1) = 348.43 pF
d 2.54 mm
A (0.1 m 2 )
8. C = 8.85  1012 εr = 8.85  1012(2.5) = 871.06 pF
d 2.54 mm
A 8.85  1012 (4)(0.15 m 2 )

9. C = 8.85  1012εr d= = 2.66 m
d 2 F
C 6.8 nF
10. C = εrCo  εr = = = 5 (mica)
Co 1360 pF
CHAPTER 10 111
(0.08 m 2 )
11. a. C = 8.85  10-12(7) = 24.78 nF
0.2 mm
V 200 V
b. E =  = 106 V/m
d 0.2 mm
c. Q = CV = (24.78 nF)(200 V) = 4.96 C
1
12. a. C= (4.7 F) = 2.35 F
2
b. C = 2(4.7 F) = 9.4 F
c. C = 20(4.7 F) = 94 F
1
(4) 
d. C=  3  (4.7 F) = 25.1 F
1
 
 4
8.85  1012  r A (8.85  1012 )(5)(0.02 m 2 )

13. d=  = 130.15 µm
C 6800 pF
106 m   39.37 in.  1000 mils 
d = 130.15 µm     = 5.12 mils
 1  m   1 m   1 in. 
 5000 V 
5.12 mils   = 25.6 kV
 mil 
1200 V  mil 
14. mica:  1200 V   = 0.24 mils
5000 V  5000 V 
mil
 1   1m 
0.24 mils    = 6.10 m
1000 mils   39.37 in. 
200
15. (22 F)/C = 4400 pF/C
1  106
4400 pF 4400 pF
[T]  [80C] = 0.35 F
C C
16. J = 5%, Size  40 pF  2 pF, 38 pF  42 pF
17. F = 1%, Size  47 × 101 = 470 F ± 4.7 F, 465.3 F  474.7 F
18. K = 10%, Size  18 × 102 pF = 1800 pF  180 pF, 1620 pF  1980 pF
19. a. τ = RC = (105 Ω)(5.6 μF) = 0.56 s
b. C = E(1  et/τ) = 20 V(1  et/0.56 s)
112 CHAPTER 10
c. 1τ = 0.632(20 V) = 12.64 V, 3τ = 0.95(20 V) = 19 V
5τ = 0.993(20 V) = 19.87 V
20 V t/τ
d. iC = e = 0.2 mAet/0.56 s
100 k
R = Eet/τ = 20 Vet/0.56 s
e.
20. a. τ = RC = (106 )(5.6 F) = 5.6 s b. υC = E(1  et/τ) = 20 V(1  et/5.6s)
20 V t/τ
c. 1τ = 12.64 V, 3τ = 19 V, 5τ = 19.87 V d. iC = e = 20 A et/5.6s
1M
υR = Eet/τ = 20V et/5.6s
e. Same as problem 21 with 5τ = 28 s and Im = 20 A
21. a. τ = RC = (2.2 k + 3.3 k)1 μF = (5.5 k)(1 F) = 5.5 ms
b. C = E(1  et/τ) = 100 V(1  et/5.5 ms)
c. 1τ = 63.21 V, 3τ = 95.02 V, 5τ = 99.33 V
E t/τ 100 V t/τ

d. iC = e = e = 18.18 mAet/5.5 ms
RT 5.5 k
3.3 k(100 V)
VR2  = 60 V
3.3 k  2.2 k
 R2 = 60 Vet/5.5 ms
e.
CHAPTER 10 113
22. a. R = 68 kΩ + 22 kΩ = 90 kΩ
τ = RC = (90 k)(18 μF) = 1.62 s
b. C = E(1  et/τ) = (20 V + 40 V)(1  et/τ)

C = 60 V(1  et/1.62s)
E t/τ 60 V t/τ
c. iC = e = e = 0.67 mAet/1.62s
R 90 k 
d.
23. a. 100 μs
b. C = 12 V(1  e50µs/100µs) = 12 V(1  e0.5) = 12 V(1  0.607)

= 12 V(.393) = 4.72 V
c. C = 12 V(1  e1ms/100µs) = 12 V(1  e10) = 12 V(1  45.4  106)
 12 V(999.95 × 103)  12 V
24. a.  = 20 ms, 5 = 5(20 ms) = 100 ms

 20 ms
b.  = RC, R =  = 2 k
C 10  F
c. C (20 ms) = 40 mV(1  e20ms/20ms) = 40 mV(1  e1)
= 40 mV(1  .368) = 40 mV(0.632) = 25.28 mV
d. C = 40 mV(1  e10) = 40 mV(1  45  106)  40 mV
e. Q = CV = (10 F)(40 mV) = 0.4 C
f.  = RC = (1000  106 )(10 F) = 10  103 s
1 min   1 h 
5 = 50  103 s    = 13.89 h
 60 s   60 min 
25. a.  = RC = (4.7 k)(56 F) = 263.2 ms
b. C = E(1 et/) = 22 V(1  et/263.2ms)

E  t / 22 V  t / 263.2ms
iC = e  e = 4.68 mAet/263.2ms
R 4.7 k
c. C(1 s) = 22 V(1  e1s/263.2ms) = 22 V(1  e3.8)

= 22 V(1  22.37  103) = 21.51 V
iC (1 s) = 4.68 mAe1s/263.2ms = 4.68 mA(22.37  103) = 0.105 mA
d. C = 21.51 Vet/263.2ms
21.51 V  t / 263.2ms
iC = e = 4.58 mAet/263.2ms
4.7 k
114 CHAPTER 10
e.
26. a.  = RC = (3 k + 2 k)(2 F) = 10 ms

C = 30 V(1  et/10ms)
30 V  t /10ms
iC = e = 6 mAt/10ms
5 k
 R1 = iC R1 = (6 mA)(3 k)et/10ms = 18 Vet/10ms
b. 100ms: e10 = 45.4  106
C = 30 V(1  45.4  106) = 30 V
iC = 6 mA(45.4  106) = 0.27 A
 R1 = 18 V(45.4  106) = 0.82 mV
c. 200 ms:  = R2C = (2 k)(2 F) = 4 ms
C = 30 Vet/4ms
30 V  t / 4ms
iC =  e = 15 mAet/4ms
2 k
At t = 0:  R2  iC R2  (6 mA)(2 k)e  t /10 ms
= 12 Vet/10 ms
At t = 200 ms:  R2  (15 mA)(2 k)e t / 4 ms
= 30 Vet/4 ms
d.
CHAPTER 10 115
27. a.  = RC = (220 k)(22 pF) = 4.84 s
 
C = 60 V 1  e  t/4.84  s
60 V  t / 
iC = e = 272.73  Ae t/4.84  s
220 k
b.  = RC = (220 k + 470 kΩ)(22 pF) = (690 kΩ)(22 pF) = 15.18 s

C = 60 V(1  e5) = 60 V(1  6.73 × 103) = 59.6 V
C = 59.6 Vet/15.18μs
iC = 272.73 µAe5 = 272.73 µA(6.73 × 103) = 1.84 μA
60 V
iC(max) = = 86.96 µA
690 k
iC = 86.96 μAet/15.18μS
c.
116 CHAPTER 10
d. R = (470 kΩ)(86.96 µA)et/15.18ms
= 40.87Vet/15.18μs
28. a.  = RC = (2 m)(1000 F) = 2 s

5 = 10 s
V 12 V
b. Im =  = 6 kA
R 2 m
c. yes
29. a. C = Vf + (Vi  Vf)et/

 = RC = (4.7 k)(4.7 F) = 22.1 ms, Vf = 40 V, Vi = 6 V
C = 40 V + (6 V  40 V)et/22.1ms
C = 40 V  34 Vet/22.1ms
b. Initially VR = E + C = 40 V  6 V = 34 V
V 34 V  t / 22.1ms
iC = R e  t /   e = 7.23 mA et/22.1ms
R 4.7 k
c.
CHAPTER 10 117
30.  = RC = (2.2 k)(2000 F) = 4.4 s
C = VCet/ = 40 Vet/4.4 s
VC t /  40 V  t / 4.4 s
IC = e  e = 18.18 mAet/4.4 s
R 2.2 k
R = C = 40 Vet/4.4s
31. C = Vf + (Vi Vf)et/

 = RC = (820 )(3300 pF) = 2.71 s, Vf = 20 V, Vi = 10 V
C = 20 V + (10 V  (20 V))et/2.71s
C = 20 V + 10 Vet/2.71s
(20 V  10 V) 10 V
Im =  = 12.2 mA
820  820 
iC = iR = 12.2 mAet/2.71s
32. a. R = 10 kΩ + 8.2 kΩ = 18.2 kΩ

τ = RC = (18.2 kΩ)(6.8 µF) = 123.76 ms
C = Vf + (Vi  Vf)et/τ
Vf = 20 V + 40 V = 60 V
Vi = 8 V
C = 60 V + (8 V  60 V)et/123.76 ms
C = 60 V  68 Vet/123.76 ms
8 V + 20 V + 40 V
Im = = 3.74 mA
18.2 k
iC = 3.74 mAet/123.76 ms
118 CHAPTER 10
b.
33. a. C = 140 mV(1  e1ms/2 ms) = 140 mV(1  e0.5) = 140 mV(1  0.6065)
= 140 mV(0.3935) = 55.59 mV
b. C = 140 mV(1  e10) = 140 mV(1  45.4  106)

 139.99 mV
c. 100 mV = 140 mV(1  et/2 ms)

0.714 = 1  et/2 ms
0.286 = et/2 ms
loge 0.286 = loge et/2 ms
1.252 = t/2 ms
t = 1.252 (2 ms) = 2.5 ms
d. C = 138 mV = 140 mV(1  et/2 ms)

0.986 = 1  et/2 ms
14 × 103 = et/2 ms
loge 14 × 103 = t/2 ms
4.268 = t/2 ms
t = (4.268)(2 ms) = 8.54 s
CHAPTER 10 119
34. τ = RC = (33 kΩ)(20 µF) = 0.66 s
C = 12 V(1  et0.66 s)
8 V = 12 V(1  et0.66 s)
8 V = 12 V  12 Ve(1  et/0.66 s)
4 V = 12 Vet0.66 s
0.333 = et0.66 s
loge 0.333 = t/0.66 s
1.0996 = t/0.66 s
t = 1.0996(0.66 s) = 0.73 s
  
35. t =  loge 1  C 
 E 
 12 V 
10 s =  loge 1  
 20 V 
.4
916.29  103
10 s
= = 10.92 s
0.916
 10.92 s
 = RC  R =  = 54.60 k
C 200  F
36. a. τ = RC = (12 kΩ + 8.2 kΩ)(6.8 µF) = 137.36 ms

C  60 V(1  e  t /  )
48 V  60 V(1  e  t /  )
0.8  1  e  t / 
0.2  e  t / 
log e 0.2  log e e  t / 
1.61  t / 
t  (1.61)  (1.61)(137.36 ms) = 221.15 ms
E 60 V  t / 
b. iC  e  t /   e
R 20.2 k
 2.97 mAe  t /137.36 ms
iC(221.15 ms) = 2.97 mAe221.15 ms/137.36 ms
= 2.97 mAe1.61
= 2.97 mA (199.89 × 103)
= 0.594 mA
c. t = 2τ
iC = 2.97 mAe2τ/τ = 2.97 mAe2
= 0.4 mA
0.135
P = EI = (60 V)(0.4 mA) = 24 mW
120 CHAPTER 10
37. a. m = R = Eet/ = 60 Ve1/ = 60 Ve1
= 60 V(0.3679)
= 22.07 V
E t /  60 V  2 / 
b. iC = e  e = 6 Ae2
R 10 M
= 6 A(0.1353)
= 0.81 A
c. C = E(1  et/)  = RC = (10 M)(0.2 F) = 2 s

t/2 s
50 V = 60 V(1  e )
0.8333 = 1  et/2 s
loge 0.1667 = t/2 s
t = (2 s)(1.792)
= 3.58 s
38. a. Thevenin’s theorem:

RTh: ETh:
RTh = 8 k  24 k
= 6 k
24 k(20 V)
ETh =  = 15 V
24 k  8 k
 = RC = (10 k)(15 F) = 0.15 s

C = E(1  et/)
= 15 V(1  et/0.15 s)
E  t / 15 V  t / 0.15
iC = e  e = 1.5 mAet/0.15 s
R 10 k
CHAPTER 10 121
b.
39. a. Source conversion and combining series resistors:
E = (4 mA)(6.8 kΩ) = 27.2 V

RT = 6.8 kΩ + 1.5 kΩ = 8.3 kΩ
Vf = 27.2 V, Vi = 10 V
 = RC = (8.3 k)(2.2 F) = 18.26 ms
C = Vf + (Vi  Vf)et/
= 27.2 V + (10 V  (27.2 V))et/18.26 ms
C = 27.2 V + 37.2 Vet/18.26 ms
R(0+) = 27.2 V  (27.2 V))e-t/18.26 ms = 37.2 V
37.2 V  t /18.26ms
iC =  e
8.3 k
iC = 4.48 mAet/18.26 ms
122 CHAPTER 10
b.
40. a. RTh = 3.9 k + 0   1.8 k = 3.9 k

ETh = 36 V
 = RC = (3.9 k)(20 F) = 78 ms

C = Vf + (Vi  Vf)et/
= 36 V + (12 V  36 V)et/78 ms
C = 36 V  24 Vet/78 ms
R(0+) = 24 V  12 V = 24 V
24 V  t/78 ms
iC = e
3.9 k
iC = 6.15 mAet/78 ms
b.
CHAPTER 10 123
41. Source conversion:
E = IR1 = (5 mA)(0.56 k) = 2.8 V
R = R1 + R2 = 0.56 k + 3.9 k = 4.46 k
RTh = 4.46 k  6.8 k = 2.69 k

4 V  2 .8 V 1.2 V
I=  = 0.107 mA
6.8 k  4.46 k 11.26 k
ETh = 4 V  (0.107 mA)(6.8 k)
= 4 V  0.727 V
= 3.27 V
C = 3.27 V(1  et/)

 = RC = (2.69 k)(20 F)
= 53.80 ms
C = 3.27 V(1  et/53.80 ms)
3.27 V  t / 
iC = e
2.69 k
= 1.22 mA et/53.80 ms
42. a.  = RC = (6.8 k)(39 F) = 265.2 ms

C = Vf + (Vi  Vf)et/
= 20 V + (8 V  (20 V))et/265.2 ms
C = 20 V + 12 Vet/265.2 ms
R(0 +) = +8 V  20 V = 12 V
12 V  t / 265.2 ms
iC =  e
6.8 k
iC = 1.76 mAet/265.2 ms
124 CHAPTER 10
b.
43. a. RTh = 2 M  10 M = 1.67 M

10 M(24 V)
ETh = = 20 V
10 M  2 M
C = ETh(1  et/)
= 20 V(1  e4/)
= 20 V(1  e4)
= 20 V(1  0.0183)
= 19.63 V
 = RThC = (1.67 M)(1 F) = 1.67 s
E t / 
iC = e
R
20 V  t /1.67s
3 A = e
1.67 M
0.25 = et/1.67s
loge 0.25 = t/1.67 s
t = (1.67 s)(1.39)
= 2.32 s
c. meter = C
C = ETh(1  et/)
10 V = 20 V(1  et/1.67s)
0.5 = 1  et/1.67s
0.5 = et/1.67s
loge 0.5 = t/1.67 s
t = (1.67 s)(0.69)
= 1.15 s
CHAPTER 10 125
C
44. iC ao  C
t
(40 V)
0  1 ms: iC = 2  106 = 80 mA
1 ms
(0 V)
1  2 ms: iC = 2  106 = 0 mA
1 ms
(20 V)
2  3 ms: iC = 2  106 = 40 mA
1 ms
(10 V)
3  6 ms: iC = 2  106 = 6.67 mA
3 ms
(0 V)
6 9 ms: iC = 2  106 = 0 mA
3 ms
(10 V)
9 12 ms: iC = 2  106 = 6.67 mA
3 ms
C
45. iC ao  C
t
(5 V )
0  20 s: iC = 4.7 F = 1.18 A
20  s
(15 V )
20  30 s: iC = 4.7 F = 7.05 A
10  s
(15 V )
30  40 s: iC = 4.7 F = 7.05 A
10  s
(0 V )
40  50 s: iC = 4.7 F =0A
10  s
(5 V )
50  55 s: iC = 4.7 F = 4.7 A
5 s
(5 V )
55 s  60 s: iC = 4.7 F = 4.7 A
5 s
126 CHAPTER 10
(0 V )
60 s  70 s: iC = 4.7 F =0A
10  s
(10 V )
70 s  80 s: iC = 4.7 F = 4.7 A
10  s
(5 V )
80 s  100 s: iC = 4.7 F = 1.175 A
20  s
C t
46. iC = C  C  (iC )
t C
0  4 ms: iC = 0 mA C = 0 V
(2 ms)
4  6 ms: iC = 40 mA C = (40 mA) = 4 V
20 F
(10 ms)
6  16 ms: iC = +40 mA C = (40 mA) = +20 V
20 F
(4 ms)
16  20 ms: iC = 120 mA C = (120 mA) = 24 V
20  F
20  25 ms: iC = 0 mA C = 0 V
CHAPTER 10 127
47. 6 F + 4 F = 10 µF, 8 µF + 12 µF = 20 µF
10 µF  20 F = 6.67 F
48. CT = 6 F  12 F = 4 F
CT = CT + 12 F = 4 F + 12 F = 16 F
6 F  CT (6 F)(16 F)
CT = 6 F  CT =  = 4.36 F
6 F  CT 6 F  16 F
49. V1 = 10 V, Q1 = V1C1 = (10 V)(6 F) = 60 C
CT = 6 F  12 F = 4 F, QT = CTE = (4 F)(10 V) = 40 C
Q2 = Q3 = 40 C
Q 40  C
V2 = 2  = 6.67 V
C2 6 F
Q 40  C
V3 = 3  = 3.33 V
C3 12  F
50. 360 µF + 200 µF = 560 µF

470 µF  560 µF = 255.53 µF
QT = Q3 = CTE = (255.53µF)(56 V) = 14.5 mC
Q 14.5 mC
V3 = 3  = 30.4 V
C3 470  F
V1 = V2 = E  V3 = 56 V  30.4 V = 25.6 V
Q1 = V1C1 = (25.6 V)(360 µF) = 9.2 mC
Q2 = V2C2 = (25.6 V)(200 µF) = 5.1 mC
51. steady  state  ignore 10 kΩ resistor

330 µF + 120 µF = 450 µF
CT = 220 µF  450 µF = 147.76 µF
QT = Q1 = CTE = (147.76 µF)(20 V) = 2.96 mC
Q 2.96 mC
V1 = 1  = 13.45 V
C1 220  F
V3 = V2 = E  V1 = 20 V  13.45 V = 6.55 V
Q2 = C2V2 = (330 µF)(6.55 V) = 2.16 mC
Q3 = C3V3 = (120 µF)(6.55 V) = 0.786 mC
4 k(48 V)
52. V4k = = 32 V = V0.08F
4 k  2 k
Q0.08F = (0.08 F)(32 V) = 2.56 C
V0.04F = 48 V
Q0.04F = (0.04 F)(48 V) = 1.92 C
1 1
53. WC = CV 2  (120 pF)(12 V)2 = 8,640 pJ
2 2
Q2
54. W= Q= 2CW  2(6 F)(1200 J) = 0.12 C
2C
128 CHAPTER 10
(220 k  3.3 k)(12 V)
55. a. V200F = = 9.85 V
2.2 k  3.3 k  1.2 k
(3.3 k)(12 V)
V100F = = 5.91 V
2.2 k  3.3 k  1.2 k
1
W200F = (200  F)(9.85 V) 2 = 970 mJ
2
1
W100F = (100  F)(5.91 V)2 = 1.75 mJ
2
1 1
56. a. WC = CV 2  (1000 F)(100 V)2 = 5 pJ
2 2
b. Q = CV = (1000 F)(100 V) = 0.1 C
c. I = Q/t = 0.1 C/(1/2000) = 200 A
d. P = VavIav = W/t = 5 J(1/2000 s) = 10,000 W
e. t = Q/I = 0.1 C/10 mA = 10 s
CHAPTER 10 129
Chapter 11
 4  104 Wb
1. a. B=  2
= 4  102 Wb/m2 = 0.04 Wb/m2
A 0.01 m
b. 0.04 T
c. F = NI = (40 t)(2.2 A) = 88 At
104 gauss 
 = 0.4  10 gauss
3
d. 0.04 T 
 1 T 
 2.54 cm   1 m 
2. 0.2  = 5.08 mm
 1  100 cm 
 2.54 cm   1 m 
1  = 25.4 mm
 1  100 cm 
 d 2  (5.08 mm) 2
A=  = 20.27  106 m2
4 4
N 2  A (200 t) 2 (4  10 7 )(20.27  10 6 m 2 )
L=  = 40.1 H
 25.4 mm
N 2  r o A (200 t ) 2 (500)(4  10 7 )(20.27  10 6 m 2 )

3. a. L=  = 20.06 mH
 25.4 mm
b. increase = change in µ r
Lnew = µ rLo
r o (200 t) 2 (1000)(4  107 )(1.5  104 m 2 )

4. L = N2  = 50.27 mH
 0.15 m
N 2  r o A
5. L=

a. L = (3)2Lo = 9Lo = 9(4.7 mH) = 42.3 mH
1 1
b. L = Lo = (4.7 mH) = 1.57 mH
3 3
(2)(2) 2
c. L = Lo = 16 (4.7 mH) = 75.2 mH
1
2
2
1 1
  (1500) Lo
L =  
2 2
d. = 375(4.7 mH) = 1.76 mH
1
2
6. a. 39  102 H  10%  3900 H  10%  3.9 mH ± 10%
b. 68 × 100 H  5% = 68 F ± 5%
130 CHAPTER 11
c. 47 μH ± 10%
d. 15 × 102 µH ± 10% = 1500 µH ± 10% = 15 mH ± 10%
d
7. e= N = (50 t)(120 mWb/s) = 6.0 V
dt
d d e 20 V
8. e= N    = 100 mWb/s
dt dt N 200 t
 
d  1   1 
9. e= N  N = e   42 mV   = 14 turns
dt  d   3 m Wb/s 
 dt 
diL
10. a. e= L = (22 mH)(1 A/s) = 22 mV
dt
di
b. e = L L = (22 mH)(1 mA/ms) = 22 mV
dt
diL 2 mA
e= L = (22 mH)( = 4.4 V
dt 10  s
L 300 mH
11. a. =  = 15 s
R 20 k
E 20 mV
b. iL = (1  e  t/ )  (1  et/)
R 20 k
= 1 mA(1  et/15 μs)
c. L = Eet/ = 20 Vet/15 s
R = iRR = iLR = E(1  et/) = 20 V(1  et/15 s)
d. iL: 1 = 0.632 mA, , 3 = 0.951 mA, 5 = 0.993 mA

L: 1 = 7.36 V, 3 = 0.98 V, 5 = 140 mV
e.
CHAPTER 11 131
L 4.7 mH
12. a. =  = 2.14 s
R 2.2 k
E 12 V
b. iL = (1  e t/ )  (1  et/) = 5.45 mA(1  et/2.14 s)
R 2.2 k
c. L = Eet/ = 12 Vet/2.14 s
R = iRR = iLR = E(1  et/) = 12 V(1  et/2.14 s)
d. iL: 1 = 3.45 mA, , 3 = 5.18 mA, 5 = 5.41 mA

L: 1 = 4.42 V, 3 = 0.60 V, 5 = 0.08 V
e.
18 V
13. iL = (1  e  t /  )
RT
18V
RT = = 1.2 kΩ
15 mA
L R (15  s) 1.2 k(15  s)
5  15   = 15 µs: L  
R 5 5
 3.6 mH
14. a. iL = If + (Ii  If)et/

E 36 V L 120 mH
Ii = 8 mA, If =  = 9.23 mA,  =  = 30.77 s
R 3.9 k R 3.9 k
iL = 9.23 mA + (8 mA  9.23 mA)et/30.77 s
iL = 9.23 mA  1.23 mAet/30.77 s
+E   L   R = 0 and  L  E   R
 R = iRR = iLR = (8 mA)(3.9 k) = 31.2 V
 L = E   R = 36 V  31.2 V = 4.8 V
L = 4.8 Vet/30.77 s
b.
132 CHAPTER 11
L 120 mH
15. a. Ii = 8 mA, If = 9.23 mA,  =  = 30.77 s
R 3.9 k
iL = If + (Ii  If)et/
= 9.23 mA + (8 mA  9.23 mA)et/30.77 s
iL = 9.23 mA  17.23 mA et/30.77 s
+E   L   R = 0 (at t = 0)
but,  R = iRR = iLR = (8 mA)(3.9 k) = 31.2 V
 L = E   R = 36 V  (31.2 V) = 67.2 V
L = 67.2 V et/30.77 s
b.
c. Final levels are the same. Transition period defined by 5 is also the same.
16. a. Source conversion:
L 2H
=  = 588.2 s
R 3.4 k
6V
If = = 1.76 mA
3.4 k
iL = 1.76 mA + (4 mA  1.76 mA)et/588.2s
iL = 1.76 mA + 2.24 mA et/588.2s
R(0 +) = 4 mA(3.4 k) = 13.6 V

KVL: +6 V  13.6 V  L(0+) = 0
L(0+) = 7.6 V
t/588.2s
L = 7.6 Ve
b.
CHAPTER 11 133
17. a. 20.8 V
If = = 2 mA
10.4 k
L 200 mH
τ= = = 19.23 s
R 10.4 k
iL = If + (Ii  If )et/τ
= 2 mA + (6 mA  2 mA)et/19.23 μs
iL = 2 mA + 4 mAet/19.23 μs
KVL: 20.8 V  62.4 V  υL(0+) = 0

υL(0+) = 41.60 V
υL = 41.6 Ve-t/19.23 μs
b.
18. a.
L 10 mH
= = = 0.278 s
R 36 k
E
L = 8 Vet/0.278s, iL = (1  e t/ ) = 0.222 mA(1  et/0.278s)
R
b. 5  steady state
L 10 mH
 =  = 0.208 s
R 12 k  36 k
iL = Imet/ = 0.222 mAet/0.208s
L = (0.222 mA)(48 k)et/ = 10 .66Vet/0.308s
134 CHAPTER 11
L 1 mH
19. a. =  = 0.5 s
R 2 k
E 12 V
iL = (1  e  t /  )  (1  e  t /  ) = 6 mA(1  et/0.5s)
R 2 k
L = Eet/ = 12 V et/0.5s
b. iL = 6 mA(1  et/0.5s) = 6 mA(1  e1s/0.5s)

= 6 mA(1  e2) = 5.19 mA
L 1 mH
iL = Imet/  =  = 83.3 ns
R 12 k
iL = 5.19 mAet/83.3ns
t = 1 s: L = 12 Vet/0.5s = 12 Ve2 = 12 V(0.1353) = 1.62 V
VL = (5.19 mA)(12 k) = 62.28 V
L = 62.28 Vet/83.3ns
c.
CHAPTER 11 135
20. a.
RTh = 6.8 k
ETh = 6 V
L 5 mH
=  = 0.74 s
R 6.8 k
E 6V
iL = (1  e t/ )  (1  e t/ ) = 0.88 mA(1  et/0.74s)
R 6.8 k
L = Eet/ = 6 Vet/0.74s
b. Assume steady state and IL = 0.88 mA
L 5 mH
 =  = 0.33 s
R 15 k
iL = Imet/ = 0.88 mA et/0.33s

L = Vmet/
Vm = ImR = (0.88 mA)(15 k) = 13.23 V
L = 13.23 Vet/0.33s
c.
136 CHAPTER 11
d. VR2 max = ImR2 = (0.88 mA)(8.2 k) = 7.22 V
21. a. RTh = 2 k + 2.2 k + 6.2 k  3 kΩ = 6.22 k

6.2 k(12 V)
ETh = = 8.09 V
6.2 k  3 k
8.09 V L 47 mH
If = = 1.3 mA ,  =  = 7.56 s
6.22 k R 6.22 k
iL = 1.3 mA(1  et/7.56s)
L = 8.09 Vet/7.56s
b. 0.632(1.3 mA) = 0.822 mA

0.368(8.09 V) = 2.98 V
22. a. Source conversion: E = IR = (4 mA)(12 k) = 48 V, ENet = 48 V  20 V = 28 V
L 2 mH
=  = 55.56 ns
R 36 k
E 28 V
iL = (1  e  t/ )  (1  e  t/ ) = 0.778 mA(1  et/55.56ns)
R 36 k
L = Eet/ = 28 Vet/55.56ns
b. t = 100 ns:
iL = 0.778 mA(1  e100ns/55.56ns) = 0.778 mA(1  e1.8) = 0.65 mA
0.165
L = 28 Ve1.8 = 4.62 V
CHAPTER 11 137
23. a. RTh = 2.2 k  4.7 k = 1.50 k
4.7 k(10 V)
ETh =  = 6.81 V
4.7 k  2.2 k
L 10 mH
=  = 6.67 s
R 1.50 k
E 6.81 V
iL =  (1  e  t/ )   (1  e  t/ ) = 4.54 mA(1  et/6.67s)
R 1.5 k
L = Eet/ = EThet/τ = 6.81 Vet /6.67s
b. t = 10 s:
iL = 4.54 mA(1  e10s/6.67s) = 4.54 mA(1  e1.5)
0.223
= 3.53 mA
L = 6.81 V(0.223) = 1.52 V
L 10 mH
c.  =  = 2.13 s
R 4.7 k
iL = 3.53 mAet/2.13s
At t = 10 s
VL = (3.53 mA)(4.7 k) = 16.59 V
L = 16.59 Vet/2.13s
d.
L 0 .6 H 0 .6 H
24. a. L = Eet/ =   = 5 ms
R1  R3 100   20  120 
L = 36 Vet/5 ms
L = 36 Ve25 ms/5 ms = 36 Ve5 = 36 V(0.00674) = 0.24 V
b. L = 36 Ve1 ms/5 ms = 36 Ve0.2 = 36 V(0.819) = 29.47 V
138 CHAPTER 11
 E 
c.  R1  iR1 R1  iL R1   (1  e t/ )  R1
 R1  R3 
 36 V 
= (1  e t/5ms )  100 
 120  
t/5 ms
= (300 mA(1  e ))100 
5 ms/5 ms
= 30 V(1  e ) = 30 V(1  e1)
= 30 V(1  0.368) = 18.96 V
d. iL = 300 mA(1  et/5 ms)

100 mA = 300 mA(1  et/5 ms)
0.333 = 1  et/5 ms
0.667 = et/5 ms
loge 0.667 = t/5 ms
0.405 = t/5 ms
t = 0.405(5 ms) = 2.03 ms
e. None-In parallel with supply.
16 V
25. a. Ii = = 2 mA
4.7 k  3.3 k
t = 0 s: Thevenin:
RTh = 3.3 k + 1 k  4.7 k = 3.3 k + 0.82 k = 4.12 k
1 k(16 V)
ETh = = 2.81 V
1 k  4.7 k
2.81 V L 2H
If = = 0.68 mA,  =  = 0.49 ms
4.12 k R 4.12 k
iL = 0.68 mA + (2 mA  0.68 mA)et/0.49 ms
iL = 0.68 mA + 1.32 mAet/0.49 ms
R(0+) = 2 mA(4.12 k) = 8.24 V
KVL(0+): 2.81 V  8.24 V  L = 0
L = 5.43 V
L = 5.43 Vet/0.49 ms
b.
CHAPTER 11 139
8V
26. a. Steady-state: I L  = 5.33 mA, VL = 0 V
1.5 k
RTh = (3 k  12 k)  4 k  1.5 k
2.4 k(20 V)
ETh = = 7.5 V
2.4 k  4 k
  1.5 k  1.5 k  0.75 k

RTh
  8 V  7.5 V  15.5 V
ETh
L 3 mH
   4 s
R 0.75 k
15.5 V
If = = 20.67 mA Ii = 5.33 mA
0.75 k
iL = If + (Ii  If)et/τ
= 20.67 mA + (5.33 mA  20.67 mA)et/4 µs
iL = 20.67 mA  15.34 mAet/4μs
υL = 15.5 Vet/4μs
b. iL (2 )  20.67 mA  15.34 mA  e2

0.135
 18.6 mA
 L (2 )  15.5Ve2  15.5V(0.135) = 2.09 V
c. Ii = 18.6 mA
υL + υR  8 V = 0
υL = 8 V  υR = 8 V  (18.6 mA)(1.5 kΩ)
= 19.9 V
L 3 mH
  = 2 µs
R 1.5 k
8V
Ii = 18.6 mA If = = 5.33 mA
1.5 k
iL = If + (Ii  If)et/τ = 5.33 mA + (18.6 mA  5.33 mA)et/2µs
= 5.33 mA + 13.27 mAet/2µs
υL = 19.9 Vet/2µs
140 CHAPTER 11
27. a.
RTh = 2 M  10 M = 1.67 M
10 M(24 V)
ETh = = 20 V
10 M  2 M
ETh 20 V
I L (0 ) = = = 12 μA
RTh 1.67 M 
L 5H
    5 s
Rmeter 10 M
iL = 12 Aet/5 s
10 A = 12 Aet/5 s
0.833 = et/5 s
loge 0.833 = t/5 s
0.183 = t/5 s
t = 0.183(5 s) = 0.92 s
b. L (0+) = iL(0+)Rm = (12 A)(10 M) = 120 V

L = 120 Vet/5s = 120 Ve10s/5s = 120 Ve2 = 120 V(0.135) = 16.2 V
c. L = 120 Ve5/ = 120 Ve5 = 120 V(6.74  103) = 0.81 V
28. a. Closed Switch:

RTh = 1.2 k  2.2 k = 0.776 kΩ
1.2 k(24 V)
ETh = = 8.47 V
1.2 k  2.2 k
CHAPTER 11 141
Open Switch:
  6.9 k  1.2 k  1.02 k
RTh
1.2 k(24 V)
 
ETh = 3.56 V
8.1 k
3.56 V + υR  υL = 0
υL = 3.56 V + (1.09 mA)(1.02 kΩ)
= 7.57 V
υL = 7.57Vet/1.18 ms
L 1.24
  = 1.18 ms
R 1.02 k
3.56 V
Iss = = 3.49 mA = If
1.02 k
iL  I f  ( I i  I f )e t / 
 3.49 mA+ (  10.91 mA  (3.49 mA)  e t /1.18 ms
iL = 3.49 mA  7.42 mAet/1.18 ms
b.
29. a. iL = 100 mA(1  e1ms/20ms) = 100 mA(1  e1/20)

= 100 mA(1  e0.05) = 100 mA(1  951.23 103) = 100 mA(48.77  103)
= 4.88 mA
b. iL = 100 mA(1  e100ms/20ms) = 100 mA(1  e5)

= 99.33 mA
c. 50 mA = 100 mA(1  et/)

0.5 = 1  et/
0.5 = et/
0.5 = et/
loge 0.5 = t/
t = ()(loge 0.5) = (20 ms)(loge 0.5) = (20 ms)(693.15  103)
= 13.86 ms
142 CHAPTER 11
d. 99 mA = 100 mA(1  et/20 ms)
0.99 = 1  et/20ms
0.01 = et/20ms
0.01 = et/20ms
loge 0.01 = t/20 ms
t = (20 ms)(loge 0.01) = (20 ms)(4.605) = 92.1ms
30. a. IL (1τ) = 0.632Imax = 126.4 µA

126.4
Imax = = 200 μA
0.632
b. iL  I m (1  e  t /  )
64.4  s
 
160  A  200  A 1  e  
 
64.4  s
0.8  1  e 
64.4  s
0.2  e 
64.4  s
log e 0.2  1.61 

64.4  s
  40  s
1.61
L L
c.   40 s =
R 500 
L  20 mH
E
d. Im   E  (200  A)(500 )  100 mV
R
31. a. L  open circuit equivalent

10 M(16 V)
VL = = 13.33 V
10 M  2 M
b.
RTh = 2 M  10 M = 1.67 M
10 M(16 V)
ETh = = 13.33 V
10 M  2 M
ETh 13.33 V
I Lfinal   = 7.98 A
RTh 1.67 M
CHAPTER 11 143
L 5H
c. iL = 7.98 A(1  et/3 s) =  = 3 s
R 1.67 M
10 A = 7.98 A(1  et/3 s)
1.253 = 1  et/3 s
0.253 = et/3 s
loge(0.253) = t/3s
1.374 = t/3s
t = 1.374(3 s) = 4.12 s
d. L = 13.33 V et/3 s = 13.33 V e12 s/3 s = 13.33 V e4

= 13.33 V(0.0183) = 0.244 V
i 15 mA 
32. eL = L : 0  2 ms, eL =  (200 mH)  = 1.5 V
t  2 ms 
 45 mA 
2  14 ms, eL = (200 mH)  = 0.75 V
 12 ms 
 15 ms 
14  15 ms, eL = (200 mH)  = 3 V
 1 ms 
15  19 ms, eL = 0 V
 15 mA 
19  22 ms, eL = (200 mH)  = 1 V
 3 ms 
22  24 ms, eL = 0 V
i L
33. L = L
t
 15 mA 
0  2 ms: L = (5 mH) 
 2 ms 
= 37.5 mV
 30 mA 
2  6 ms: L = (5 mH)  = 37.5 mV
 4 ms 
 15 mA 
6  9 ms: L = (5 mH) 
 3 ms 
= 25 mV
9  13 ms: L = 0 V
 5 mA 
13  14 ms: L = (5 mH) 
 1 ms 
= 25 mV
14  17 ms: L = 0 V
144 CHAPTER 11
 5 mA 
17  19 ms: L = (5 mH)  = 12.5 mV
 2 ms 
34. L = 10 mH, 4 mA at t = 0 s
i t
L = L  i   L
t L
0  5 s: L = 0 V, iL = 0 mA and iL = 4 mA
5 s
5  10 s: iL = (10 V) = 5 mA
10 mH
2 s
10  12 s: iL = (+60 V) = +12 mA
10 mH
12  16 s: L = 0 V, iL = 0 mA and iL = 11 mA
8 s
16  24 s: iL = 10 V = 8 mA
10 mH
35. a. L3  L4 = 3.5 mH  5.6 mH = 1.953 mH

L2 + L3  L4 = 3.3 mH + 1.953 mH = 5.253 mH
L = L1  (L2 + L3  L4) = 2.4 mH  5.253 mH = 1.647 mH

LT = L4 + L = 9.1 mH + 1.647 mH
LT = 10.75 mH
36. L2  L3 = 10 mH  30 mH = 7.5 mH
L = L1 + L2  L3 = 47 mH + 7.5 mH = 54.5 mH
L  L4 = 54.5 mH  22 mH = 15.67 mH
CHAPTER 11 145
37. 33 mH + 1.8 mH = 5.1 mH
4.7 mH  5.1 mH = 2.45 mH
38. LT = 6.2 mH + 12 mH  36 mH + 24 mH = 39.2 mH

CT = 9.1  F + 10 F  91 F = 9.1 F + 9.01 F = 18.11 F
39.2 mH in series with 18.11 F
39. 7 µF  42 µF = 6 µF
12 µF + 6 µF = 18 μF
5 mH + 20 mH = 25 mH
Series combination of 2.2 kΩ resistor, 25 mH coil, 18 µF capacitor
40. a. RT = 2 k  8.2 k = 1.61 k, LT = 3 mH  2 mH = 1.2 mH

L  1.2 mH
= T  = 745.3 µs
RT 1.61 k
E
iL = (1  e  t /  )
RT
36 V
= (1  e  t / 745.3 s ) = 22.36 mA(1  et/745.3µs)
1.61 k
L = Eet/ = 36 Ve t/745.3µ s
b.
146 CHAPTER 11
41. a. Source conversion: E = 16 V, Rs = 2 k
RTh = 2 k + 2 k  8.2 k = 2 k + 1.61 k = 3.61 k
8.2 k(16 V)
ETh = = 12.86 V
8.2 k  2 k
E 12.86 V L 30 mH
Im = Th   3.56 mA,  =  = 8.31 s
RTh 3.61 k R 3.61 k
iL = 3.56 mA(1  et/8.31s)
 L1   L2 = 12.86 V initially (t = 0+)
10 mH 1
L  of total = (12.86 V) = 4.29 V
10 mH +20 mH 3
 L = 4.29 Vet/8.31μs
b.
42. a.
RTh = 10 k  20 k = 6.67 k
20 k(20 V)
ETh = = 13.33 V
20 k  10 k
LT = 3 H + 4.7 H  10 H = 3 H + 3.197 H = 6.197 H

L 6.197 H
τ= T = = 0.93 ms
R 6.67 k 
υL = 13.33Vet/0.93 ms
13.33 V
iL = (1  et/τ) = 2 mA(1  et/0.93 ms)
6.67 k 
CHAPTER 11 147
b.
c.
3.197 H
 L3 =  0.52  L
3 H + 3.197 H
 L3 = (0.52)(13.33et/0.93 ms) = 6.93 Vet/0.93 ms
E 20 V
43. I R1   =5A
R1 4
E 20 V 20 V
I2 = I R2    =2A
R2  R3 6   4  10 
I1 = I R1 + I2 = 5 A + 2 A = 7 A
44. I1 = I2 = 0 A
V1 = V2 = E = 60 V
12 V
45. I1 = = 3 A, I2 = 0 A
4
V1 = 12 V, V2 = 0 V
46.
6  V)
V2 = = 10.34 V
6   20   3 
(3   6 )(50 V)
V1 = = 15.52 V
29 
50 V
I1 = = 1.72 A
20   3   6 
I2 = 0 A
148 CHAPTER 11
Chapter 12
1. Φ: CGS: 5  104 Maxwells, English: 5  104 lines
B: CGS: 8 Gauss, English: 51.62 lines/in.2
2. Φ: SI 6  104 Wb, English 60,000 lines

B: SI 0.465 T, CGS 4.65  103 Gauss, English 30,000 lines/in.2
 4  104 Wb
3. a. B= = = 0.04 T
A 0.01 m 2
l 0.06 m 300
4. a. R= = 4
=
 A  2  10 m 2
m
l 0.0762 m 152.4
b. R= = 4
=
 A  5  10 m 2
m
l 0.1 m 1000
c. R= = =
 A 1  10 m
4 2
m
from the above R (c) > R (a) > R (b)
F 400 At
5. R= = = 952.4  103 At/Wb
 4.2  104 Wb
F 120 gilberts
6. R= = = 1.67  103 rels (CGS)
 72,000 maxwells
 1m 
7. 6 in.  = 0.1524 m
 39.37 in . 
F 400 At
H= = = 2624.67 At/m
l 0.1524 m
2 B 2(1200  104 T)
8. μ= = = 4  104 Wb/Am
H 600 At/m
 10  104 Wb
9. B= = = 0.33 T
A 3  103 m 2
Fig. 12.7: H  800 At/m
NI = Hl  I = Hl/N = (800 At/m)(0.2 m)/75 t = 2.13 A
CHAPTER 12 149
 3  104 Wb
10. B= = = 0.6 T
A 5  104 m 2
Fig. 12.7, Hiron = 2500 At/m
Fig. 12.8, Hsteel = 70 At/m
NI = Hl(iron) + Hl(steel)
(100 t)I = (Hiron + Hsteel)l
(100 t)I = (2500 At/m + 70 At/m)0.3 m
771 A
I= = 7.71 A
100
11. a. N1I1 + N2I2 = Hl

 12  104 Wb
B= = =1T
A 12  104 m 2
Fig. 12.7: H  750 At/m
N1(2 A) + 30 At = (750 At/m)(0.2 m)
N1 = 60 t
B 1T
b. μ= = = 13.34  104 Wb/Am
H 750 At/m
 1 Wb 
12. a. 80,000 lines  8  = 8  104  108 Wb = 8  104 Wb
10 lines 
 1m 
l(cast steel) = 5.5 in.  = 0.14 m
 39.37 in . 
 1m 
l(sheet steel) = 0.5 in.  = 0.013 m
 39.37 in . 
 1m   1m 
Area = 1 in.2     = 6.45  104 m2
 39.37 in .  39.37 in. 
 8  104 Wb
B= = = 1.24 T
A 6.45  104 m 2
Fig 12.8: Hsheet steel  460 At/m, Fig. 12.7: Hcast steel  1275 At/m
NI = Hl(sheet steel) + Hl(cast iron)
= (460 At/m)(0.013 m) + (1275 At/m)(0.14 m)
= 5.98 At + 178.50 At
NI = 184.48 At
B 1.24 T
b. Cast steel: μ = = = 9.73  104 Wb/Am
H 1275 At/m
B 1.24 T
Sheet steel: μ = = = 26.96  104 Wb/Am
H 460 At/m
150 CHAPTER 12
13. N1I + N2 = Hl
 + Hl
cast steel cast iron
(20 t)I + (30 t)I = "
(50 t)I = "
  1m   1m 
B= with 0.25 in.2     = 1.6  104 m2
A  39.37 in .   39.37 in. 
0.8  104 Wb
B= = 0.5 T
1.6  104 m 2
Fig. 12.8: Hcast steel  280 At/m
Fig. 12.7: Hcast iron  1500 At/m
 1m 
lcast steel = 5.5 in.  = 0.14 m
 39.37 in . 
 1m 
lcast iron = 2.5 in.  = 0.064 m
 39.37 in . 
(50 t)I = (280 At/m)(0.14 m) + (1500 At/m)(0.064 m)

50I = 39.20 + 96.00 = 135.20
I = 2.70 A
14. a. lab = lef = 0.05 m, laf = 0.02 m, lbc = lde = 0.0085 m

NI = 2Hablab + 2Hbclbc + Hfalfa + Hglg
 2.4  104 Wb
B= = = 1.2 T  H  360 At/m (Fig. 12.8)
A 2  104 m 2
100I = 2(360 At/m)(0.05 m) + 2(360 At/m)(0.0085 m)
+ (360 At/m)(0.02 m) + 7.97  105(1.2 T)(0.003 m)
= 36 At + 6.12 At + 7.2 At + 2869 At
100I = 2918.32 At
I  29.18 A
b. air gap: metal = 2869 At:49.72 At = 58.17:1

B 1.2 T
μsheet steel = = = 3.33  103 Wb/Am
H 360 At/m
μair = 4π  107 Wb/Am
μsheet steel: μair = 3.33  103 Wb/Am:4  107  2627:1
 1m 
15. 4 cm  = 0.04 m
100 cm 
1 d 1 (8  104 Wb  0.5  104 Wb) 36(7.5  104 )
f = NI = (80 t)(0.9 A) =
2 dx 2 1 0.02
(0.04 m)
2
= 1.35 N
CHAPTER 12 151
16. C = 2πr = (6.28)(0.3 m) = 1.88 m
 2  104 Wb
B= = = 1.54 T
A 1.3  104 m 2
Fig. 12.7: Hsheet steel  2100 At/m
Hg = 7.97  105Bg = (7.97  105)(1.54 T) = 1.23  106 At/m
N1I1 + N2I2 = Hglg + Hl(sheet steel)
(200 t)I1 + (40 t)(0.3 A) = (1.23  106 At/m)(2 mm) + (2100 At/m)(1.88 m)
I1 = 31.98 A
 1m 
17. a. 0.2 cm  = 2  103 m
100 cm 
 d 2 (3.14)(0.01 m) 2
A= = = 0.79  104 m2
4 4
NI = Hglg, Hg = 7.96  105 Bg
  0.2  104 Wb  
(200 t)I = (7.96  105 )  4 2 
2  103 m
  0.79  10 m  
I = 2.02 A
 2  104 Wb
b. Bg = = = 0.25 T
A 0.79  104 m 2
1 Bg A 1 (0.25 T ) 2(0.79  104 m 2 )
2
F =
2 o 2 4  107
 2N
18. Table:
Section Φ(Wb) A(m2) B(T) H l(m) Hl
4
ab, gh 5  10 0.2
4 4
bc, fg 2  10 5  10 0.1
cd, ef 2  104 5  104 0.099
4
ah 5  10 0.2
4
bg 2  10 0.2
4 4
de 2  10 5  10 0.002
152 CHAPTER 12
 2  104 Wb
Bbc = Bcd = Bg = Bef = Bfg = = = 0.4 T
A 5  104 m 2
Air gap: Hg = 7.97  105(0.4 T) = 3.19  105 At/m
Hglg = (3.19  105 At/m)(2 mm) = 638 At
Fig 12.8: Hbc = Hcd = Hef = Hfg = 55 At/m
Hbclbc = Hfglfg = (55 At/m)(0.1 m) = 5.5 At
Hcdlcd = Heflef = (55 At/m)(0.099 m) = 5.45 At
For loop 2:  F = 0
Hbclbc + Hcdlcd + Hglg + Heflef + Hfglfg  Hgblgb = 0
5.5 At + 5.45 At + 638 At + 5.45 At + 5.50 At  Hgblgb = 0
Hgblgb = 659.90 At
659.90 At
and Hgb = = 3300 At/m
0.2 m
Fig 12.7: Bgb  1.55 T
with Φ2 = BgbA = (1.55 T)(2  104 m2) = 3.1  104 Wb
ΦT = Φ1 + Φ2
= 2  104 Wb + 3.1  104 Wb
= 5.1  104 Wb = Φab = Φha = Φgh
 5.1  104 Wb
Bab = Bha = Bgh = T = = 1.02 T
A 5  104 m 2
BH curve: (Fig 12.8):
Hab = Hha = Hgh  180 At/m
Hablab = (180 At/m)(0.2 m) = 36 At
Hhalha = (180 At/m)(0.2 m) = 36 At
Hghlgh = (180 At/m)(0.2 m) = 36 At
which completes the table!
Loop #1:  F = 0
NI = Hablab + Hbglbg + Hghlgh + Hahlah
(200 t)I = 36 At + 659.49 At + 36 At + 36 At
(200 t)I = 767.49 At
I  3.84 A
19. NI = Hl
l = 2πr = (6.28)(0.08 m) = 0.50 m
(100 t)(2 A) = H(0.50 m)
H = 400 At/m
Fig. 12.8: B  0.68 T
Φ = BA = (0.68 T)(0.009 m2)
Φ = 6.12 mWb
CHAPTER 12 153
20. NI = Hab(lab + lbc + lde + lef + lfa) + Hglg
300 At = Hab(0.8 m) + 7.97  105 Bg(0.8 mm)
300 At = Hab(0.8 m) + 637.6 Bg
Assuming 637.6 Bg  Hab(0.8 m)
then 300 At = 637.6 Bg
and Bg = 0.47 T
Φ = BA = (0.47 T)(2  104 m2) = 0.94  104 Wb
Bab = Bg = 0.47 T  H  270 At/m (Fig. 12.8)
300 At = (270 At/m)(0.8 m) + 637.6(0.47 T)
300 At  515.67 At
 Poor approximation!
300 At
 100%  58%
515.67 At
Reduce Φ to 58%
0.58(0.94  104 Wb) = 0.55  104 Wb
 0.55  104 Wb
B= = = 0.28 T  H  190 At/m (Fig. 12.8)
A 2  104 m 2
300 At = (190 At/m)(0.8 m) + 637.6(0.28 T)
300 At  330.53 At
Reduce Φ another 10% = 0.55  104 Wb  0.1(0.55  104 Wb)
= 0.495  104 Wb
 0.495  104 Wb
B= = = 0.25 T  H  175 At/m (Fig. 12.7)
A 2  104 m 2
300 At = (175 At/m)(0.8) + 637.6(0.28 T)
300 At  318.53 At but within 5%  OK
Φ  0.55  104 Wb
21. a. 1τ = 0.632 Tmax
Tmax  1.5 T for cast steel
0.632(1.5 T) = 0.945 T
At 0.945 T, H  700 At/m (Fig. 12.7)
 B = 1.5 T(1  eH/700 At/m)
b. H = 900 At/m:
B = 1.5 T 1  e  = 1.09 T
900 At/m

700 At/m
Graph:  1.1 T
H = 1800 At/m:
 
1800 At/m
B = 1.5 T 1  e 700 At/m = 1.39 T 
Graph:  1.38 T
H = 2700 At/m:
B = 1.5 1  e  = 1.47 T
2700 At/m

700 At/m
Graph:  1.47 T
Excellent comparison!
154 CHAPTER 12
c. B = 1.5 T(1  eH/700 At/m) = 1.5 T  1.5 TeH/700 At/m
B  1.5 T = 1.5 TeH/700 At/m
1.5  B = 1.5 TeH/700 At/m
1.5 T  B
= eH/700 At/m
1.5 T
 B  H
loge 1  =
 1.5 T  700 At/m
 B 
and H = 700 loge 1  
 1.5 T 
d. B = 1 T:
 1T 
H = 700 loge 1   = 769.03 At/m
 1.5 T 
Graph:  750 At/m

B = 1.4 T:
 1.4 T 
H = 700 loge 1   = 1895.64 At/m
 1.5 T 
Graph:  1920 At/m
 B 
e. H = 700 loge 1  
 1.5 T 
 0.2 T 
= 700 loge 1  
 1.5 T 
= 100.2 At/m
Hl (100.2 At/m)(0.16 m)
I= = = 40.1 mA
N 400 t
vs 44 mA for Ex. 12.1
CHAPTER 12 155
Chapter 13
1. a. 10 V
b. 15 ms: 10 V, 20 ms: 0 V
c. 20 V
d. 20 ms
e. 2 cycles
2. a. 200 μA
b. 1 s: 200 μA, 7 s: 200 µA
c. 400 μA
d. 4 s
e. 2.5 cycles
3. a. 40 mV
b. 1.5 ms: 40 mV, 5:1 ms: 40 mV
c. 80 mV
d. 2 ms
e. 3.5 cycles
1 1
4. a. T=  = 5 ms
f 200 Hz
1 1
b. T=  = 25 ns
f 40 MHz
1 1
c. T=  = 50 s
f 20 kHz
1 1
d. T=  =1s
f 1 Hz
1 1
5. a. f=  = 1 Hz
T 1s
1 1
b. f=  = 16 Hz
T 1
s
16
1 1
c. f=  = 25 Hz
T 40 ms
1 1
d. f=  = 40 kHz
T 25 s
1
6. T= = 1 ms, 5(1 ms) = 5 ms
1 kHz
24 ms
7. T= = 0.3 ms
80 cycles
156 CHAPTER 13
42 cycles
8. f= = 7 Hz
6s
9. a. Vpeak = (2.5 div.)(50 mV/div) = 125 mV
b. T = (3.2 div.)(10 s/div.) = 32 s

1 1
c. f=  = 31.25 kHz
T 32  s
  
Radians =  40 = 0.22 π rad
 180 
10. a.
   
b. Radians =  60 = rad
 180  3
  
Radians =  135 = 0.75 rad
 180 
c.
  
d. Radians =  170 = 0.94 rad
 180 
 180  
Degrees = 
   3
11. a. = 60
 180 
Degrees =  1.2 = 216
  
b.
 180  1
c. Degrees =    = 18
   10
 180 
d. Degrees =   0.6  = 108
  
2 2
12. a. =  = 3.49 rad/s
T 1.8 s
2
b. = 3
= 20.94  103 rad/s
0.3  10 s
2
c. = = 785.4  103 rad/s
8  106 s
2
d. = 6
= 1.57 × 106 rad/s
4  10 s
13. a.  = 2 f = 2 (100 Hz) = 628.32 rad/s

b.  = 2 f = 2 (0.25 kHz) = 1.57 × 103 rad/s
c.  = 2 f = 2 (2 kHz) = 12.56  103 rad/s
d.  = 2 f = 2 (0.004 MHz) = 25.13  103 rad/s
CHAPTER 13 157
2 
14. a.  = 2 f = f=
T 2
2 1
T= 
 f
 754 rad/s
f=  = 120 Hz, T = 8.33 ms
2 2
 12 rad/s
b. f=  = 1.91 Hz, T = 523.6 ms
2 2
 6000 rad/s
c. f=  = 954.93 Hz, T = 1.05 ms
2 2
 0.16 rad/s
d. f=  = 25.46  103 Hz, T = 39.28 ms
2 2
   
(60)  
 180  3
15. radians
  / 3 rad  / 3 rad 1 1
t=     = 2.78 ms
 2 f 2 (60 Hz) (6)(60) 360
      /6
16. (30)    ,  = t   =  = 104.7 rad/s
 180  6 t 5  10 3 s
 377 rad/s
17. a. Amplitude = 20, f =  = 60 Hz
2 2
b. Amplitude = 12, f = 120 Hz
 10,000 rad/s
c. Amplitude = 106, f =  = 1591.55 Hz
2 2
 10,058 rad/s
d. Amplitude = 8, f =  = 1.6 kHz
2 2
18. 
19. 
2 2 1
20. T=  = 40 ms, cycle = 20 ms
 157 2
21. i = 0.5 sin 72 = 0.5(0.9511) = 0.48 A
 180 
22. 1.2   = 216
  
 = 20 sin 216 = 20(0.588) = 11.76 V
158 CHAPTER 13
23. 6  103 = 30  103 sin 
0.2 = sin 
 = sin1 0.2 = 11.54 and 180  11.54 = 168.46
24.  = Vm sin  30 1 ms


40 = Vm sin 30 = Vm (0.5) 360 T
40  360 
Vm = = 80 V T = 1 ms   = 12 ms
0 .5  30 
1 1
f=  = 83.33 Hz
T 12  10 3 s
 = 2 f = (2)(83.33 Hz) = 523.58 rad/s
and  = 80 sin 523.58t
25. 
26. 
27. a.  = 6 × 103 sin (2π 2000t + 30)
b. i = 20  103 sin(2π 60t  60)
28. a.  = 120  106 sin(2π 1000t  80)
29.  = 12  103 sin(2π 2000t + 135°)
30.  = 8  103 sin(2π 500t +π/6)
31.  leads i by 90
32. i leads  by 40
33.  = 2 sin (t  30 + 90)

+60 in phase
i = 5 sin(t + 60)
34.  = 4 sin(t + 90 + 90 + 180 = 4 sint

i leads  by 190
i = sin(t + 10 + 180) = sin(t + 190)
1 1
35. T=  = 1 ms
f 1000 Hz
120  T  2  1 ms  1
t1 =     = ms
180  2  3  2  3
CHAPTER 13 159
2
36.   2 f 
T
2 2
T   125.66  s
 50,000 rad/s
40 40
t1  (T )  (125.66  s)
360 360
 13.96  s
37. T = 1 ms
tpeak @ 30°
30 1
tpeak = (T )  ms
360 12
38. a. T = ( 8 div.)(1 ms/div.) = 8 ms (both waveforms)
1 1
b. f=  = 125 Hz (both)
T 8 ms
c. Peak = (2.5 div)(0.5 V/div.) = 1.25 V

Vrms = 0.707(1.25 V) = 0.884 V
d. Phase shift = 4.6 div., T = 8 div.

4.6 div.
=  360 = 207 i leads e
8 div.
or e leads i by 153
0  (6 V)(5 ms)  (3 V)(10 ms)  (3 V)(10 ms)

39. G
30 ms
30 V +30 V  30 V
  1V
30
1  1
 2 (4 ms)(20 mA)   (2 ms)(8 mA)  2 (2 ms)(8 mA)
40. G
8 ms
40 mA  16 mA  8 mA 16 mA
 
8 8
= 2 mA
1 1 1 1
(35 V)(5 ms)  (20 V)(20 ms)  (20 V)(15 ms)  (20 V)(7.5 ms)  (20 V)(7.5 ms)  (20 V)(15 ms) + 0
41. G 2 2 2 2
75 ms
175 V  200 V 300 V  75 V  75 V 150 V

75
400 V  575 V
  2.33 V
75
160 CHAPTER 13
1 1
0  (30 mA)(3 ms)  (20mA)(2 ms)
42. G 2 2
7 ms
45 mA  20 mA
  3.57 mA
7
43. a. 0V
1 1
(4 V)(5 ms)  (8 V)(5 ms)  (8 V)(5 ms)  (4 V)(5 ms)  (8 V)(5 ms)  (8 V)(5 ms)
b. G 2 2
25 ms
20 V  20 V  40 V  20 V  20 V  40 V

25
= 0V
c. The same
1 1
44. Area = ( r 2 )  ( 202 )  628.32
2 2
628.32 628.32
Area =   15.71  15.71 mA
d 40
(15.71mA)( )  (5 mA)( )
G
2
 5.36 mA
45. a. T = ( 2 div.)(0.2 ms/div) = 0.4 ms

1 1
b. f=  = 2.5 kHz
T 0.4 ms
c. Average = (2.5 div.)(10 mV/div.) = 25 mV
46. a. T = (4 div.)(10 s/div.) = 40 s
1 1
b. f=  = 25 kHz
T 40 s
( 2.5 div.)(1.5 div.)  (1 div.)(0.5 div.)  (1 div.)(0.6 div.)  (2.5 div.)(0.4 div.)(1 div.)(1 div.)
c. G=
4 div.
3.75 div.  0.5 div.  0.6 div.  1 div.  1 div.
=
4
6.85 div.
= = 1.713 div.
4
1.713 div.(10 mV/div.) = 17.13 mV
47. a. Vrms = 0.7071(120 V) = 84.85 V

b. Irms = 0.7071(6 mA) = 4.24 mA
c. Vrms = 0.7071(8 V) = 5.66 V
CHAPTER 13 161
48. a.  = 6.79 sin 377t
b. i = 70.7  103 sin 377t
c.  = 2.83  103 sin 377t
1 
( 2 V)2 (4 s)  (2 V)2 (1 s)  (3 V)2  s 
2 
49. Vrms = = 1.43 V
12 s
(3 V) 2 (2 s)  (2 V)2 (2 s)  0  (1 V) 2 (2 s)  (  3 V) 2 (2 s)  (  2 V)2 (2 s)

50. Vrms =
12 s
54 2
= V  4.5 V 2 = 2.12 V
12
(8 V)(4 ms)  (8 V)(4 ms) 0

51. G=  =0V
8 ms 8 ms
(8 V) 2 (4 ms)  (  8 V) 2 (4 ms)
Vrms = =8V
8 ms
52. a. T = (4 div.)(10 s/div.) = 40 s

1 1
f=  = 25 kHz
T 40 s
Av. = (1 div.)(20 mV/div.) = 20 mV
Peak = (2 div.)(20 mV/div.) = 40 mV
2
Vmax (40 mV)2
rms = V02   (20 mV)2  = 34.64 mV
2 2
b. T = (2 div.)(50 s) = 100 s

1 1
f=  = 10 kHz
T 100 s
Av. = (1.5 div.)(0.2 V/div.) = 0.3 V
Peak = (1.5 div.)(0.2 V/div.) = 0.3 mV
2
Vmax (.3 V)2
rms = V02   (.3 V)2  = 367.42 mV
2 2
53. a.
162 CHAPTER 13
1 1
b. A1 = (2)(16)  (2)(16)  (2)(48)  96
2 2
Area = 96 + (4)(64) + (2)(4) = 96 + 256 + 8 = 360
360
c. rms =  30 = 5.48
12
1
(4)(8)  4(8)  2(2)
16  32  4
d. G= 2  = 3.67
12 12
e. rms  1.5 (average value)
54. a. Vdc = IR = (4 mA)(2 k) = 8 V

Meter indication = 2.22(8 V) = 17.76 V
b. Vrms = 0.707(16 V) = 11.31 V
CHAPTER 13 163
Chapter 14
1. 
2. 
3. a. (377)(10) cos 377t = 3770 cos 377t
b. (200)(0.6) cos(754t + 20) = 120 cos(754t + 20)
c. ( 2 20)(157) cos(157t  20) = 4440.63 cos(157t  20)
d. (200)(1) cos(t + 180) = 200 cos(t + 180) = 200 cos t
4. a. Im = Vm/R = 150 V/3 Ω = 50 A, i = 50 sin 200t
b. Im = Vm/R = 30 V/3 Ω = 10 A, i = 10 sin(377t + 20)
c. Im = Vm/R = 6 V/3 Ω = 2 A, i = 2 sin(ωt + 100)
d. Im = Vm/R = 12 V/3 Ω = 4 A, i = 4 sin(ωt + 220)
5. a. Vm = ImR = (0.1 A)(7  103 Ω) = 700 V

υ = 700 sin 1000t
b. Vm = ImR = (2  103 A)((7  103 Ω) = 14.8 V

υ = 14.8 sin(400t  120)
6. a. 0
b. XL = 12.56f = 12.56(60 Hz) = 753.6 
c. XL = 12.56f = 12.56(4 kHz) = 50.24 k
d. XL = 12.56f = 12.56(1.2 MHz) = 15.07 M
XL 2 k
7. a. L= = = 22 mH
2 f 2 (14.47 kHz)
XL 40 k
b. L= = = 1.2 H
2 f 2 (5.3 kHz)
XL XL XL
8. a. XL = 2πfL  f = = =
2 L (6.28)(1 mH) 6.28  10 3 H
10 
f= = 1.59 kHz
6.28  103 H
164 CHAPTER 14
XL 4 k
b. f=  = 636.94 kHz
6.28  10 H 6.28  10 3 H
3
XL 12 k
c. f=  = 1.91 MHz
6.28  10 H 6.28  10 3 H
3
9. a. Vm = ImXL = (5 A)(20 ) = 100 V

υ = 100 sin(ωt + 90)
b. Vm = ImXL = (40  103 A)(20 ) = 0.8 V

υ = 0.8 sin(ωt + 150)
c. i = 6 sin(ωt + 150), Vm = ImXL = (6 A)(20 ) = 120 V

υ = 120 sin(ωt + 240) = 120 sin(ωt  120)
10. a. XL = ωL = (100 rad/s)(0.1 H) = 10 

Vm = ImXL = (10 A)(10 ) = 100 V
υ = 100 sin(100t + 90)
b. XL = ωL = (400 rad/s)(0.1 H) = 40 
Vm = ImXL = (5  106 A)(40 ) = 200 μV
υ = 200  106 sin(400t + 110)
Vm 120 V
11. a. Im = = = 2.4 A, i = 2.4 sin(ωt  90)
X L 50 
Vm 30 V
b. Im = = = 0.6 A, i = 0.6 sin(ωt  70)
X L 50 
12. a. XL = ωL = (60 rad/s)(0.2 H) = 12 

Im = Vm/XL = 1.5 V/12  = 0.125 A
i = 0.125 sin(60t  90)
b. XL = ωL = (10 rad/s)(0.2 H) = 2 
Im = Vm/XL = 16 mV/2  = 8 mA
i = 8  103 sin(t + 2  90) = 8  103 sin(t  88)
1 1
13. a. XC = = =
2 fC 2 (0 Hz)(5  10 6 F)
1 1
b. XC = = = 530.79 
2 fC 2 (60 Hz)(5  106 F)
1 1
c. XC = = = 15.92 
2 fC 2 (2 kHz)(5  106 F)
CHAPTER 14 165
1 1
d. XC = = = 62.83 
2 fC 2 (2  10 Hz)(5  106 F)
6
1 1
14. XC  C 
2 fC 2 fX C
1
a. C
2 (265 Hz)(60 )
 10  F
1
b. C
2 (34 kHz)(1.2 k)
 3900 pF
1 1
15. a. f= = = 4.08 kHz
2 CX C 2 (3.9  10 6 F)(10 )
1 1
b. f= = = 34 Hz
2 CX C 2 (3.9  10 6 F)(1.2 k)
1 1
c. f= = = 408.1 kHz
2 CX C 2π(3.9  10 6 F)(0.1 )
1 1
d. f= = = 20.40 Hz
2 CX C 2 (3.9  10 F)(2000 )
6
16. a. Im = Vm/XC = 120 V/2.5  = 48 A

i = 48 sin(ωt + 90)
b. Im = Vm/XC = 4 × 103 V/2.5  = 0.16 A

i = 1.6 × 103 sin(ωt + 130)
1 1
17. a. υ = 30 sin 200t, XC = = = 5 k
ωC (200)(1  106 F)
Vm 30 V
Im = = = 6 mA, i = 6  103 sin(200t + 90)
X C 5 k
1 1
b. υ = 60  103 sin 377t, XC = = = 2.65 k
ωC (377)(1  106 )
3
V m 60  10 V
Im = = = 22.64 A, i = 22.64  106 sin(377t + 90)
XC 2,650 
166 CHAPTER 14
18. a. Vm = ImXC = (50  103 A)(10 ) = 0.5 V
υ = 0.5 sin(ωt  90)
b. Vm = ImXC = (2  106)(10 ) = 20 V
υ = 20  106 sin(ωt  30)
1 1
19. a. i = 0.2 sin 300t, XC =  = 5.952 k
ωC (300)(0.56  106 F)
Vm = ImXC = (0.2 A)(5.952 kΩ) = 1190.48 V, υ = 1190.48 sin(300t  90)
1 1
b. i = 8  103 sin (377t 30°), XC =  = 4.737 k
ωC (377)(0.56  106 F)
Vm = ImXC = (8  103 A)(4.737 k) = 37.81 V
υ = 37.81 sin(377t  120)
20. a. υ leads i by 90  L, XL = Vm/Im = 550 V/11 A = 50 

X 50 
L= L= = 132.63 mH
ω 377 rad/s
b. υ leads i by 90  L, XL = Vm/Im = 36 V/4 A = 9 
1 1
L= = = 147.36 μH
ωX L (754 rad/s)(9 )
c. υ and i are in phase  R
V 10.5 V
R= m= =7
I m 1.5 A
21. a. i = 5 sin(ωt + 90) 

 i leads  by 90  C
 = 2000 sin ωt 
Vm 2000 V
XC = = = 400 
Im 5A
b. i = 2 sin(157t + 60) 
  leads i by 90  L
 = 80 sin(157t + 150) 
40 
= 40 Ω, L = X L =
V 80 V
XL = m = = 254.78 mH
Im 2 A ω 157 rad/s
c.  = 35 sin(ωt  20) 
 in phase  R
i = 7 sin(ωt  20) 
Vm 35 V
R= = =5
Im 7 A
22. 
CHAPTER 14 167
23. 
1 1 1 1
24. XC = =R  f = = =
2 fC 2 RC 2 (2  10 )(1  10 F) 12.56  103
3 6
 79.62 Hz
25. XL = 2πfL = R
R 10,000 
L= = = 318.47 mH
2 f 2 (5  103 Hz)
26. XC = XL
1
 2 fL
2 fC
1
f2 =
4 2 LC
1 1
and f = = = 1.59 kHz
2 LC 2 (10  10 H)(1  106 F)
3
27. XC = XL
1 1 1
= 2 fL  C = 2 2 = = 5.07 nF
2 fC 4 f L 4(9.86)(2500  106 )(2  103 )
(60 V)(15 A)
28. a. P= cos 30 = 389.7 W, Fp = 0.866
2
(50 V)(2 A)
b. P= cos 0 = 50 W, Fp = 1.0
2
(50 V)(3 A)
c. P= cos 10 = 73.86 W, Fp = 0.985
2
(75 V)(0.08 A)
d. P= cos 40 = 2.30 W, Fp = 0.766
2
2
V m 48 V 8A
29. R= = = 6 , P = I2R =   6  = 192 W
Im 8A  2
V I (48 V)(8 A)
P = m m cos  = cos 0 = 192 W
2 2
 48 V  8 A 
P = VI cos θ =    cos 0 = 192 W
 2  2 
All the same!
168 CHAPTER 14
30. P = 100 W: Fp = cos θ = P/VI = 100 W/(150 V)(2 A) = 0.333
P = 0 W: Fp = cos θ = 0
300
P = 300 W: Fp = =1
300
31. P = V m I m cos 
2
(50 V) I m
500 W = (0.5)  Im = 40 A
2
i = 40 sin(ωt  50)
32. a. Im = Em/R = 34 V/6.8  = 3.53 A, i = 3.53 sin(2π60t + 20)

2
3.53 A
b. P = I2R = 6.8 Ω = 42.38 W
2
2 6.28
c. T = = = 16.67 ms
ω 2 60 rad/s
6(16.67 ms) = 100.02 ms  0.1 s
Vm 128 V
33. a. Im = = = 4.27 A, i = 4.27 sin(1000t  30)
X L 30 
XL 30 
b. L= = = 30 mH, standard = 30 mH
ω 1000 rad/s
c. L0W
34. a. Em = ImXC = (30  103 A)(2.4 k) = 72 V

e = 72 sin(2π500t  20  90) = 72 sin(2π500t  110)
1 1
b. C= = = 0.133 μF standatd = 0.13 μF
ωX C (3.14  10 rad/s)(2.4 k)
3
c. P=0W
1 1 1
35. a. X C1 = = = = 50 
2 f C1 ωC1 (10 rad/s)(2  F)
4
1 1
X C2 = = = 10 
ωC 2 (10 )(10  F )
4
E 84.85 V 60
E = 84.85 V 60 I1 = = = 1.697 A 150
Z C1 50    90
E 84.85 V 60
I2 = = = 8.485 A 150
ZC 2 10    90
i1 = 2.4 sin(10 t + 150)
4
i2 = 12 sin(104t + 150)
CHAPTER 14 169
b. CT  2  F  10  F  12  F
1 1
XC  
 C (10 rad/s)(12  F)
4
 8.33 
E 84.8560
Is = 
XCT 8.33   90
= 10.19 A150
is = 14.4 sin (104t + 150°)
36. a. L1  L2 = 60 mH  120 mH = 40 mH
X LT = 2πfLT = 2π(10 Hz)(40 mH) = 251.33 
3
Vm = I m X LT =  24 A  (251.33 ) = 6.03 kV
and υs = 6.03 kV sin(103t + 30 + 90)
or υs = 6.03  103 sin(103t + 120)
Vm
b. I m1 = , X L1 = 2fL1 = 2(103 Hz)(60 mH) = 376.99 
X L1
6.03  103 V
I m1 = = 16 A
376.99 
and i1 = 16 sin(103t + 30)

X L2 = 2πfL2 = 2π(10 Hz)(120 mH) = 753.98 Ω
3
6.03  103 V
I m2 = =8A
753.98 
and i2 = 8 A sin(103t + 30)
37. a. 5.0 36.87 b. 2.83 45

c. 12.65 7.57 d. 1001.25 2.86
e. 4123.11 104.04 f. 0.894 116.57
38. a. 17.89 116.57 b. 8.94 26.57

c. 20.22 × 103 8.53 d. 8.49 × 103 135
e.  200 0° f. 1000 178.85
39. a. 4.6 + j3.86 b. 6.0 + j10.39

c. j2000 d. 6 × 103  j2.2 × 103
e. 47.97 + j1.68 f. 4.7 × 104 j1.71 × 104
40. a. 42 + j0.11 b. 1 × 103  j1.73 × 103

c. 3 × 103  j5.20 × 103 d. 6.13 × 103 + j5.14 × 103
e. 15 f. 2.09 × 103  j1.20
170 CHAPTER 14
41. a. 11.8 + j7.0
b. 151.90 + j49.90
c. 4.72 × 106 + j71
42. a. 5.20 + j1.60

b. 209.30 + j311.0
c. 21.20 + j12.0
43. a. 12.17 54.70°

b. 98.37 13.38°
c. 28.07 115.91°
44. a. 12.0 + j34.0

b. 86.80 + j312.40
c. 283.90  j637.65
45. a. 8.00 20°

b. 49.68 64.0°
c. 40 × 10340°
46. a. 6.0 50°

b. 200 × 106 60°
c. 109 170°
47. a. 4
b. 4.15  j4.23
c. 6.69  j6.46
10  j 5
48. a. = 10.0  j5.0
1  j0
8 60 8 60
b.  = 19.38  103 15.69
102  j 400 412.80 75.69
(6 20)(120   40)(8.54 69.44) 6.15  103 49.44

c.  = 3.07  103 79.44
2   30 2   30
CHAPTER 14 171
(0.16 120)(300 40) 48 160
49 a.  = 5.06 88.44
9.487 71.565 9.487 71.565
 1  8  1 
b.  4  2  
 4  10 20   j ( j )   36  j 30 
 8  1 
 2500   20    

 j  46.861   39.81  
(2500 20)(8j)(0.0213 39.81) = 426 109.81
50. a. x + j4 + 3x + jy  j7 = 16
(x + 3x) + j(4 + y  7) = 16 + j0
x + 3x = 16 4+y7=0
4x = 16 y = +7  4
x=4 y=3
b. (10 20)(x 60) = 30.64  j25.72

10x 40 = 40 40
10 x = 40
x=4
51. a. 5x + j10
2  jy
──────
10x + j20  j5xy  j210y = 90  j70
(10x + 10y) + j(20  5xy) = 90  j70
10x + 10y = 90
x+y=9 20  5xy = 70
x=9y 20  5(9  y)y = 70
5y(9  y) = 90
y2  9y + 18 = 0
(9)  (9) 2  4(1)(18)
y=
2
93
y= = 6, 3
2
For y = 6, x = 3
y = 3, x = 6
(x = 3, y = 6) or (x = 6, y = 3)
80 0
b. = 4 θ = 3.464  j2 = 4 30
40 
θ = 30
52. a. 160.0 30

b. 25  103 40
c. 70.71 90
172 CHAPTER 14
53. a. 14.14 180
b. 4.24  106 90
c. 2.55 × 10670
54. a. 56.57 sin(377t + 20) b. 169.68 sin (377t + 10)
c. 11.31  103 sin(377t  110) d. 6000 sin(377t  180)
55. (Using peak values)

ein = υa + υb  υa = ein  υb
= 60 V 45  20 V 45
= 63.25 V  63.43
and ein = 63.25 sin (377t + 63.43)
56. is = i1 + i2  i1 = is  i2
(Using peak values) = (20  106 A 60)  (6  106 A 30) = 20.88  106 A  76.70
i1 = 20.88  106 sin (t + 76.70)
57. ein = υa + υb + υc
υa = ein  υb  υc
= 120 V 30°  30 V 60°  40 V 120°
= 108.92 V 0.33°
ein = 108.92 sin(377t  0.33°)
58. Is = I1 + I2 + I3
I1 = Is  I2  I3
= 12.73 A 180°  5.66 A 180°  2[5.66 A 180°]
= 12.73 A 180°  5.66 A 180°  11.32 A 180°
= 4.25 A 0°
i1 = 6.01 sin 377t
CHAPTER 14 173
Chapter 15
1. a. R  0 = 6.8   0 = 6.8 
b. XL = L = (377 rads/s)(1.2 H) = 452.4 

XL  90 = 452.4   90 = +j452.4 
c. XL = 2fL = (6.28)(50 Hz)(47 mH) = 1.48 

XL  90 = 1.48   90 = +j1.48 
1 1
d. XC =  = 1 k
C (100 rad/s)(10  106 F)
XC  90 = 1 k  90 = j1 k
1 1
e. XC =  = 33.86 
2 fC 2 (10  10 Hz)(0.47  F)
3
XC  90 = 33.86   90 = j33.86 
f. R  0 = 220   0 = 220 
V  10.61 V 10
2. a. V = 10.61 V  10, I =  = 3.54 A  10
R0 3  0
i = 5 sin (t + 10)
V  4.24 V 10
b. V = 4.24 V  10, I =  = 4.24 A  80
X L 90 1  90
i = 6 sin (t  80)
1 1
c. V = 84.84 V  0, XC =  = 15.924 
2 fC 2 (5 kHz)(2  F)
V  84.84 V 0
I=  = 5.328 A 90
X C   90 15.924    90
i = 7.534 sin (t + 90)
3. a. I = (0.707)(4 mA  0) = 2.828 mA  0

V = (I  0)(R  0) = 2.828 mA  0)(22   0) = 62.216 mV  0
 = 88  103 sin 1000t
b. I = (0.707)(1.5 A  60) = 1.061 A  60

XL = 2πfL = 2π(200 Hz)(12 mH) = 15.08 Ω
V = (I  )(XL  90) = (1.061 A  60)(15.08   90) = 16 V  150

 = 22.62 sin(2π200t + 150)
174 CHAPTER 15
c. I = (0.707)(2 mA  40) = 1.414 mA  40
1 1
XC =  = 135.52 k
 C (157rad/s)(0.047  F)
V = (I  )(XC  90) = (1.414 mA  40)(135.52 k  90) = 191.63 V  50

Vp = 2(191.63 V) = 270.96 V
and  = 270.96 sin (157t  50)
4. a. ZT = 6.8  + j8.2  = 10.65   50.33
b. ZT = 2   j6  + 10  = 12   j6  = 13.42   26.57
c. ZT = 1 k + j3.2 k + 5.6 k + j6.8 k = 6.6 k + j10 k = 11.98 k  56.58
5. a. ZT = 3  + j4   j5  = 3   j1  = 3.16   18.43
b. ZT = 1 k + j8 k  j4 k = 1 k + j4 k = 4.12 k  75.96
c. LT = 247 mH
XL = L = 2fL = 2(103 Hz)(247  103 H) = 1.55 k
1 1
XC =  = 1.59 k
2 fC 2 (10 Hz)(0.1  106 F)
3
= 470  + j1.55 k  j1.59 k

= 470   j40  = 471.70   4.86
E 120 V 0
6. a. ZT =  = 2   70 = 0.684   j1.879  = R  jXC
I 60 A 70
E 80 V 320
b. ZT =  = 4 k  280 = 4 k  80 = 0.695 k  j3.939 
I 20 mA 40
= R  jXC
E 8 kV 0
c. ZT =  = 40 k  60 = 20 k + j34.64 k = R + jXL
I 0.2 A   60
7. a. ZT = 8  + j6  = 10   36.87
c. I = E/ZT = 100 V  0/10   36.87 = 10 A  36.87

VR = (I  )(R  0) = (10 A  36.87)(8   0) = 80 V  36.87
VL = (I  )(XL  90) = (10 A  36.87)(6   90) = 60 V  53.13
f. P = I2R = (10 A)2 8  = 800 W
g. Fp = cos θT = R/ZT = 8 /10  = 0.8 lagging
h. R = 113.12 sin(t  36.87)

L = 84.84 sin(t + 53.13)
i = 14.14 sin (t  36.87)
CHAPTER 15 175
8. a. ZT = 18   j29.15  = 34.26  58.30
= 29.15 Ω
1 1
XC = 
2 fC 2 (60 Hz)(91  F)
E 120 V  20
c. I= = = 3.50 A 78.30
ZT 34.26    58.30
VR = (I θ)(R 0) = (3.50 A 78.30)(18  0) = 63.0 V 78.30

VC = (I θ)(XC 90) = (3.50 A 78.30)(29.15  90) = 102.03 V 11.70
f. P = I2R = (3.50 A)2 18  = 220.5 W
g. Fp = R/ZT = 18 /34.26 Ω = 0.525 leading
h. i = 4.95 sin(377t + 78.30)

υR = 89.1 sin(377t + 78.30)
υC = 144.27 sin(377t  11.70)
9. a. ZT = 4  + j6   j10  = 4   j4  = 5.66  45
6
XL
c. XL = ωL  L = = 16 mH
=
 377 rad/s
1 1 1
XC =  C= = = 265 μF
C  X C (377 rad/s)(10 )
E 50 V 0
d. I= = = 8.83 A 45
ZT 5.66    45
VR = (I θ)(R 0) = (8.83 A 45)(4  0) = 35.32 V 45
VL = (I θ)(XL 90) = (8.83 A 45)(6  90) = 52.98 V 135
VC = (I θ)(XC 90) = (8.83 A 45)(10  90) = 88.30 V 45
f. E = VR + VL + VC
50 V 0 = 35.32 V 45 + 52.98 V 135 + 88.30 V 45
50 V 0 = 49.95 V 0  50 V  0
g. P = I2R = (8.83 A)2 4  = 311.88 W
= 4 Ω/5.66 Ω = 0.707 leading

R
h. Fp = cos θT =
ZT
i. i = 12.49 sin(377t + 45)

e = 70.7 sin 377t
υR = 49.94 sin(377t + 45)
υL = 74.91 sin(377t + 135)
υC = 124.86 sin(377t  45)
176 CHAPTER 15
10. a. XL = ωL = (20 × 103 rad/s)(0.1H) = 2 kΩ
= 6.1 kΩ
1 1
XC = 
 C (20  10 rad/s)(8200 pF)
3
ZT = 1.2 kΩ + j2 kΩ  j6.1 kΩ
= 1.2 kΩ  j4.1 kΩ = 4.27 kΩ 73.69°
b. 
c. 
E 4.24 V60
d. I=  = 0.993 mA 133.69°
ZT 4.27 k  73.69
VR = IR = (0.993 mA 133.69°)(1.2 kΩ 0°) = 1.19 V 133.69°
VL = IXL = (0.993 mA 133.69°)(2 kΩ 90°) = 1.99 V 223.69°
VC = IXC = (0.993 mA 133.69°)(6.1 kΩ 90°) = 6.06 V 43.69°
e. 
f. E = VR + VL + VC
4.24 V 60° = 1.19 V 133.69° + 1.99 V 223.69° + 6.06 V 43.69°
= (0.822 V + j0.80 V) + (1.44 V  j1.37 V) + (4.38 V + j 4.19 V)
= 2.12 V+ j3.62 V
4.24 V 60°  4.20 V 59.65°
g. P = I2R = (0.993 mA)2(1.2 kΩ) = 1.18 mW
R 1.2 k
h. Fp =  = 0.281 leading
ZT 4.27 k
i. i = 1.4 × 103 sin (20,000t + 133.69°)

υR = 1.68 sin (20,000t + 133.69°)
υL = 2.81 sin (20,000t + 223.69°)
υC = 8.57 sin (20,000t + 43.69°)
11. 20 V (rms)  28.28 V (peak)

43.20 V(p  p)  21.60 V (peak)
22 (28.28 V)
Vscope = 21.60 V =
22   R
475.20 + 21.60R = 622.16
146.96 
R= = 6.8 Ω
21.60
CHAPTER 15 177
 22.8 V 
VL (rms) = 0.7071 
 2 
12. a. = 8.06 V
= 6.2 kΩ
V (rms) 8.06 V
XL = L 
I (rms) 1.3 mA
6.2 k
XL = L = (1000rad/s)L = 6.2 kΩ  L = = 6.2 H
1000 rad/s
b. E 2  VR2  VL2
(22 V)2 = VR2  (8.06 V) 2
484  VR2  64.96
VR2  419.04
VR  419.04  20.47 V
VR (rms) 20.47 V
R   15.75 k
I (rms) 1.3 mA
c. 6.2 H
 8.27 V 
VR(rms) = 0.7071 
 2 
13. a. = 2.924 V
V (rms) 2.924 V
I(rms) = R  = 292.4 μA
R2 10 k
b. E 2  VR2  VC2
(12 V) 2  (2.924 V) 2  VC2
144  8.55  VC2
VC2  135.35
VC  135.45  11.64 V
= 39.81 kΩ
VC (rms) 11.64 V
XC = 
I (rms) 292.4  A
1 1 1
XC = C   = 100 pF
2 fC 2 fX C 2 (40 kHz)(39.81 k)
(2 k  0)(120 V 60) 240 V 60

14. a. V1 = = = 29.09 V 15.96
2 k  + j8 k  8.25 75.96
(8 k  90)(120 V 60)
V2 = = 116.36 V 74.04
8.25 k  75.96
( 40  90)(60 V 5) 2400 V 95
b. V1 = = = 48.69 V 40.75
6.8  + j 40  + 22  28.8 + j 40
(22  0)(60 V 5) 1.32 kV 5
V2 = = = 26.78 V 49.25
49.29  54.25 49.29  54.25
178 CHAPTER 15
(20  90)(20 V 70)
15. a. V1 = = 14.14 V 155
20  + j 20   j 40 
(40    90)(20 V 70)
V2 = = 28.29 V 25
28.28    45
b. ZT = 4.7 k + j30 k + 3.3 k  j10 k = 8 k + j20 k = 21.541 k 68.199

ZT = 3.3 k + j30 k  j10 k = 3.3 k + j20 k = 20.27 k 80.631
Z E (20.27 k 80.631)(120 V 0)
V1 = T = = 112.92 V 12.432
ZT 21.541 k 68.199
Z E
V2 = T ZT = 3.3 k  j10 k = 10.53 k 71.737
ZT
(10.53 k   71.737)(120 V 0)
= = 58.66 V 139.94
21.541 k 68.199
16. a. XL = ωL = (1000 rad/s)(20 mH) = 20 

1 1
XC = = = 25.64 
ωC (1000 rad/s)(39  F)
ZT = 30  + j20   j25.64  = 30   j5.64  = 30.53  10.65
E 20 V  40
I= = = 655.1 mA 50.65
ZT 30.53    10.65
VR = (I  θ)(R  0) = (655.1 mA 50.65)(30  0) = 19.65 V 50.65
VC = (655.1 mA 50.65)(25.64  90) = 16.80 V 39.35
R 30 
b. cos θT = = = 0.983 leading
ZT 30.53 
c. P = I2R = (655.1 mA)2 30  = 12.87 W
(30  0)(20 V  40) 600 V 40

f. VR = = = 19.66 V 50.65
ZT 30.53    10.65
(25.64    90)(20 V 40)
VC = = 16.80 V 39.35
30.53    10.65
g. ZT = 30   j5.64  = R  jXC
17. P = VI cos θ  8000 W = (200 V)(I)(0.8)

8000 A
I= = 50 A
160
0.8 = cos θ
θ = 36.87
V = 200 V 0, I = 50 A 36.87
V 200 V 0
ZT = = = 4  36.87 = 3.2  + j2.4 
I 50 A   36.87
CHAPTER 15 179
18. P = VI cos   300 W = (120 V)(3 A) cos θ
cos θ = 0.833  θ = 33.59
V = 120 V 0, I = 3 A 33.59
V 120 V 0
ZT = = = 40  33.59 = 33.34  + j22.10 
I 3 A   33.59
RT = 33.34  = 2  + R  R = 31.34 
19. a. ZT = R 2 + X L2 tan1XL/R
f ZT θT
0 Hz 1.0 k 0.0
1 kHz 1.008 k 7.16
5 kHz 1.181 k 32.14
10 kHz 1.606 k 51.49
15 kHz 2.134 k 62.05
20 kHz 2.705 k 68.3
XLE
b. VL =
ZT
f VL
0 Hz 0.0 V
1 kHz 0.623 V
5 kHz 2.66 V
10 kHz 3.888 V
15 kHz 4.416 V
20 kHz 4.646 V
c.
f θL = 90  tan1 XL/R
0 Hz 90.0
1 kHz 82.84
5 kHz 57.85
10 kHz 38.5
15 kHz 27.96
20 kHz 21.7
180 CHAPTER 15
d.
f VR = RE/ZT
0 Hz 5.0 V
1 kHz 4.96 V
5 kHz 4.23 V
10 kHz 3.11 V
15 kHz 2.34 V
20 kHz 1.848 V
1
R  X C tan XC/R
2 2
20. a. ZT =
│ZT│ = R 2  X C2 , θT = tan1XC/R
f │ZT│ θT
0 kHz  90.0
1 kHz 353.1  73.55
3 kHz 150.80  48.46°
5 kHz 120.78  34.11
7 kHz 111.09  25.82
10 kHz 105.58  18.71
CHAPTER 15 181
( X C   90)(E 0) XC E
b. VC = = 90 + tan1XC/R
R  jX C R  XC
2 2
XC E
│VC│ =
R 2  X C2
f │VC│
0 Hz 10.0 V
1 kHz 9.59 V
3 kHz 7.49 V
5 kHz 5.61 V
7 kHz 4.36 V
10 kHz 3.21 V
c. θC = 90 + tan1 XC/R
f θC
0 Hz 0.0
1 kHz 16.45
3 kHz 41.54
5 kHz 55.89
7 kHz 64.18
10 kHz 71.29
RE
d. │VR│ =
R  X C2
2
f │VR│
0 Hz 0.0 V
1 kHz 2.83 V
3 kHz 6.63 V
5 kHz 8.28 V
7 kHz 9.00 V
10 kHz 9.47 V
182 CHAPTER 15
21. a. ZT = R 2  ( X L  X C ) 2  tan 1 ( X L  X C ) / R
f ZT θT
0 Hz  90.0
1 kHz 19.31 × 103  87.03
5 kHz 3.40 × 103  72.91
10 kHz 1.21 × 103  34.33
15 kHz 1.16 × 103  +30.75
20 kHz 1.84 × 103  +56.99
XC E
b. │VC│ =
ZT
f │VC│
0 Hz 120 V
1 kHz 120.62 V
5 kHz 136.94 V
10 kHz 192.4 V
15 kHz 133.45 V
20 kHz 63.29 V
E
c. I =
ZT
f I
0 Hz 0.0 mA
1 kHz 6.21 mA
5 kHz 35.29 mA
10 kHz 99.17 mA
15 kHz 103.45 mA
20 kHz 65.22 mA
CHAPTER 15 183
1 1 1
22. a. XC = =Rf=  = 1.54 kHz
2 fC 2 RC 2 (220 )(0.47  F)
b. Low frequency: XC very large resulting in large ZT

High frequency: XC approaches zero ohms and ZT approaches R
1 1
c. f = 100 Hz: XC =  = 3.39 k
2 fC 2 (100 Hz)(0.47  F)
ZT  XC
1 1
f = 10 kHz: XC =  = 33.86 
2 fC 2 (10 kHz)(0.47  F)
ZT  R
d. 
1 1
e. f = 40 kHz: XC =  = 8.47 k
2 fC 2 (40 kHz)(0.47  F)
X 8.47 
 = tan1 C   tan 1 = 2.2
R 220 
1 1
23. a. YT =  0  0 = 0.147 S 0°
R 6.8 
1 1
b. YT =    90 = 5 mS 90°
X L 90 200 
1 1 1
c. YT =   90 = 0.5 mS 90°
ZT X C   90 2 k
(10 0)(60  90)

24 a. ZT = = 9.86  9.46
10   j 60 
1 1
YT =  = 0.10 S 9.46° = 0.1 S  0.02 S = G  jBL
ZT 9.86 9.46
b. 22   2.2  = 2 
(2 0)(6    90) 12    90
ZT =  = 1.90  18.43
2   j6  6.32    71.57
1 1
YT =  = 0.53 S 18.43° = 0.5 S + j0.17 S = G + jBC
ZT 1.90   18.43
1 1 1
c. YT = + +
3 k  0 6 k  90 9 k    90
= 0.333  103 0 + 0.167  103 90 + 0.111  103 90
= 0.333  103 S  j0.056  103 S = 0.34 mS 9.55
= G  jBL
184 CHAPTER 15
25. a. ZT = 4.7  + j8  = 9.28   59.57, YT = 0.108 S 59.57
YT = 54.7 mS  j93.12 mS = G  jBL
b. ZT = 33  + 20   j70  = 53   j70  = 87.80  52.87
YT = 11.39 mS 52.87 = 6.88 mS + j9.08 mS = G + jBC
c. ZT = 200  + j500   j600  = 200   j100  = 223.61  26.57
YT = 4.47 mS 26.57 = 4 mS + j2 mS = G + jBC
I 60 A 70
26. a. YT = = = 0.5 S 70 = 0.171 S + j0.470 S = G + jBC
E 120 V 0
1 1
R= = 5.85 , XC = = 2.13 
G BC
I 20 mA 40
b. YT = = = 0.25 mS 280 = 0.25 mS 80
E 80 V 320
= 0.043 mS + j0.246 mS = G + jBC

1 1
R= = 23.26 k, XC = = 4.07 k
G BC
I 0.2 A   60
c. YT = = = 0.25 mS 60 = 0.0125 mS  j0.02165 mS = G  jBL
E 8 kV 0
1 1
R= = 80 k, XL = = 46.19 k
G BL
1 1
27. a. YT = + = 0.1 S  j0.05 S = 111.8 mS 26.57
10  0 20  90
c. E = Is/YT = 2 A 0/111.8 mS 26.57= 17.89 V 26.57

E 
IR = = 17.89 V 26.57/10  0 = 1.79 A 26.57
R 0
E 
IL = = 17.89 V 26.57/20  90 = 0.89 A 63.43
X L 90
f. P = I2R = (1.79 A)2 10  = 32.04 W
G 0.1 S
g. Fp = = = 0.894 lagging
YT 111.8 mS
h. e = 25.30 sin(377t + 26.57)

iR = 2.53 sin(377t + 26.57)
iL = 1.26 sin(377t  63.43)
is = 2.83 sin 377t
CHAPTER 15 185
= 20.4 kΩ
1 1
28. a. XC = 
2 fC 2 (60 Hz)(0.13  F)
1 1
b. YT = + = 0.1 mS 0 + 0.049 mS 90
10 k  0 20.4 k    90
= 0.111 mS 26.10
Is 2 mA 20
c. E= = = 18.02 V 6.1
YT 0.111 mS 26.10
E 18.02 V   6.1
IR = = = 1.80 mA 6.1
ZR 10 k  0
E 18.02 V   6.1
IC = = = 0.883 mA 83.90
ZC 20.4 k    90
e. Is = IR + IC
2 mA 20 = 1.80 mA 6.1 + 0.883 mA 83.90
= (1.79 mA  j0.191 mA) + (0.094 mA + j0.878 mA)
= 1.88 mA + j0.687 mA
2 mA 20°  2 mA 20.07°
f. P = I2R = (1.80 mA)2 10 k = 32.4 mW
G 0.1 mS
g. Fp = = = 0.9 leading
YT 0.111 mS
h. ω = 2f = 377 rad/s

is = 2.83  103 sin(ωt + 20)
iR = 2.55  103 sin(ωt  6.57)
iC = 1.25  103 sin(ωt + 83.44)
e = 25.48 sin(ωt  6.57)
1 1 1
29. a. YT =  
1.2  0 2  90 5    90
= 0.833 S 0 + 0.5 S 90 + 0.2 S 90
= 0.833 S  j0.3 S = 0.89 S 19.81
ZT = 1.12   19.81
1 1 1
c. XC =  C= = = 531 μF
C  X C (377 rad/s)(5 )
2
XL = ωL  L = X L = = 5.31 mH
ω 377 rad/s
186 CHAPTER 15
(0.707)(3 A) 60 2.121 A 60
d. E = Is = = = 2.40 V 79.81
YT 0.885 S   19.81 0.885 S   19.81
E  2.397 V 79.81
IR = = = 2.00 A 79.81
R 0 1.2  0
E  2.397 V 79.81
IL = = = 1.20 A 10.19
X L 90 2  90
E  2.397 V 79.81
IC = = = 0.48 A 169.81
X C   90 5    90
f. Is = IR + IL + IC
2.121 A 60 = 2.00 A 79.81 + 1.20 A 10.19 + 0.48 A 169.81

2.121 A 60 = 2.13 A 60.01
g. P = I R = (2.00 A)2 1.2  = 4.8 W
2
G 0.833 S
h. Fp = = = 0.941 lagging
YT 0.885 S
i. e = 3.39 sin(377t + 79.81)

iR = 2.83 sin(377t + 79.81)
iL = 1.70 sin(377t  10.19)
iC = 0.68 sin(377t + 169.81)
30. a. XL = L = (1000 rad/s)(3.9 H) = 3.9 kΩ,

= 8.33 kΩ
1 1
XC = 
 C (1000 rad/s)(0.12  F)
1 1 1
YT = + +
3 k  0 3.9 k  90 8.33 k    90
= 0.333 mS 0 + 0.256 mS 90 + 0.120 mS 90
= 0.333 mS  j0.136 mS = 0.36 mS 22.22
d. E = I/YT = 3.54 mA 20/0.36 mS 22.22 = 9.83 V 2.22

E 
IR = = 9.83 V2.22/3 k 0 = 3.28 mA 2.22
R 0
E 
IL = = 9.83 V2.22/3.9 k 90 = 2.52 mA 87.78
X L 90
E 
IC = = 9.83 V2.22/8.33 k 90 = 1.18 mA 92.22
X C   90
g. P = I2R = (3.28 mA)23 k = 32.28 mW

h. Fp = G/YT = 0.333 mS/0.36 mS = 0.925 leading

i. e = 13.9 sin(1000t + 2.22)
iR  4.64  103 sin(1000t + 2.22)
iL  3.56  103 sin(1000t  87.78)
iC = 1.67  103 sin(1000t + 92.22)
CHAPTER 15 187
(60  90)(20 A 40) 1200 A 130
31. a. I1 =  = 18.78 60.14°
22   j 60  63.91 69.86
(22  0)(20 A 40) 440 A 40
I2 =  = 6.88 29.86°
63.91  69.86 63.91 69.86
(12   j 6 )(6 A 30) (13.42   26.57)(6 A 30)

b. I1 = 
12   j 6   j 4  12  j 2
80.52 A 3.43
= = 6.62 A 12.89°
12.17   9.46
(4  90)(6 A 30) 24 A 120

I2 =  = 1.97 A 129.46°
12.17   9.46 12.17   9.46
( j10   j 40 )(4 A 0) (30  90)(4 A 0)

c. I1 = 
 j 20   j10   j 40  50  90
= 2.4 A 0°
(20  90)(4A 0)

I2 = = 1.6 A 0°
50  90
(R 0 )( X C   90 )
32. a. ZT = = RX C 90 + tan1XC/R
R  jX C R  XC
2 2
RX C
│ZT│ = θT = 90 + tan1XC/R
R 
2
X C2
f │ZT│ θT
0 Hz 40.0  0.0
1 kHz 35.74  26.67
2 kHz 28.22  45.14
3 kHz 22.11  56.44
4 kHz 17.82  63.55
5 kHz 14.79  68.30
10 kHz 7.81  78.75
20 kHz 3.959  89.86
188 CHAPTER 15
IRX C
b. │VC│ = = I[ZT(f)]
R 2 + X C2
f │VC│
0 kHz 2.0 V
1 kHz 1.787 V
2 kHz 1.411 V
3 kHz 1.105 V
4 kHz 0.891 V
5 kHz 0.740 V
10 kHz 0.391 V
20 kHz 0.198 V
VC
c. │IR│ =
R
f │IR│
0 kHz 50.0 mA
1 kHz 44.7 mA
2 kHz 35.3 mA
3 kHz 27.64 mA
4 kHz 22.28 mA
5 kHz 18.50 mA
10 kHz 9.78 mA
20 kHz 4.95 mA
ZR ZL ( R 0)( X L 90) RX L
33. a. ZT = = = 90  tan1XL/R
ZR  ZL R  jX L R 
2
X L2
RX L
│ZT│ = θT = 90  tan1XL/R
R 2
X L2
f | ZT | θT
0 Hz 0.0 k 90.0
1 kHz 1.22 k 75.86
5 kHz 3.91 k 38.53
7 kHz 4.35 k 29.6
10 kHz 4.65 k 21.69
CHAPTER 15 189
E
b. │IL│ =
XL
f | IL |
0 Hz 
1 kHz 31.75 mA
5 kHz 6.37 mA
7 kHz 4.55 mA
10 kHz 3.18 mA
E 40 V
c. IR = = = 8 mA (constant)
R 5k
R 2  X C2
34. YT = 90  tan1XC/R
RX C
f │YT│ θT
0 Hz 25.0 mS 0.0
1 kHz 27.98 mS 26.67
2 kHz 35.44 mS 45.14
3 kHz 45.23 mS 56.44
4 kHz 56.12 mS 63.55
5 kHz 67.61 mS 68.30
10 kHz 128.04 mS 78.75
20 kHz 252.59 mS 89.86
1
35. YT = (use data of Prob. 36),  TY =  TZ
ZT
f YT θT
0 Hz  90.0
1 kHz 0.82 mS 75.86
5 kHz 0.256 mS 38.53
7 kHz 0.23 mS 29.6
10 kHz 0.215 mS 21.69
190 CHAPTER 15
36. a. YT = G 0 + BL 90 + BC 90
B  BL
= G 2  ( BC  BL ) 2 tan1 C
G
f │YT│
0 Hz XL  0 , ZT = 0 ,
YT =  
1 kHz 1.86 mS
5 kHz 1.02 mS
10 kHz 1.00 mS
15 kHz 1.02 mS
20 kHz 1.04 mS
f │θT│
0 Hz 90.0
1 kHz 57.51
5 kHz 12.63
10 kHz +1.66
15 kHz +9.98
20 kHz +16.54
1
b. ZT = , T Z =   T Y
YT
f ZT θT
0 kHz 0.0  90.0
1 kHz 537.63  57.52
5 kHz 980.39  12.63
10 kHz 1 k 1.66
15 kHz 980.39  9.98
20 kHz 961.54  16.54
CHAPTER 15 191
c. VC(f) = I[ZT(f)]
f │VC│
0 kHz 0.0 V
1 kHz 5.38 V
5 kHz 9.80 V
10 kHz 10 V
15 kHz 9.80 V
20 kHz 9.62 V
VL (f) VC ( f )
d. IL = 
XL XL
f IL
0 kHz 10.0 mA
1 kHz 8.56 mA
5 kHz 3.12 mA
10 kHz 1.59 mA
15 kHz 1.04 mA
20 kHz 0.765 mA
Rs2  X s2 (20 ) 2  (40 ) 2

37. a. Rp =  = 100  (R)
Rs 20 
Rs2  X s2 2000 
Xp =  = 50  (C)
Xs 40
Rs2  X s2 (2 k ) 2 + (8 k ) 2
b. Rp = = = 34 k (R)
Rs 2 k
Rs2  X s2 (2 k ) 2 + (8 k ) 2
Xp = = = 8.5 k (L)
Xs 8k
R p X p2(8.2 k )(20 k ) 2
38. a. Rs = 2 = = 7.02 k
X p  R p2 (20 k ) 2 + (8.2 k ) 2
R p2 X p (8.2 k ) 2(20 k )
Xs = = = 2.88 k
X p2  R p2 467.24 k 
ZT = 7.02 k  j2.88 k
R p X p2 (68 )(40 ) 2
b. Rs = = = 17.48 
X p2  R p2 (40 ) 2 + (68 ) 2
R p2 X p (68 ) 2(40 )
Xs = = = 29.72 
X 2p  R p2 6224  2
ZT = 17.48  + j29.72 
192 CHAPTER 15
39. a. CT = 2 μF
1 1
XC = = = 79.62 
C 2 (10 Hz)(2  F)
3
XL = ωL = 2π(103 Hz)(10 mH) = 62.80 
1 1 1
YT =  
220  0 79.62    90 62.8  90
= 4.55 mS 0 + 12.56 mS 90 + 15.92 mS 90

= 4.55 mS  j3.36 mS = 5.66 mS 36.44
E = I/YT = 1 A 0/5.66 mS 36.44 = 176.68 V 36.44

E 
IR = = 176.68 V 36.44/220  0 = 0.803 A 36.44
R 0
E 
IL = = 176.68 V 36.44/62.80 90 = 2.813 A 53.56
X L 90
b. Fp = G/YT = 4.55 mS/5.66 mS = 0.804 lagging
c. P = I2R = (0.803 A)2 220  = 141.86 W
f. Is = IR + 2IC + IL
I  I  IL
and IC = s R
2
1 A 0  0.803 A 36.44  2.813 A   53.56
=
2
1  (0.646  j 0.477)  (1.671  j 2.263) 1.317  j1.786
= 
2 2
IC = 0.657 + j0.893 = 1.11 A 126.43
1 1
g. ZT = = = 176.7  36.44
YT 5.66 mS   36.44
= 142.15  + j104.96  = R + jXL
40. P = VI cos θ = 3000 W

3000 W 3000 W 3000
cos θ = = = = 0.75 (lagging)
VI (100 V)(40 A) 4000
θ = cos1 0.75 = 41.41
I 40 A   41.41
YT = = = 0.4 S 41.41 = 0.3 S  j0.265 S = GT  jBL
E 100 V 0
1 1 1
GT = 0.3 S = + = 0.05 S +
20  R R
1
and R = =4
0.25 S
CHAPTER 15 193
1 1
XL =  = 3.74 
BL 0.265 S
41. a.
b.
c.
42. a. e and  R2
b. e and is
194 CHAPTER 15
c. iL and iC
43. (I): (a) θdiv. = 0.8 div., θT = 4 div.

0.8 div.
θ=  360 = 72
4 div.
1 leads 2 by 72
(b) 1: peak-to-peak = (5 div.)(0.5 V/div.) = 2.5 V

 2.5 V 
V1(rms) = 0.7071   = 0.88 V
 2 
2: peak-to-peak = (2.4 div.)(0.5 V/div.) = 1.2 V
 1.2 V 
V2(rms) = 0.7071   = 0.42 V
 2 
(c) T = (4 div.)(0.2 ms/div.) = 0.8 ms

1 1
f= = = 1.25 kHz (both)
T 0.8 ms
(II): (a) θdiv. = 2.2 div., θT = 6 div.

2.2 div.
θ=  360 = 132
6 div.
1 leads 2 by 132
(b) 1: peak-to-peak = (2.8 div.)(2 V/div.) = 5.6 V

 5.6 V 
V1(rms) = 0.7071   = 1.98 V
 2 
2: peak-to-peak = (4 div.)(2 V/div.) = 8 V
8V
V2(rms) = 0.7071   = 2.83 V
 2 
(c) T = (6 div.)(10 s/div.) = 60 μs

1 1
f= = = 16.67 kHz
T 60  s
CHAPTER 15 195
Chapter 16
(8    90)(12   0)
1. a. ZT = j4  + = 3.69   j1.54  4 22.65
 j8  12
E 14 V 0
b. Is = = = 3.5 A 22.65
ZT 4    22.65
c. I1 = 3.5 A 22.65
(8    90)(3.5 A 22.65)
d. I2 = = 1.94 A 33.66
12   j8 
e. VL = Is XL = (3.5 A 22.65)(4  90) = 14 V 112.65
2. a. ZT = 3  + j6  + 2  0  8  90
= 3  + j6  + 1.94  14.04
= 3  + j6  + 1.88   j0.47 
= 4.88  + j5.53  = 7.38  48.57
E 30 V 0
b. Is = = = 4.07 A 48.57
ZT 7.38  48.57
Z R2 I s (2  0)(4.07 A   48.57)
c. IC = =
Z R2 + Z C 2   j8 
8.14 A   48.57
= = 0.987 A 27.39
8.25   75.96
Z L E (6  90)(30 V 0) 180 V 90

d. VL = = =
ZT 7.38  48.57 7.38  48.57
= 24.39 V 41.43
3. a. ZT = 12  90  (9.1   j12 Ω) = 12  90  15.06  52.826

180.72 37.17
=
9.100
= 19.86  37.17
E 60 V 0
b. Is = = = 3.02 A 37.17
ZT 19.86  37.17
(12 Ω 90°)(3.02 A   37.17) 36.24 A 52.83

c. (CDR) I2 = =
j12  + 9.1   j12  9.1 0
= 3.98 A 52.83
196 CHAPTER 16
(12    90)(60 V 0) 720 V   90
d. (VDR) VC = =
9.1   j12  15.06   52.826
= 47.81 V 37.17
e. P = EI cos θ = (60 V)(3.02 A)cos(37.17)

= 181.20(0.797) = 144.42 W
 6.8 k 
0   8 k 90 
(4 k   90)(6 k 90)  2 
4. a. ZT = 2 k 0 + 
 j 4 k  j 6 k 6.8 k
 j 8 k
2
24 k 0 27.2 k 90
= 2 k + 
2 90 3.4 k  j8 k

8.69 k 66.97
= 2 k + j12 k 3.13
 k 
23.03

2.88 k  j1.22 k
= 2 k + 7.88 kΩ  j12 k + j1.22 k
ZT = 4.88 k  j10.78 k = 11.83 k 65.64
b. V2 = IZT' = (4 mA 0)(3.13 k 23.03) = 12.52 V 23.03

V 12.52 V 23.03)
IL = 2  = 1.57 A 66.97
X L2 8 k 90
R 4.88 k
c. Fp =  = 0.413 (leading)
ZT 11.83 k
400    90
5. a. 400 Ω 90  400  90 = = 200  90
2
Z = 100   j200  = 223.61  63.43
Z = j200  + j600  = +j400  = 400  90
(223.61    63.43)(400  90) 89444.00 26.57
ZT = Z  Z = 
(100   j 200 )  j 400  223.61 63.43
= 400  36.86
E 100 V 0
I= = = 0.25 A 36.86
ZT 400    36.86
(200    90)(100 V 0) 20, 000 V   90

b. VC = = = 89.44 V 26.57
100   j 200  223.61   63.43
c. P = EI cos θ = (100 V)(0.25 A) cos 36.86

= (25)(0.8) = 20 W
CHAPTER 16 197
6. a. Z1 = 3  + j4  = 5  53.13
E 120 V 0
I1 = = = 24 A 53.13
Z1 5  53.13
(13    90)(120 V 0) 1560 V   90

b. VC = = = 260 V 0
 j13  + j 7  6   90
c. VR1 = (I1 θ)R 0 = (24 A 53.13)(3  0) = 72 V 53.13

Vab + VR1  VC = 0
+-
Vab = VC  VR1 = 260 V 0  72 V 53.13
+-
= 260 V  (43.20 V + j57.60 V)
= 216.80 V + j57.60 V = 224.32 V 14.88
7. a. Z1 = 10  0
Z2 = 80  90  20  0
1600  90 1600  90
= 
20  j80 82.462 75.964
= 19.403  14.036
Z3 = 60  90
ZT = (Z1 + Z2)  Z3
= (10  + 18.824  + j4.706 )  60  90
1752.36    80.727
= 29.206  9.273  6  90 =
28.824  j 4.706  j 60
1752.36    80.727
= = 28.103  18.259
62.356   62.468
E 40 V 0
I1 = = = 1.42 A 18.26
ZT 28.103    18.259
Z 2E (19.403  14.036)(40 V 0) 776.12 V 14.036

b. V1 = = =
Z 2 + Z1 29.206  9.273 29.206 9.273
= 26.57 V 4.76
c. P = EI cos θ = (40 V)(1.423 A)cos 18.259

= 54.07 W
198 CHAPTER 16
8. a. Z1 = 2  + j1  = 2.236  26.565, Z2 = 3  0
Z3 = 16  + j15   j7  = 16  + j8  = 17.889  26.565

1 1 1 1 1 1
YT = + + = + +
Z1 Z 2 Z 3 2.236  26.565 3  0 17.889  26.565
= 0.447 S 26.565 + 0.333 S 0 + 0.056 S 26.565
= (0.4 S  j0.2 S) + (0.333 S) + (0.05 S  j0.025 S)
= 0.783 S  j0.225 S = 0.82 S 16.03
1 1
ZT = = = 1.23  16.03
YT 0.82 S   16.03
E 60 V 0
b I1 = = = 26.83 A 26.57
Z1 2.236  26.565
E 60 V 0
I2 = = = 20 A 0
Z 2 3  0
E 60 V 0
I3 = = = 3.35 A 26.57
Z3 17.889  26.565
E 60 V 0
c. Is = = = 48.9 A 16.03
ZT 1.227  16.032
?
Is = I1 + I2 + I3
?
48.9 A 16.03 = 26.83 A 26.57 + 20 A 0 + 3.35 A 26.57
= (24 A  j12 A) + (20 A) + (3 A  j1.5 A)

= 47 A + j13.5 A = 48.9 A 16.03 (checks)
G 0.783 S
d. Fp = = = 0.955 (lagging)
YT 0.820 S
9. a. X L1 = ωL1 = 2(103 Hz)(0.1 H) = 628 
X L2 = ωL2 = 2(103 Hz)(0.2 H) = 1.256 k
1 1
XC = = = 0.159 k
C 2 (10 Hz)(1  F)
3
ZT = R 0 + X L1 90 + XC 90  X L2 90

= 300  + j628  + 0.159 k 90  1.256 k 90
= 300  + j628   j182 
= 300  + j446  = 537.51  56.07
E 50 V 0
b. Is = = = 93 mA 56.07
ZT 537.51  56.07
CHAPTER 16 199
Z L2 I s (1.256 k  90)(93 mA   56.07)
c. (CDR): I1 = =
Z L2 + ZC + j1.256 k   j 0.159 k 
116.81 mA 33.93
= = 106.48 mA 56.07
1.097 90
ZC I s (0.159 k    90)(93 mA   56.07)
I2 = =
Z L2 + Z C 1.097 k  90
14.79 mA   146.07
= = 13.48 mA 236.07
1.097 90
= 13.48 mA 123.93
d. V1 = (I2 θ)( X L2 90) = (13.48 mA 123.92)(1.256 k 90)

= 16.93 V 213.93
Vab = E  (Is θ)(R 0) = 50 V 0  (93 mA 56.07)(300  0)
+-
= 50 V  27.9 V 56.07
= 50 V  (15.573 V  j23.149 V)
= 34.43 V + j23.149 V = 41.49 V 33.92
e. P = I s2 R = (93 mA)2300  = 2.595 W
R 300 Ω
f. Fp = = = 0.558 (lagging)
ZT 537.51 Ω
(1.2 k 0)(1.8 k   90) 2.4 k 90

10. a. ZT = 1.2 k + 
1.2 k  j1.8 k 2
2.16 k  90

= 1.2 k +  1.2 k 90
2.16  56.31
= 1.2 k + 1 k 33.69 + j1.2 k
= 1.2 k + 832.05   j554.70  + j1.2 k
= 2.03 k + j645.30  = 2.13 k 17.63
b. V1 = IR1 = (20 mA 0)(1.2 k 0) = 24 V0
(1.2 k 0)(20 mA 0) 2.4 A 0

c. I1 =  = 11.11 mA 56.31
1.2 k  j1.8 k 2.16  103   56.31
 (2.4 k) 
d. V2 = I(X L1  X L2 ) = (20 mA 0)  90  = 24 V 90
 2 
e. Vs = IZT = (20 mA 0)(2.13 k 17.63) = 42.60 V 17.63
200 CHAPTER 16
11. a. Z1 = 2   j2  = 2.828  45
Z2 = 3   j9  + j6 
= 3   j3  = 4.243  45
Z3 = 10  0
1 1 1 1 1 1
YT = + + = + +
Z1 Z 2 Z 3 2.828    45 4.243    45 10  0
= 0.354 S 45 + 0.236 S 45 + 0.1 S 0 = 0.59 S 45 + 0.1 S 0
= 0.417 S + j0.417 S + 0.1 S
YT = 0.517 S + j 0.417 S = 0.66 S 38.89
1 1
ZT = = = 1.52  38.89
YT 0.66 S 38.89
(2  0)(60 V0) 120 V 0

b. V1 =  = 42.43 V 45
2   j  2.828   45
E 60 V 0 60 V 0 60 V 0

c. I1 =   
Z  3   j 9   j 6  3   j 3  4.243   45
= 14.14 A 45
E 60 V 0
d. Is =  = 39.47 A 38.89
ZT 1.52    38.89
12. Z = 12   j20  = 23.32  59.04

R4 0  Z = 20  0  23.32  59.04 = 12.36  27.03
Z = R3 0 + R4 0  Z = 12  + 12.36  27.03
= 12  + (11.01   j5.62 )
= 23.01   j5.62  = 23.69  13.73
R2 0  Z = 20  0  23.69   13.73 = 10.92  6.29
ZT = R1 0 + R2 0  Z = 12  + 10.92 6.29
= 12  + (10.85   j1.25 )
= 22.85   j1.2  = 22.88  3.01
E 100 V 0
Is = = = 4.37 A  +3.01
ZT 22.88    3.01
I R1 = I
R2 0 I s (20  0)(4.37 A 3.01) 87.40 A 3.01
I R3 = = =
R2 0  Z " 20   23.01   j 5.62  43.38   7.44
= 2.01 A 10.45
R4 0I R3 (20  0)(2.01 A 10.45) 40.20 A 10.45 40.20 A 10.45

I4 = = = 
R4 0 + Z 20  + 12   j 20  32   j 20  37.74   32.01
= 1.07 A 42.46
CHAPTER 16 201
13. R3 + R4 = 2.7 k + 4.3 k = 7 k
R = 3 k  7 k = 2.1 k
Z = 2.1 k  j10 
(40 k  0)(20 mA 0)

(CDR) I (of 10  cap.) =
40 k  + 2.1 k   j10 
= 19 mA +0.014 as expected since R1  Z
(3 k  0)(19 mA 0.014) 57 mA 0.014

(CDR) I4 = =
3k + 7 k 10
= 5.7 mA 0.014
P = I2R = (5.7 mA)2 4.3 k = 139.71 mW
14. Z = X C2   90  R1 0 = 2  90  1  0

2    90 2    90
= 
1  j2 2.236   63.435
= 0.894  26.565
Z = X L2 90 + Z = +j8  + 0.894  26.565
= +j8  + (0.8   j4 )
= 0.8  + j4 = 4.079  78.69
X C1   90I (2   90)(0.5 A 0) 1 A   90

IXL =  
2 X C1   90  Z  j 2   (0.8   j 4 ) 0.8  j 2
1 A   90
= = 0.464 A  158.99
2.154 68.199
X C2   90 I X C (2    90)(0.464 A   158.99) 0.928 A   248.99
2
I1 = = =
X C2   90 + R1  j2  + 1  2.236   63.435
= 0.42 A 174.45
202 CHAPTER 16
Chapter 17
1. 
2. Z = −j5  + 2  0  5  90 = −j5  + 1.72  + j0.69  = 4.64  −68.24

E 60 V 30
I= = = 12.93 A 98.24
Z 4.64    68.24
3. Z = 10  0  6  90 = 5.15  59.04

E = IZ = (2 A 120)(5.15  59.04)
= 10.30 V 179.04
V 16 V
4. a. I= = = 4  103 V
R 4  103
Z = 4 k 0
b. V = (hI)(R) = (50 I)(50 kΩ) = 2.5  106 I

Z = 50 k 0
5. Clockwise mesh currents:
E  I1Z1  I1Z2 + I2Z2 = 0 Z1 = R1 0 = 4  0

I2Z2 + I1Z2  I2Z3  E2 = 0 Z2 = XL 90 = 6  90
──────────────────── Z3 = XC 90 = 8  90
[Z1 + Z2]I1  Z2I2 = E1 E1 = 10 V 0, E2 = 40 V 60
Z2I1 + [Z2 + Z3]I2 = E2
──────────────────
E1 Z 2
 E2  Z 2 + Z3   Z 2 + Z3  E1  Z 2 E2
I R1 = I1 = = = 5.15 A 24.5
 Z1 + Z 2  Z 2 Z1Z 2 + Z1Z3 + Z 2 Z 3
Z 2  Z 2 + Z3 
6. By interchanging the right two branches, the general configuration of Problem 5 will result and
I50Ω = I1 =
Z2  Z3  E1  Z 2 E 2 Z1 = R1 = 50  0
Z1Z 2 + Z1Z3 + Z 2 Z 3 Z2 = XC 90 = 60  90
Z3 = XL 90 = 20  90
= 0.44 A 143.48
E1 = 5 V 30, E2 = 20 V 0
CHAPTER 17 203
7. a.
Z1 = 12  + j12  = 16.971  45
Z2 = 3  0
Z3 = j1 
E1 = 20 V 50
E2 = 60 V 70
E3 = 40 V 0
I1[Z1 + Z2]  Z2I2 = E1  E2

I2[Z2 + Z3]  Z2I1 = E2  E3
───────────────────
(Z1 + Z2)I1  Z2I2 = E1  E2
Z2I1 + (Z2 + Z3)I2 = E2  E3
─────────────────────
Using determinants:
(E  E2 )(Z 2 + Z 3 ) + Z 2 (E 2  E3 )
I R1 = I1 = 1 = 2.55 A 132.72
Z1Z 2 + Z1Z3 + Z 2 Z 3
8. Clockwise mesh currents:

Z1 = 4  + j3 , Z2 = j1 
E1  I1Z1  I1Z2 + I2Z2 = 0 Z3 = +j6 , Z4 = j2 
I2Z2 + I1Z2  I2Z3  I2Z4 + I3Z4 = 0 Z5 = 8 
I3Z4 + I2Z4  I3Z5  E2 = 0 E1 = 60 V 0, E2 = 120 V 120
─────────────────────────
[Z1 + Z 2 ]I1  Z2 I 2 +0 = E1
Z2 I1 + [Z 2 + Z 3 + Z 4] I 2  Z4 I3 = 0
0  Z 4 I 2 + [ Z 4 + Z 5]I 3 =  E 2
───────────────────────────────────
 Z 2Z 4  E1 +  Z 22   Z1 + Z 2  Z 2 + Z3 + Z 4 E2
I R1 = I 3 =
 Z1 + Z 2  Z 2 + Z3 + Z 4  Z 4 + Z5   Z1 + Z 2 Z 24   Z 4 + Z5 Z 22
= 13.07 A   33.71°
204 CHAPTER 17
9.
Z1 = 15  0, Z2 = 15  0
Z3 = j10  = 10  90
Z4 = 3  + j4  = 5  53.13
E1 = 220 V 0
E2 = 100 V 90
I1(Z1 + Z3)  I2Z3  I3Z1 = E1

I2(Z2 + Z3)  I1Z3  I3Z2 = E2
I3(Z1 + Z2 + Z4)  I1Z1  I2Z2 = 0
───────────────────────
I1(Z1 + Z3)  I2Z3  I3Z1 = E1
I1Z3 + I2(Z2 + Z3)  I3Z2 = E2
I1Z1  I2Z2 + I3(Z1 + Z2 + Z4) = 0
───────────────────────────────────
Applying determinants:
( Z1 + Z 3)( Z 2 )E 2  Z1Z 3E 2 + E1  Z 2 Z 3 + Z1( Z 2 + Z 3) 
I3 =
 
( Z1 + Z 3) ( Z 2 + Z 3)( Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4 )  Z 22 + Z 3  Z 3( Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4 )  Z1Z 2   Z1   Z 2 Z 3  Z1( Z 2 + Z 3) 
= 48.33 A 77.57

or I3 = E1 E 2 if one carefully examines the network!
Z4
10.
Z1 = 5  0, Z2 = 5  90
Z3 = 4  0, Z4 = 6  90
Z5 = 4  0, Z6 = 6  + j8 
E1 = 20 V 0, E2 = 40 V 60
I1(Z1 + Z2 + Z4)  I2Z2  I3Z4 = E1

I2(Z2 + Z3 + Z5)  I1Z2  I3Z5 = E2
I3(Z4 + Z5 + Z6)  I1Z4  I2Z5 = 0
─────────────────────────
(Z1 + Z2 + Z4) I1  Z2I2  Z4I3 = E1
Z2I1 + (Z2 + Z3 + Z5)I2  Z5I3 = E2
Z4I1  Z5I2 + (Z4 + Z5 + Z6)I3 = 0
─────────────────────────────────────────
Using Z = Z1 + Z2 + Z4, Z = Z2 + Z3 + Z5, Z = Z4 + Z5 + Z6 and determinants:
E1 (Z  Z   Z 52 )  E 2 (Z 2 Z  + Z 4 Z5 )
I R1 = I1 =
Z  (Z  Z   Z52 )  Z 2 (Z 2 Z  + Z 4 Z5 )  Z 4 (Z 2 Z5 + Z 4 Z  )
= 3.04 A 169.12°
CHAPTER 17 205
11.
Z1 = 10  + j20  Z2 = j20 
Z3 = 80  0 Z4 = 6  0
Z5 = 15  90 Z6 = 10  0
Z7 = 5  0 Z8 = 5 Ω  j20 
E1 = 25 V 0 E2 = 75 V 20
I1(Z4 + Z6 + Z7)  I2Z4  I4Z6 = E1

I2(Z1 + Z2 + Z4)  I1Z4  I3Z2 = 0
I3(Z2 + Z3 + Z5)  I2Z2  I4Z5 = E2
I4(Z5 + Z6 + Z8)  I1Z6  I3Z5 = 0
─────────────────────────
(Z4 + Z6 + Z7) I1  Z4 I2 +0  Z6I4 = E1
Z4I1 + (Z1 + Z2 + Z4)I2  Z2I3 +0 =0
0  Z2 I2 + (Z2 + Z3 + Z5)I3  Z5I4 = E2
Z6I1 +0  Z5I3 + (Z5 + Z6 + Z7)I4 = 0
────────────────────────────────────────────────────
I R1 = I 80 = 0.68 A 162.9
12. Z1 = 5 k 0
Z2 = 10 k 0
Z3 = 1 k + j4 k = 4.123 k 75.96
I1(Z1 + Z2)  Z2I2 = 28 V

I2(Z2 + Z3)  Z2I1 = 0
──────────────────
(Z1 + Z2)I1  Z2I2 = 28 V
Z2I1 + (Z2 + Z3)I2 = 0
───────────────────
Z 2 28 V
IL = I2 = = 3.17  103 V 137.29
Z1Z 2 + Z1Z 3 + Z 2 Z3
206 CHAPTER 17
13. Source Conversion:
E = (I θ)(Rp 0)
= (50 I)(40 k 0)
= 2  106 I 0
Z1 = Rs = Rp = 40 k 0
Z2 = j0.2 k
Z3 = 8 k 0
Z4 = 4 k 90
I1(Z1 + Z2 + Z3)  Z3I2 = E
I2(Z3 + Z4)  Z3I1 = 0
────────────────────
(Z1 + Z2 + Z3)I1  Z3I2 = E
Z3I1 + (Z3 + Z4)I2 = 0
────────────────────
Z3 E
IL = I2 = = 42.91 I 149.31
(Z1 + Z 2 + Z3 )(Z3 + Z 4 )  Z 23
14. 6Vx  I1 1 k  10 V 0 = 0

10 V0  I2 4 k  I2 2 k = 0
───────────────────────
Vx = I2 2 k
I1 1 k + I2 12 k = 10 V 0
I2 6 k = 10 V 0
──────────────────────
10 V 0
I2 = I 2k = = 1.67 mA 0 = I2kΩ
6 k
I1 1 k + (1.667 mA 0)(12 k) = 10 V 0
I1 1 k + 20 V 0 = 10 V 0
I1 1 k = 10 V 0
10 V 0
I1 = I1k = = 10 mA 0
1k
CHAPTER 17 207
15. E1 = 5 V 0
E2 = 20 V 0
Z1 = 2.2 k 0
Z2 = 5 k 90
Z3 = 10 k 0
I = 4 mA 0
E1  I1Z1  Z2(I1  I2) = 0

Z2(I2  I1) + E2  I3Z3 = 0
───────────────────
I3  I2 = I
Substituting, we obtain:
I1(Z1 + Z2)  I2Z2 = E1

I1Z2  I2(Z2 + Z3) = IZ3  E2
────────────────────
Determinants:
I1 = 1.39 mA 126.48, I2 = 1.341 mA 10.56, I3 = 2.693 mA 174.8

I10kΩ = I3 = 2.69 mA 174.8
16. Z1 = 1 k 0
Z2 = 4 k + j6 k
E = 10 V 0
Z1(I2  I1) + E  I3Z3 = 0

I1 = 6 mA 0, 0.1 Vs = I3  I2, Vs = (I1  I2)Z1
─────────────────────────────────
Substituting:
(1 k)I2 + (4 k + j6 k)I3 = 16 V 0

(99 )I2 + I3 = 0.6 V 0
────────────────────────────
Determinants:
I3 = I6 kΩ = 1.38 mA 56.31
208 CHAPTER 17
17.
Z1 = 4 Ω 0
Z2 = 5 Ω 90
Z3 = 2 Ω 90
I1 = 3 A 0
I2 = 5 A 30
I1 = I3 + I4
V1 V1  V 2 1 1  1 
I1 = +  V 1  +   V 2   = I1
Z1 Z2  Z1 Z 2   Z2 
or V1[Y1 + Y2]  V2[Y2] = I1
I4 = I5 + I2
V1  V 2 V 2 1 1 1 
= + I 2  V 2  +   V1   =  I 2
Z2 Z3  Z 2 Z3   Z2 
or V2[Y2 + Y3]  V1[Y2] = I2
[Y1 + Y2]V1  Y2V2 = I1

Y2V1 + [Y2 + Y3]V2 = I2
──────────────────────
[Y2 + Y3 ] I1  Y2 I 2
V1 = = 14.68 V 68.89
Y1 Y2 + Y1 Y3 + Y2 Y3
[Y1 + Y2 ] I 2 + Y2 I1
V2 = = 12.97 V 155.88
Y1 Y2 + Y1 Y3 + Y2 Y3
18.
Z1 = 3  + j4  = 5 53.13
Z2 = 2  0
Z3 = 6  0  8  90
= 4.8  36.87
I1 = 0.6 A 20
I2 = 4 A 80
0 = I1 + I3 + I4 + I2

0 = I1 + V1 + V1 V 2 + I 2
Z1 Z2
1 1  1 
V1  +   V 2   =  I1  I 2
 Z1 Z 2   Z2 
or V1[Y1 + Y2]  V2[Y2] = I1  I2
──────────────────────
I2 + I4 = I5
V  V2 V2
I2 + 1 =
Z2 Z3
CHAPTER 17 209
 1 1   1 
V2  +   V1   = + I 2
 Z 2 Z3   Z2 
or V2[Y2 + Y3]  V1[Y2] = I2
──────────────────
and [Y1 + Y2]V1  Y2V2 = I1  I2
Y2V1 + [Y2 + Y3]V2 = I2
[ Y 2 + Y 3][I1 + I 2] + Y 2I 2
V1 = = 5.12 V 79.36
Y1Y 2 + Y1Y 3 + Y 2 Y 3
V2 = Y1I 2  I1Y 2 = 2.71 V 39.96
Y1Y 2 + Y1Y 3 + Y 2 Y 3
19.
Z1 = 5  0
Z2 = 6  90
Z3 = 4  90
Z4 = 2  0
E = 30 V 50
I = 0.04 A 90
I1 = I2 + I3
E1  V1 = V1 + (V1  V 2)  1 1 1 V
V1  + +   2 = E1
Z1 Z2 Z3  Z1 Z 2 Z3  Z 3 Z1
or V1[Y1 + Y2 + Y3]  Y3V2 = E1Y1
I3 + I = I4
V1  V 2 V2 1 1 
+I=  V 2  +   V1 = I
Z3 Z4  Z3 Z4  Z3
or V2[Y3 + Y4]  V1Y3 = I
resulting in
V1[Y1 + Y2 + Y3]  V2Y3 = E1Y1

V1[Y3] + V2[Y3 + Y4] = +I
──────────────────────
Using determinants:
V1 = 19.86 V 43.8 and V2 = 8.94 V 106.9
210 CHAPTER 17
20.
Z1 = 10  0
Z2 = 10  0
Z3 = 4  90
Z4 = 2  0
Z5 = 8  90
E = 50 V 120
I = 0.8 A 70
I1 = I2 + I5
E  V1 V (V1  V 2) V  V2 1 1 1 1 1 1 E
= 1 + + 1  V1  + + +   V2  + =
Z1 Z2 Z5 Z3  Z1 Z 2 Z 3 Z 5   Z3 Z 5  Z1
or V1[Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y5]  V2[Y3 + Y5] = E1Y1
I3 + I5 = I4 + I
V1  V 2 V1  V 2 V 2 1 1 1 1 1
+ = + I  V2  + +   V1  +  = I
Z3 Z5 Z4  Z3 Z 4 Z5   Z3 Z5 
or V2[Y3 + Y4 + Y5]  V1[Y3 + Y5] = I
resulting in
V1[Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y5]  V2[Y3 + Y5] = E1Y1
V1[Y3 + Y5] + V2[Y3 + Y4 + Y5] = I
───────────────────────────────
V1 = 19.78 V 132.48 and V2 = 13.37 V 98.78
21.
Z1 = 15  0
Z2 = 10  90
Z3 = 15  0
Z4 = 3  + j4 
1 1 1 1 1
V2  + +  V1  V3 = 0
 Z1 Z 2 Z 3  Z1 Z3
 1 1 1  1 1
V2  + +    220 V 0  100 V 90 = 0
15   j10  15   15  15 
3 3
V 2 133.34  10  j100  10  14.67  j 6.67
16.05 V 24.55
V2  = 96.30 V 12.32
166.67  103 36.37
V1 = E1 = 220 V 0, V3 = E2 = 100 V 90
CHAPTER 17 211
22. Z1 = 10  + j20 
Z2 = 6  0
Z3 = 5  0
Z4 = 20  90
E1 = 25 V 0 Z5 = 10  0
E2 = 75 V 20 Z6 = 80  0
Z7 = 15  90
Z8 = 5   j20 Ω
  
V1: V1 V 2 + V1 V 4 + V1 E1 = 0
Z1 Z2 Z3
   
V2: V 2 V1 + V 2 V 4 + V 2 E 2 V 3 = 0
Z1 Z4 Z6
+  
V3: V 3 E 2 V 2 + V 3 V 4 + V 3 = 0
Z6 Z7 Z8
  
V4: V 4 V1 + V 4 V 2 + V 4 V 3 + V 4 = 0
Z2 Z4 Z7 Z5
───────────────────────
Rearranging:
 1 1 1  V V E
V1  + +   2 4 = 1
 Z1 Z 2 Z 3  Z1 Z 2 Z3
 1 1 1  V1 V 4 V 3
V2  + +     = E2
 Z1 Z 4 Z 6  Z1 Z 4 Z 6 Z6
 1 1 1  V V E
V3  + +   2 4 =  2
 Z 6 Z 7 Z8  Z6 Z 7 Z6
 1 1 1 1  V V V
V4  + + +   1 2 3 =0
 Z 2 Z 4 Z7 Z5  Z 2 Z 4 Z 7
Setting up and then using determinants:
V1 = 14.62 V 5.86, V2 = 35.03 V 37.69

V3 = 32.4 V 73.34, V4 = 5.67 V 23.53
212 CHAPTER 17
23. 1
Y1 =
4 Ω 0°
= 0.25 S 0
1
Y2 =
1 Ω 90
= 1 S 90
1
Y3 =
5  0
= 0.2 S 0
1
Y4 =
4    90
= 0.25 S 90
1
Y5 =
8 Ω 90°
= 0.125 S 90
I1 = 2 A 30
I2 = 3 A 150
V1[Y1 + Y2]  Y2V2 = I1
V2[Y2 + Y3 + Y4]  Y2V1  Y4V3 = I2
V3[Y4 + Y5]  Y4V2 = I2
───────────────────────────
[Y1 + Y2]V1  Y2 V2 + 0 = I1
Y2V1 + [Y2 + Y3 + Y4]V2  Y4 V3 = I2
0  Y4 V2 + [Y4 + Y5]V3 = I2
────────────────────────────────────
I1  (Y 2 + Y 3 + Y 4)(Y 4 + Y 5)  Y 4   I 2[Y 2 Y5]
2
V1 =
 Y1 + Y 2 (Y 2 + Y3 + Y 4)(Y 4 + Y 5)  Y 24   Y 22(Y 4 + Y5) = Y 
= 5.74 V 122.76
( + ) ( + )
V2 = I1Y 2 Y 4 Y 5 I 2 Y 5 Y1 Y 2 = 4.04 V 145.03
Y
I 2  (Y1 + Y 2)(Y 3 + Y 4)  Y 2   Y 2 Y 4I1
2
V3 =  = 25.94 V 78.07
Y
CHAPTER 17 213
24. 1
Y1 =
4 Ω 0°
= 0.25 S 0
1
Y2 =
6  0
= 0.167 S 0
1
Y3 =
8  0
= 0.125 S 0
1
Y4 =
2    90
V1[Y1 + Y2 + Y3]  Y2V2  Y3V3 = I1 = 0.5 S 90
V2[Y2 + Y4 + Y5]  Y2V1  Y4V3 = 0 1
V3[Y3 + Y4 + Y6]  Y3V1  Y4V2 = I2 Y5 =
5  90
───────────────────────────
= 0.2 S 90
[Y1 + Y2 + Y3]V1  Y2V2  Y3V3 = I1
1
Y2V1 + [Y2 + Y4 + Y5]V2  Y4V3 = 0 Y6 =
Y3V1  Y4V2 + [Y3 + Y4 + Y6]V3 = I2 4  90
────────────────────────────────────────── = 0.25 S 90
I1 = 4 A 0
I2 = 6 A 90
I  ( Y + Y + Y )( Y + Y + Y )  Y   I  Y Y + Y ( Y + Y + Y ) 
2
1 2 4 5 3 4 6 4 2 2 4 3 3 4 5
V1 =
Y = ( Y  Y + Y )  ( Y + Y + Y )( Y  Y + Y )  Y   Y  Y ( Y + Y + Y )+ Y Y   Y  Y Y + Y ( Y + Y + Y ) 
2
 1 2 3 2 4 5 3 4 6 4 2 2 3 4 6 3 4 3 2 4 3 2 4 5
= 15.13 V 1.29
I1 (Y 2)(Y 3 + Y 4 + Y 6)+ Y 3Y 4  +I 2  Y 4(Y1 + Y 2 + Y 3)  Y 2 Y 3
V2 = = 17.24 V 3.73
Y
I1 (Y3)(Y 2 + Y 4 + Y 5) + Y 2 Y 4  + I 2  Y 2 - (Y1 + Y 2 + Y 3)(Y 2 + Y 4 + Y5) 
2
V3 =
Y
= 10.59 V 0.11
25. Left node: V1

 Ii   Io
V1  V 2
4Ix = Ix + 5 mA 0 +
2 k
Right node: V2
 Ii   I o
V2 V  V1
8 mA 0 = + 2 + 4I x
1k  2 k
V1
Insert Ix =
4 k    90
Rearrange, reduce and 2 equations with 2 unknowns result:
V1[1.803 123.69] + V2 = 10
V1[2.236 116.57] + 3 V2 = 16
──────────────────────
Determinants: V1 = 4.37 V 128.66
V2 = V1k = 2.25 V 17.63
214 CHAPTER 17
26. Z1 = 1 kΩ 0
Z2 = 2 kΩ 90
Z3 = 3 kΩ 90
I1 = 12 mA 0
I2 = 4 mA 0
E = 10 V 0
 Ii   Io
V1 V 2
0 = I1 + + + I2
Z1 Z 3
and V1 + V 2 = I1  I2
Z1 Z 3
with V2  V1 = E
Substituting and rearranging:
1 1 E
V1  +  = I1  I2 
 Z1 Z 3  Z3
and solving for V1:
V1 = 15.4 V  178.2
with V2 = VC = 5.41 V  174.87
27. Left node: V1

 Ii   Io
V1 V  V2
2 mA 0 = 12 mA 0 + + 1
2 k 1k
and 1.5 V1  V2 = 10
Right node: V2
 Ii   I o
V 2  V1 V 2  6 V x
0 = 2 mA 0 + 
1k 3.3 k 
and 2.7 V1  3.7 V2 = 6.6
Using determinants: V1 = V2k = 10.67 V 0 = 10.67 V 180

V2 = 6 V 0 = 6 V 180
CHAPTER 17 215
28. Z1 = 2 k 0
Z2 = 1 k0
Z3 = 1 k 0
I = 5 mA 0
V1 V
V1: I = + 3I1 + 2
Z1 Z3
-
with I1 = V1 V 2
Z2
and V2  V1 = 2Vx = 2V1 or V2 = 3V1
Substituting will result in:
1 3 1 3
V1  +  + 3 V1    = I
 Z1 Z 2   Z3 Z 2 
1 6 3
or V1   +  =I
 Z1 Z 2 Z 3 
and V1 = Vx = 2 V 0
with V2 = 6 V 0
29. Ei 
I1 = = 1  103 Ei
R1 0
1
Y1 = = 0.02 mS 0
50 k
1
Y2 = = 1 mS 0
1k
Y3 = 0.02 mS 0
I2 = (V1  V2)Y2
V1(Y1 + Y2)  Y2V2 = 50I1

V2(Y2 + Y3)  Y2V1 = 50I2 = 50(V1  V2)Y2 = 50Y2V1  50Y2V2
────────────────────────────────────────────
(Y1 + Y2)V1  Y2V2 = 50I1
51Y2V1 + (51Y2 + Y3)V2 = 0
───────────────────────
(50)(51)Y2 I1
VL = V2 = = 2451.92 Ei
(Y1 + Y2 )(51Y2 + Y3 )  51Y22
216 CHAPTER 17
30. a. yes Z1 = Z 2
Z3 Z4
5  10 0
3
8  103 0
=
2.5  103 90 4  103 90
2 90 = 2 90 (balanced)
b. Z1 = 5 k 0, Z2 = 8 k 0
Z3 = 2.5 k 90, Z4 = 4 k 90
Z5 = 5 k 90, Z6 = 1 k 0
I1[Z1 + Z3 + Z6]  Z1I2  Z3I3 = E

I2[Z1 + Z2 + Z5]  Z1I1  Z5I3 = 0
I3[Z3 + Z4 + Z5]  Z3I1  Z5I2 = 0
───────────────────────
[Z1 + Z3 + Z6]I1  Z1I2  Z3I3 = E

Z1I1 + [Z1 + Z2 + Z5]I2  Z5I3 = 0
Z3I1  Z5I2 + [Z3 + Z4 + Z5]I3 = 0
───────────────────────────────────────
E Z1( Z 3 + Z 4 + Z 5 ) + Z 3 Z 5 
I2 =
Z  = ( Z1 + Z 3 + Z 6 )[( Z1 + Z 2 + Z 5 )( Z 3 + Z 4 + Z 5 )  Z 5 ]  Z 1[ Z 1( Z 3 + Z 4 + Z 5 )  Z 3 Z 5 ]  Z 3[ Z 1 Z 5 + Z 3 ( Z1 + Z 2 + Z 5 )]
2
E Z1Z5 + Z 3 (Z1 + Z 2 + Z5 ) 
I3 =
Z
E Z1Z 4  Z 3 Z 2  E  20  106 90  20  106 90 
I Z 5 = I2  I3 = = =0A
Z Z
CHAPTER 17 217
c. 10 V 0
I = Es =
Rs 1 k  0
= 10 mA 0
1
Y1 =
5 k   0
= 0.2 mS 0
1
Y2 =
8 k  0
= 0.125 mS 0
1
Y3 =
2.5 k  90
V1[Y1 + Y2 + Y6]  Y1V2  Y2V3 = I = 0.4 mS 90
V2[Y1 + Y3 + Y5]  Y1V1  Y5V3 = 0 Y4 =
1
V3[Y2 + Y4 + Y5]  Y2V1  Y5V2 = 0 4 k  90
───────────────────────── = 0.25 mS 90
[Y1 + Y2 + Y6]V1  Y1V2  Y2V3 = I 1
Y5 =
Y1V1 + [Y1 + Y3 + Y5]V2  Y5V3 = 0 5 k    90
Y2V1  Y5V2 + [Y2 + Y4 + Y5]V3 = 0 = 0.2 mS 90
───────────────────────────────────────── 1
Y6 =
1 k  0
V2 = 1 mS 0
I Y1( Y 2 + Y 4 + Y 5 ) + Y 2 Y 5 
V2 =
Y  = ( Y1 + Y 2  Y 6 )[( Y 1 + Y 3 + Y 5)( Y 2 + Y 4 + Y 5)  Y 5 ]  Y1[ Y1( Y 2 + Y 4 + Y 5 )  Y 2 Y 5]  Y 2[ Y 1Y 5 + Y 2( Y1+ Y 3 + Y 5 )]
2
I Y1Y5 + Y2 (Y1 +Y3 +Y5 )

V3 =
Y
I Y1Y4  Y4 Y3  I  0.05  103   90  0.05  103   90 
V Z 5 = V2  V3 = =
Y Y
=0V
31. a. Z1 = Z 2
Z3 Z4
4  10 0
3
4  103 0
?
4  10 90
3
4  103   90
1 90  1 90 (not balanced)
b. The solution to 26(b) resulted in

E(Z1Z 5  Z 3 (Z1  Z 2  Z5 )
I3 = I X C =
Z
where ZΔ = (Z1 + Z3 + Z6)[(Z1 + Z2 + Z5)(Z3 + Z4 + Z5)  Z 52 ]
 Z1[Z1(Z3 + Z4 + Z5)  Z3Z5]  Z3[Z1Z5 + Z3(Z1 + Z2 + Z5)]
and Z1 = 5 k 0, Z2 = 8 k 0, Z3 = 2.5 k 90
Z4 = 4 k 90, Z5 = 5 k 90, Z6 = 1 k 0
and I X C = 1.76 mA 71.54
218 CHAPTER 17
c. The solution to 26(c) resulted in
I Y1Y5 + Y2 (Y1 +Y3 +Y5 )
V3 = VX C =
Y
where YΔ = (Y1 + Y2 + Y6)[(Y1 + Y3 + Y5)(Y2 + Y4 + Y5)  Y52 ]

 Y1 [Y1(Y2 + Y4 + Y5) + Y2Y5]
 Y2[Y1Y5 + Y2(Y1 + Y3 + Y5)]
with Y1 = 0.2 mS 0, Y2 = 0.125 mS 0, Y3 = 0.4 mS 90
Y4 = 0.25 mS 90, Y5 = 0.2 mS 90
Source conversion: Y6 = 1 mS 0, I = 10 mA 0

and V3 = VX C = 7.03 V 18.46
32. Z1Z4 = Z3Z2
 
(R1  jXC) Rx + jX Lx = R3R2 XC =
1
=
1
C (10 rad/s)(1  F)
3
= 1 k
 
(1 k  j1 k) Rx + jX Lx = (0.1 k)(0.1 k) = 10 k
10  103  10  103
and Rx + jX Lx = = = 5 Ω + j5 Ω
1  103  j1  103 1.414  103   45
X Lx 5
 Rx = 5 , Lx = = = 5 mH
 3
10 rad/s
1 1 1
33. X C1 = = = k
C (1000 rad/s)(3  F) 3
1
Z1 = R1  X C1 90 = (2 k 0)   k 90 = 328.8  80.54
3
Z2 = R2 0 = 0.5 k 0, Z3 = R3 0 = 4 k 0
Z4 = Rx + j X Lx = 1 k + j6 k
Z1 = Z 2
Z3 Z4
328.8    80.54 0.5 k 0
?
4 k 0 6.083  80.54
82.2  10380.54  82.2  103 80.54 (balanced)
34. Apply Eq. 17.6.
CHAPTER 17 219
35. For balance:
R1(Rx + j X Lx ) = R2(R3 + j X L3 )
R1Rx + jR1 X Lx = R2R3 + jR2 X L3
R2 R3
 R1Rx = R2R3 and Rx =
R1
R1 X Lx = R2 X L3 and R1ωLx = R2ωL3
R2 L3
so that Lx =
R1
36. a. Z1 = 8  90 = j8 

Z2 = 4  90 = +j4 
Z3 = 8  90 = +j8 
Z4 = 6  90 = j6 
Z5 = 5  0
Z6 = Z1Z 2 = 5  38.66
Z1 Z 2 + Z5
+
Z7 = Z1Z 5 = 6.25  51.34

Z1 + Z 2 + Z5
Z8 = Z 2 Z5 = 3.125  128.66
Z1 + Z 2 + Z5
Z = Z7 + Z3 = 3.9  + j3.12  = 4.99  38.66
Z = Z8 + Z4 = 1.95   j3.56  = 4.06  118.71
Z  Z = 10.13  67.33= 3.90   j9.35 
ZT = Z6 + Z  Z = 7.80   j6.23  = 9.98  38.61
E 120 V 0
I= = = 12.02 A 38.61
ZT 9.98    38.61
12   j 9 
37. ZY = Z  = = 4   j3 
3 3
220 CHAPTER 17
ZT = 2  + 4  + j3  + [4   j3  + j3 ]  [4   j3  + j3 ]
= 6   j3  + 2 
= 8   j3  = 8.544  20.56
E 60 V 0
I= = = 7.02 A 20.56
ZT 8.544    20.56
38. ZΔ = 3ZY = 3(3  90) = 9  90

Z = 9  90  (12   j16 )
= 9  90  20  53.13
= 12.96  67.13
2Z 2 2 2
ZT = Z  2Z = = Z = [12.96  67.13] = 8.64  67.13
Z + 2Z 3 3
E 100 V 0
I= = = 11.57 A 67.13
ZT 8.64  67.13
39. ZΔ = 3ZY = 3(5 ) = 15 
Z1 = 15  0  5  90
= 4.74  71.57
Z2 = 15  0  6  90
= 5.57  68.2 = 2.07  + j5.17 
Z3 = Z1 = 4.74  71.57
= 1.5   j4.5 
ZT = Z1 (Z2 + Z3) = (4.74  71.57)  (2.07  + j5.17  + 1.5   j4.5 )

= (4.74  7.57)  (3.63  10.63)
= 2.71  23.87
E 100 V 0
I= = = 36.9 A 23.87
ZT 2.71    23.87
CHAPTER 17 221
Chapter 18
1.
Z1 = 3  0, Z2 = 8  90, Z3 = 6  90

Z2  Z3 = 8  90  6  90 = 24  90
E1 30 V 30
I= = = 1.24 A 112.875
Z1 + Z 2  Z 3 3   j 24 
Z3 I (6    90)(1.24 A 112.875)
I = = = 3.72 A 67.125
Z 2 + Z3 2  90
Z1 Z2 = 3  0  8  90 = 2.809  20.556

E2 60 V 10
I= =
Z3 + Z1  Z 2  j 6  + 2.630  + j 0.986 
= 10.597 A 72.322
Z1 I (3  0)(10.597 A 72.322)
I = = = 3.721 A 2.878
Z1 + Z 2 3  + j8 
I L1 = I + I = 3.72 A 67.125 + 3.721 A 2.878
= 1.446 A  j3.427 A + 3.716 A + j0.187 A
= 5.162 A  j3.24 A
= 6.09 A 32.12
2.
Z1 = 8  90, Z2 = 5 Ω 90
I = 0.3 A 60, E = 10 V 0
Z2 I (8  90)(0.3 A 60) 2.4 A 150
I = = 
Z1 + Z 2 + j8   j 5  3 90
= 0.8A 60
E 10 V 0 10 A 0
I = = 
Z1 + Z 2 + j8   j 5  3 90
= 3.33 A 90
IC = I  I
= 0.8 A 60  3.33 A 90
= (0.4 A + j0.69 A) + j3.33 A
= 0.4 A + j4.02 A
= 4.04 A 84.32
222 CHAPTER 18
3. E:
Z1 = 3  90, Z2 = 7  90
E = 10 V 90
Z3 = 6  90, Z4 = 4  0
Z = Z1 (Z3 + Z4)
= 3  90  (4   j6 )
= 3  90  7.21  56.31
= 4.33  70.56
ZE
V1 =
Z + Z 2
(4.33  70.56)(10 V 90)
=
(1.44  + j 4.08 )  j 7
43.3 V 160.56
= = 13.28 V 224.31
3.26   63.75
13.28 V 224.31
I = V1 =
Z1 3  90
= 4.43 A 134.31
I:
Z = Z3 + Z1 Z2
= j6  + 3  90  7  90
= j6  + 5.25  90
= j6  + j5.25 
= j0.75  = 0.75 90
Z4 I (4  0)(0.6 A 120) 2.4 A 120
CDR: I3 = = =
Z 4 + Z 4   j 0.75  4.07   10.62
= 0.59 A 130.62
Z2I3 (7    90)(0.59 A 130.62) 4.13 A 40.62
I = = =
Z 2 + Z1  j7  + j3  4   90
= 1.03 A 130.62
IL = I  I (direction of I)
= 4.43 A 134.31  1.03 A 130.62
= (3.09 A + j3.17 A)  (0.67 A + j0.78 A) = 2.42 A + j2.39 A
= 3.40 A 135.36
CHAPTER 18 223
4. AC: 1 1 1
XC =  
2 fC C (1000)(4.7  F)
= 212.77 
XL = 2fL = L = (1000)(47 mH)
= 47 
Z1 = 212.77  90, Z2 = 47   0, Z3 = 22  + j47  = 51.89  64.92

Z2 Z3 = 29.23  30.66
ZT = Z1 + Z2 Z3 = j212.77  + 25.14  + j14.91 
= 25.14   j197.86  = 199.45  82.76
E 20 V 60
Is =  = 0.1 A 142.76
ZT 199.45    82.76
Z3I S (51.89  64.92)(0.1 A 142.76) 5.19 A 207.68

I=  
Z3  Z 2 22   j 47   47  83.49 34.26
I = 62.16 mA  173.42
3
and i = 62.16  10 sin (1000t + 173.42)
DC: 5V 5V
I= 
22   47  69 
= 72.46 mA
3
i = 72.46 mA + 62.16  10 sin (1000t + 173.42)
5. DC:
AC: (6  0)(I )
IC =
6  + 3   j1 
(6  0)(4 A 0)
=
9   j1 
24 A 0
=
9.055  6.34
= 2.65 A 6.34
224 CHAPTER 18
VC = ICXC = (2.65 A 6.34)(1  90) = 2.65 V 83.66
= 12 V + 2.65 V 83.66
υC = 12 V + 3.75 sin(ωt  83.66)
6.
E = 20 V 0
Z1 = 10 k 0
Z2 = 5 k  j5 k
= 7.071 k 45
Z3 = 5 k 90
I = 5 mA 0
Z = Z1  Z2 = 10 k 0  7.071 k 45 = 4.472 k 26.57
ZI (4.472 k   26.57)(5 mA 0) 22.36 mA   26.57

(CDR) I = = =
Z + Z 3 4 k  j 2 k + j5 k 5 36.87
= 4.472 mA 63.44
Z = Z2  Z3
= 7.071 k 45  5 k 90
= 7.071 k 45
ZE (7.071 k 45)(20 V 0) 141.42 V 45

(VDR) V = = =

Z + Z1 (5 k + j 5 k) + (10 k) 15.81 18.435
= 8.945 V 26.565
V  8.945 V 26.565
I = = = 1.789 mA 63.435 = 0.8 mA  j1.6 mA
Z3 5 k 90
I = I + I = (2 mA  j4 mA) + (0.8 mA  j1.6 mA) = 2.8 mA  j5.6 mA
= 6.26 mA 63.43
7.
Z1 = 20 k 0
Z2 = 10 k 90
I = 2 mA 0
E = 10 V 0
Z1 (hI ) (20 k  0)(100)(2 mA 0)

I = = = 0.179 A 26.57
Z1 + Z 2 20 k + j10 k
CHAPTER 18 225
E 10 V 0
I = =
Z1 + Z 2 22.36 k  26.57
= 0.447 mA 26.57
= 179 mA 26.57  0.447 mA 26.57
= 178.55 mA 26.57
8. V:
Z1 = 5 k 0, Z2 = 1 kΩ 90
Z3 = 4 k 0
V = 2 V 0, μ = 20
 Z 3(  V ) (4 k 0)(20)(2 V 0)

VL = = = 17.67 V 6.34
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 5 k  j1 k + 4 k
I:
Z1I
CDR: I =
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3
(5 kΩ 0)(2 mA 0)
=
9.056 kΩ   6.34
= 1.104 mA 6.34
VL = IZ3 = (1.104 mA 6.34)(4 k 0) = 4.416 V 6.34

VL = VL + VL = 17.67 V 6.34  4.416 V 6.34 = 22.09 V 6.34
9.
Z1 = 20 k 0
Z2 = 5 k + j5 k
Z1 (hI ) (20 k 0)(100)(1 mA 0)

I = = = 78.45 mA 11.31
Z1 + Z 2 20 k + 5 k + j 5 k
V (20)(10 V 0)
I = =
Z1 + Z 2 25.495 k 11.31
= 7.845 mA 11.31
= 78.45 mA 11.31  7.845 mA 11.31
= 70.61 mA 11.31
226 CHAPTER 18
10. Z1 = 2 k 0, Z2 = 2 k 0
VL = ILZ2
IL = hI + I = (h + 1)I
VL = (h + 1)IZ2
and by KVL: VL = IZ1 + E
V E
so that I = L
Z1
V  E
VL = (h + 1)IZ2 = (h + 1)  L  Z2
 Z1 
Subt. for Z1, Z2
VL = (h + 1)(VL  E)
VL(2 + h) = E(h + 1)
(h + 1) 51
VL = E= (20 V 53) = 19.62 V 53
(h + 2) 52
11. I1:
I1 = 1 mA 0
Z1 = 2 k 0
Z2 = 5 k 0
V1 21 V Z
KVL: V1  20 V  V = 0 I =  I = or V = 1 I
Z1 Z1 21
V1 = 21 V
V = I5Z2 = [I1  I]Z2

Z1
I = I1Z2  IZ2
21
Z 
I 1 + Z 2  = I1Z 2
 21 
Z2 ( 5 k  0)(1 mA 0)
and I = [I1] = = 0.981 mA 0
Z1  2 k  0 
+ Z2   + 5 k  0
21  21 
CHAPTER 18 227
I2:
V1 = 20 V + V = 21 V
V 21 V Z
I = 1 =  V = 1 I
Z1 Z1 21
V Z1
I5 = = I
Z 2 21 Z 2
Z1
I = I2  I5 = I2  I
21 Z 2
 Z 
I 1 + 1  = I2
 21 Z 2 
I2 2 mA 0
I = = = 1.963 mA 0
Z1 2 k
1+ 1+
21 Z 2 21(5 k)
I = I + I = 0.981 mA 0 + 1.963 mA 0
= 2.94 mA 0
12. E1:
10 V 0  I 10   I 2   4 Vx = 0
with Vx = I 10 
Solving for I:
10 V 0
I= = 192.31 mA 0
52 
Vs = 10 V 0  I(10 ) = 10 V  (192.31 mA 0)(10  0) = 8.08 V 0
228 CHAPTER 18
I:
 Ii   Io
Vx 5 Vx
5 A 0 + + =
10  2 
5 A + 0.1 Vx + 2.5 Vx = 0
2.6 Vx = 5 A
5
Vx =  V = 1.923 V
2.6
Vs = Vx = (1.923 V) = 1.923 V 0
Vs = Vs  Vs = 8.08 V 0 + 1.923 V 0 = 10 V 0
13. ZTh:
Z1 = 3  0, Z2 = 4  90
E = 100 V 0
ZTh = Z1  Z2 = (3  0  4  90)
= 2.4  36.87 = 1.92  + j1.44 
ETh:
Z 2E (4  90)(100 V 0)
ETh = =
Z 2 + Z1 5  53.13
= 80 V 36.87
14. ZTh:
ZTh = Z3 + Z1  Z2
= +j6 k + (2 k 0  3 k 90)
= +j6 k + 1.664 k 33.69
= +j6 k + 1.385 k j0.923 k
= 1.385 k + j5.077 k
= 5.26 k 74.74
ETh:
Z 2E (3 k   90)(20 V 0)
ETh = =
Z 2 + Z1 2 k  j 3 k
60 V   90
= = 16.64 V 33.69
3.606   56.31
CHAPTER 18 229
15. From #31. ZTh = Z1  Z2
ZTh = ZN = 21.31  32.2
ETh = IZ = IZTh

= (0.1 A 0)(21.31  32.12)
= 2.13 V 32.2
16. From #31. ZTh = ZN = 6.81 Ω 54.23 = 3.98   j5.53 
Z1 = 2  0, Z3 = 8  90
Z2 = 4  90, Z4 = 10  0
E = 50 V 0
ETh = V2 + V4
Z2 E
V2 =
Z 2 + Z1  (Z3 + Z 4 )
( 4  90)(50 V 0)
=
+ j 4  + 2  0  (10   j8 )
= 47.248 V 24.7
V1 = E  V2 = 50 V 0  47.248 V 24.7 = 20.972 V 70.285

Z 4 V1 (10  0)(20.972 V   70.285)
V4 = = = 16.377 V 31.625
Z 4 + Z3 10   j8 
ETh = V2 + V4 = 47.248 V 24.7 + 16.377 V 31.625
= (42.925 V + j19.743 V) + (13.945 V  j8.587 V)
= 56.870 V + j11.156 V = 57.95 V 11.10
17. ZTh:
Z1 = 10  0, Z2 = 8  90
Z3 = 8  90
ZTh = Z3 + Z1  Z2
= j8  + 10  0  8  90
= j8  + 6.247  51.34
= j8  + 3.902  + j4.878 
= 3.902   j3.122 
= 5.00  38.66
230 CHAPTER 18
ETh: Superposition:
(E1)
(8  90)(120 V 0)
ETh =
10  + j8 
960 V 90
=
12.806 38.66
= 74.965 V 51.34
(I)
ETh = VZ 2 + VZ3
= IZ3 + I(Z1  Z2)
= I(Z3 + Z1  Z2)
= (0.5 A 60)(j8  + 10  0  8  90)
= (0.5 A 60)(j8  + 3.902  + j4.878 )
= (0.5 A 60)(3.902 Ω  j3.122 Ω)
= (0.5 A 60)(4.997 Ω 38.663)
= 2.499 V 21.337
ETh = ETh + ETh
= 74.965 V 51.34 + 2.449 V 21.337
= (46.83 V + j58.538 V) + (2.328 V + j0.909 V)
= 49.158 V + j59.447 V = 77.14 V 50.41
18. ZTh:
ZTh = Z = 10   j10  = 14.14  45
ETh:
ETh = E  VZ
= 20 V 40  IZ
= 20 V 40  (0.6 A 90)(14.14  45)
= 20 V 40  8.484 V 45
= (15.321 V + j12.856 V)  (6 V + j6 V)
= 9.321 V + j6.856 V
= 11.57 V 36.34
CHAPTER 18 231
19. a. AC: 1
Z1 =   90  212.77    90
ETh: C
Z3 = 22  + L 90
= 22  + j47 
= 51.89   64
Z 3E (51.89  64.92)(20 V 60)

ETh =  = 6.21 V  207.36
Z3  Z1 22   j 47   j 212.77 
ZTh:
(212.77    90)(51.89  64.92)

ZTh = Z1  Z2 =
 j 212.77   22   j 47 
= 66.04  57.36  = 35.62  + j55.61 
DC: ETh:
ETh = 5 V
RTh:
RTh = 22 
232 CHAPTER 18
b. AC:
ETh
I=
ZTh  R L
6.21 V  207.36
=
35.62   j 55.61   47 
6.21 V  207.36
=
82.62   j 55.61 
6.21 V 207.36
=
99.59  33.94
= 62.36 mA 173.42
DC:
5V 5V
I= 
22   47  69 
= 72.46 mA
i = 72.46 mA + 62.36  103 sin (1000t + 173.42)

matching the results of Problem 4.
20. a. ZTh:
ZTh = Z R1  Z R2 = 6  + 3  = 9 
DC:
ETh = 12 V
AC:
ETh = IZ R1 = (4 A  0)(6  0) = 24 V  0
ETh = 12 V + 24 V  0
(DC) (AC)
CHAPTER 18 233
b. DC: VC = 12 V
ZC E
AC: VC =
ZC + Z RTh
(1    90)(24 V 0)
=
 j1  + 9 
24 V   90
=
9.055   6.34
VC = 2.65 V 83.66
υC = 12 V+ 2.65 V 83.66
= 12 V + 3.75 sin(ωt  83.66)
21. a. ZTh:
1 Z1 = 10 k 0
5 Z2 = 5 k  j5 k
= 7.071 k 45
ZTh = Z1  Z2 = (10 k 0)  (7.071 k 45) = 4.47 k 26.57
Source conversion:
E1 = (Iθ)(R10) = (5 mA 0)(10 k 0) = 50 V 0
Z 2 (E + E1 )
ETh =
Z 2 + Z1
(7.071 k    45)(20 V 0 + 50 V 0)
=
(5 k   j 5 k ) + (10 k )
(7.071 k    45)(70 V 0)
=
(15 k   j 5 k )
494.97 V   45
=
15.811   18.435
= 31.31 V 26.57
ETh 31.31 V   26.565

b. I= =
ZTh + Z L 4.472 k    26.565 + 5 k  90
31.31 V   26.565 31.31 V   26.565
= =
4 k   j 2 k  + j5 k  4 k  + j3 k 
31.31 V   26.565
= = 6.26 mA 63.44
5 k  36.87
234 CHAPTER 18
22.
Z1 = 10 k  0
Z2 = 10 k  0
Z3 = 1 k  90
ZTh = Z3 + Z1  Z2 = 5 k  j1 k  5.1 k 11.31
Z 2 (20 V ) (10 k  0)(20 V )

ETh: (VDR) ETh = = = 10 V
Z 2 + Z1 10 k  + 10 k 
23. ZTh:
0 Z1 = 40 k 0
.2 Z 2 = 0.2 k 90
Z 3 = 5 k 0
ZTh = Z3  (Z1 + Z2) = 5 k 0  (40 k  j0.2 k) = 4.44 k 0.03
Z1 (100 I )
I =
Z1 + Z 2 + Z3
(40 k  0)(100 I )
=
45 k    0.255
= 88.89 I 0.255
ETh = IZ3 = (88.89 I 0.255)(5 k 0) = 444.45  103 I 0.26
24. ZTh:
 ZTh = Z1 = 20 k 0
ETh:
ETh = (hI)(Z1)
= (100)(2 mA  0)(20 k  0)
= 4 kV 0
CHAPTER 18 235
E:
ETh = ETh + ETh

= 4 kV 0 + 10 V 0
= 3990 V 0
25. ZTh:
Z1 = 5 k 0 Z2 = j1
ZTh = Z1 + Z2 = 5 k  j1 k
= 5.10 k 11.31
ETh:
ETh     V + VZ1 
=   V  IZ1
= (20)(2 V 0) − (2 mA 0)(5 k 0)
= −50 V 0
26. ZTh: Z1 = 20 k  0
Z2 = 5 k  0
ZTh = Z1 + Z2 = 25 k  0
ETh:
ETh = V  (hI)(Z1)
= (20)(10 V  0)  (100)(1 mA 0)(20 k  0)
= 1800 V 0
236 CHAPTER 18
27. ETh: (Eoc)
hI = I Z1 = 2 k 0
I = 0
and hI = 0
with Eoc = ETh = E = 20 V 53
Isc:
Isc = (h + 1)I

= (h + 1)(10 mA 53)
= 510 mA 53
Eoc 20 V 53
ZTh = = = 39.22  0 (negative resistance)
I sc 510 mA 53
28. ETh:
Eoc = 21 V Z1 = 5 k 0
V = I1Z1 = (1 mA 0)(5 k 0)
= 5 V 0
Eoc = ETh = 21(5 V 0)
= 105 V 0
V = I2Z1
= (2 mA 0)(5 k 0)
= 10 V 0
Eoc = ETh = V + 20 V = 21 V = 210 V 0
Isc:
Isc = I1
20 V = V  V = 0 V
and I = 0 A
 Isc = I2
Isc = Isc + Isc = 3 mA 0
Eoc = Eoc + Eoc = 315 V 0 = ETh
315 V 0
ZTh = Eoc = = 105 k 0
I sc 3 mA 0
CHAPTER 18 237
29. Eoc:
(ETh)
KVL: 6 Ix(2 k)  Ix(1 k) + 8 V 0  Ix(3.3 k) = 0

8 V 0
Ix = = 0.491 mA 0
16.3 k 
Eoc = ETh = Ix(3.3 k) = 1.62 V 0
Isc:
8V
Isc = = 2.667 mA 0
3k
E 1.62 V 0
ZTh = oc = = 607.42  0
I sc 2.667 mA 0
30. From Problem 13: ZN = ZTh = 1.92  + j1.44  = 2.4  36.87
I N:
Z1 = 3  0, Z2 = 4  90
E 100 V 0
Isc = IN = =
Z1 3  0
= 33.33 A 0
238 CHAPTER 18
31.
Z1 = 20  + j20  = 28.284  45
Z2 = 68  0
ZN = Z1  Z2
= (28.284  45)  (68  0)
= 21.31  32.2
Isc = I = IN = 0.1 A 0
32. From Problem 17: ZN = ZTh = 5.00  38.66
I N: Superposition: ZT = Z1 + Z2  Z3
= 10  + 8  90  8  90
(E1) 64  0
= 10  +
0
= very large impedance
E
Is = =0A
ZT
and V Z1 = 0 V
with V Z2 = V Z3 = E1 = 120 V 0
120 V 0
so that Isc = E1 =
Z3 8    90
= 15 A 90
(I)
Isc = I = 0.5 A 60
IN = Isc + Isc = + j15 A + 0.5 A 60 = + j15 A + 0.25 A + j0.433 A

= 0.25 A + j15.433 A = 15.44 A 89.07
CHAPTER 18 239
33. a. ZN:
E = 20 V 0, I2 = 0.4 A 20

Z1 = 6  + j8  = 10  53.13
Z2 =   j12  = 15  53.13
ZN = Z1  Z2 = (10  53.13)  (15  53.13)
= 9.66  14.93
I N:
(E) (I2)
Isc = E/Z1 = 20 V 0/10  53.13 Isc = I2 = 0.4 A 20

= 2 A 53.13
IN = Isc + Isc = 2 A 53.13 + 0.4 A 20
= 2.15 A 42.87
34. ZN:
E1 = 120 V 30, Z1 = 3  0

Z2 = 8   j8 , Z3 = 4  90
ZN = Z3 + Z1  Z2
= 4  90 + (3  0)  (8   j8 )
= 4.37  55.67 = 2.47  + j3.61 
I N:
E1 120 V 30
I= =
ZT Z1 +Z 2  Z3
120 V 30
=
3  + (8   j8 )  4  90
120 V 30
=
6.65  46.22
= 18.05 A 16.22
(I ) (8   j8 )(18.05 A   16.22)
Isc = IN = Z 2 = = 22.83 A 34.65
Z 2 + Z3 8   j8  + j 4 
240 CHAPTER 18
35. a. AC: Z1 = 212.77    90
I N: Z3 = 22  + j47 
= 51.89   64
E 20 V 60
IN =  = 94 mA  150
Z1 212.77    90
ZN = ZTh (problem 19) = 66.04 57.36 = 35.62  + j55.61 
DC:
I N:
5V
IN = = 227.27 mA
22 
RN = RTh = (problem 19) = 22 
b. AC:
I N:
Z N (I N ) (66.04  57.36)(94 mA 150)

I= 
Z N  47  35.62   j 55.61   47 
6.21 A 207.36
= = 62.68 mA 173.22
99.08 34.14
DC:
22 (227.27 mA)
I= = 72.46 mA
22   47 
3
and i = 72.46 mA + 62.68  10 sin (1000t + 173.22)
Same as Problem 4 and 19.
CHAPTER 18 241
36. a. From #20 ZN = ZTh = 9  0
DC:
E 12 V
IN = = = 1.33 A
RT 9
AC:
R1 I (6  0)(4 A 0)
IN = =
R1 + R2 9  0
24 V 0
= = 2.67 A 0
9   0
IN = 1.33 A + 2.67 A 0

b.
DC: VC = IR
= (1.33 A)(9 Ω)
= 12 V
AC: Z = 9  0  1  90

= 0.994  83.66
VC = IZ = (2.667 A 0)(0.994  83.66)

= 2.65 V 83.66
VC = 12 V + 2.65 V 83.66
37. a. Note Problem 21(a): ZN = ZTh = 4.47 k 26.57
Using the same source conversion: E1 = 50 V 0
Defining ET = E1 + E = 50 V 0 + 20 V 0 = 70 V 0
Z1 = 10 k 0
Z2 = 5 k  j5 k = 7.071 k 45
ET 70 V 0
Isc = = = 7 mA 0
Z1 10 k  0
IN = Isc = 7 mA 0
242 CHAPTER 18
( ) (4.472 k    26.565)(7 mA 0)
b. I = ZN IN =
Z N + Z L 4.472 k    26.565 + 5 k  90
31.30 mA   26.565 31.30 mA   26.565
= =
4  j 2 + j5 4 + j3
31.30 mA   26.565
= = 6.26 mA 63.44 as obtained in Problem 21.
5 36.87
38.
ZN:
Z1 = 10 k 0, Z2 = 10 k 0
Z3 = j1 k
ZN = Z3 + Z1  Z2 = 5 k  j1 k
= 5.1 k 11.31
I N:
(Z 2  Z 3 )20 V
V2 =
(Z 2  Z 3 ) + Z1
(0.995 k    84.29)(20 V)
=
0.1 k   j 0.99 k  + 10 k 
V2 = 1.961 V 78.69
V2 1.961 V   78.69
IN = Isc = = = 1.96  103 V 11.31
Z3 1 k    90
39. ZN:
Z1 = 40 k 0, Z2 = 0.2 k 90
Z3 = 5 k 0
ZN = Z3  (Z1 + Z2)
= 5 k 0  (40 k  j0.2 k)
= 4.44 k 0.03
I N:
Z1 (100 I )
IN = Isc =
Z1 + Z 2
( 40 k 0)(100 I )
=
40 k   0.286
= 100 I 0.29
CHAPTER 18 243
40. ZN:
Z1 = 5 k 0, Z2 = 1 k 90
 ZN = Z1 + Z2 = 5 k  j1 k
= 5.1 k 11.31
.
IN:
V (20)(2 V 0)
Isc = =
Z1 + Z 2 5.1 k   11.31
= 7.843 mA 11.31
(I): Z1 (I )
Isc =
Z1 + Z 2
(5 k 0)(2 mA 0)
=
5.1 k   11.31
= 1.96 mA 11.31
IN = Isc + Isc = 7.843 mA 11.31 + 1.96 mA 11.31

= 9.81 mA 11.31
41. ZN:
Z1 = 20 k 0, Z2 = 5 k 0
V = 10 V 0, μ = 20, h = 100
I = 1 mA 0
ZN = Z1 + Z2 = 25 k 0
IN: (hI)
Z1 (hI )
Isc =
Z1 + Z 2
(20 k 0)(hI )
=
20 k 0 + 5 k0
= 80 mA 0
(μV)
V (20)(10 V 0)
Isc = =
Z1 + Z 2 25 k
= 8 mA 0
IN (direction of Isc) = Isc  Isc = 80 mA 0  8 mA 0 = 72 mA 0
244 CHAPTER 18
42.
Z1 = 2 k 0
Z2 = 5 k 0
I2 = I3 + I5
V = I5Z2 = (I2  I3)Z2
Eoc = ETh = 21 V = 21(I2  I3)Z2
 E 
= 21 I 2  oc  Z 2
 Z1 
 Z2 
Eoc 1 + 21  = 21 Z2I2
 Z1 
21 Z 2 I 2 21(5 k  0)(2 mA 0)
Eoc = =
1 + 21 Z 2  5 k 0 
1 + 21 
Z1  2 k 0 
ETh = Eoc = 3.925 V 0
20 V  V  V = 0
and IN = Isc = I2 = 2 mA 0
3.925 V 0
ZN = Eoc = = 1.96 k
I sc 2 mA 0
43.
Z1 = 1 k 0
Z2 = 3 k 0
Z3 = 4 k 0
Eoc
V2 = 21 V = Eoc  V =
21
V Eoc
I = I1 + I2, I1 = =
Z1 21 Z1
CHAPTER 18 245
Eoc Eoc E  1 1 
I2 = , I = I1 + I2 = + oc = Eoc  + 
Z2 21 Z1 Z2  21 Z1 Z 2 
 + 21 Z1 
I = Eoc  Z 2 
 21 Z1Z 2 
21 Z1Z 2 I (21)(1 k  0)(3 k  0)(2 mA 0)
and Eoc = =
Z 2 + 21Z1 3 k  + 21(1 k  0)
ETh = Eoc = 5.25 V 0
V3 21 V Z
Isc = =  V = 3 Isc
Z3 Z3 21
V = I1Z1
I = I1 + I
Z 2 I  Z + Z3 
Isc =  I =  2  I sc
Z 2 + Z3  Z2 
V  Z 2 + Z3   Z3 Z + Z3 
I = I1 + I = +  I sc =  + 2  I sc
Z1  Z 2   21 Z1 Z2 
I 2 mA 0
Isc = = = 0.79 mA 0
Z3 Z3 + Z 2 4 k 7 k
+ +
21 Z1 Z2 21 k  3 k 
 IN = 0.79 mA 0
E 5.25 V 0
ZN = oc = = 6.65 k 0
I sc 0.79 mA 0
44.
Z1 = 3  + j4 , Z2 = j6 
 ZTh = Z1  Z2
= 5  53.13  6  90
= 8.32  3.18
ZL = 8.32  3.18 = 8.31   j0.46 
246 CHAPTER 18
Z2 E
ETh =
Z 2 + Z1
(6    90)(120 V 0)
=
3.61    33.69
= 199.45 V 56.31
2
(3.124 V ) 2
Pmax = E Th = = 1198.2 W
4RTh 4(8.31 )
45. Z1 = 3  + j4  = 5  53.13
Z2 = 2 Ω 0
 ZN = ZTh = Z1  Z2
= 5  53.13  2  0
10  53.13
=
2 + 3 + j4
10 Ω 53.13
=
5 + j4
10  53.13
=
6.403 38.66
= 1.56  14.47
ZTh = 1.56  14.47
= 1.51  + j0.39 
ZL = 1.51   j0.39 
ETh = I(Z1 Z2)

= (2 A 30)(1.562  14.47)
= 3.12 V 44.47
2
(3.12 V ) 2
Pmax = E Th = = 1.61 W
4RTh 4(1.51 )
46. ZTh:
Z1 = 4  90, Z2 = 10  0
Z3 = 5  90, Z4 = 6  90
E = 60 V 60
ZTh = Z4 + Z3  (Z1 + Z2) = j6  + (5  90)  (10  + j4 )

= 2.475   j4.754 
= 11.04  77.03
ZL = 11.04  77.03
CHAPTER 18 247
ETh:
Z 3 (E )
ETh =
Z3 + Z1 + Z 2
( 5    90)(60 V 60)
=
 j5  + j 4  + 10 
= 29.85 V 24.29
2
Pmax = E Th / 4 RTh = (29.85 V)2/4(2.475 ) = 90 W
47.
Z1 = 3  + j4  = 5  53.13
Z2 = j8 
Z3 = 12  + j9 
ZTh = Z2 + Z1  Z3 = j8  + (5  53.13)  (15  36.87)

= 5.71  64.30 = 2.475   j5.143 
ZL = 5.71  64.30 = 2.48 Ω + j5.15 
ETh + V Z3  E2 = 0
ETh = E2  VZ3
Z3 (E 2  E1 )
VZ3 =
Z3 + Z1
= 168.97 V 112.53
ETh = E2  VZ3 = 200 V 90  168.97 V 112.53 = 78.24 V 34.16

2
Pmax = E Th / 4 RTh = (78.24 V)2/4(2.475 ) = 618.33 W
E  0 1 V  0
48. I= = = 1 mA 0
R10 1 k  0
ZTh = 40 k 0
ETh = (50 I)(40 k 0) = (50)(1 mA 0)(40 k 0) = 2000 V 0
2
( 2 kV ) 2
Pmax = E Th = = 25 W
4 RTh 4(40 k )
248 CHAPTER 18
49. ETh:
Z1 = 2 k 0
Z2 = = 3 k 90
Z3 = 6 k 90
Z2E (3 k 90)(20 V 0)

ETh  
Z 2  Z1  j 3 k  2 k
60 V   90
 = 16.62 V 33.69
3.61   56.31
ZTh:
 ZTh  Z3  Z1  Z 2
(2 k 0)(3 k   90)
ZTh = +j6 k +
2 k  j 3 k
  j 6 k  1.66 k   33.69
  j 6 k  1.38 k  j 920.8 
 1.38 k  j 5.08 k
 5.26 k   74.80
ZL = 5.36 k 74.80 = 1.38k  j5.08 k
2
ETh (16.62 V) 2
b. Pmax =  = 50.04 mW
4 RTh 4(1.38 k)
50. From #20, ZTh = 9 , ETh = 12 V + 24 V 0
a.  ZL = 9 
2
(12 V ) 2 (24 V ) 2
b. Pmax = E Th = + = 4 W + 16 W = 20 W
4 RTh 4(9 ) 4(9 )
or ETh = V 02 + V12eff = 26.833 V

2 2
(26.833 V )
and Pmax = E Th = = 20 W
4 RTh 4(9 )
CHAPTER 18 249
51. a. Problem 21(a):
ZTh = 4.47 k 26.57 = 4 k  j2 k
ZL = 4 k + j2 k
ETh = 31.31 V 26.57
b. 2
Pmax = E Th / 4 RTh = (31.31 V)2/4(4 k) = 61.27 mW
52. a. ZTh = 2 k 0  2 k 90 = 1 k  j1 k

R L = R Th +  X Th + X Load 
2 2
= (1 k) 2 + (1 k + 2 k) 2
= (1 k) 2 + (1 k) 2
= 1.41 k
b. Rav = (RTh + RLoad)/2 = (1 k + 1.41 k)/2 = 1.21 k

2
(50 V ) 2
Pmax = E Th = = 516.53 mW
4 Rav 4(1.21 k)
53. a. ZTh:
1 1
XC = =
2 fC 2 (10 kHz)(4 nF)
 3978.87 
XL = 2fL = 2(10 kHz)(30 mH)
 1884.96 
Z1 = 1 k 0, Z2 = 1884.96  90
Z3 = 3978.87  90
ZTh = (Z1 + Z2)  Z3 = (1 k + j1884.96 )  3978.87  −90)
= 2133.79  62.05  3978.87  −90)
= 3658.65  36.52
 ZL = 3658.65  36.52 = 2940.27  − j2177.27 

1 1
C= = = 7.31 nF
2 fX C 2 (10 kHz)(2177.27 )
b. RL = RTh = 2940.27 
Z3 (E) (3978.87    90)(2 V0)

c. ETh  = = 3.43 V−25.53)
Z3  Z1  Z 2 1 k + j1884.96   j 3978.87
2
Pmax = ETh / 4 RTh = (3.43 V) 2 /4(2940.27 Ω) = 1 mW
250 CHAPTER 18
(4 k 0)(4 mA 0)
54. Iab = = 1.33 mA 0
4 k + 8 k
Vab = (Iab)(8 k 0) = 10.67 V 0
55. a.
4 k(E) 1
V= = (20 V 0)
4 k + 12 k 4
= 5 V 0
5 V 0
I= = 0.83 mA 0
6 k
b.
6 k ( E ) 1
V= = (20 V 0)
6 k + 6 k 2
= 10 V 0
10 V 0
I= = 0.83 mA 0
12 k
56.
100 V 0
I1 = = 50 mA 0
2 k   0
50 V 0
I2 =
4 k  90
= 12.5 mA 90
Z1 = 2 k 0
Z2 = 4 k 90
Z3 = 4 k 90
IT = I1  I2 = (50 mA 0  12.5 mA 90) = 50 mA + j12.5 mA
= 51.54 mA 14.04
Z = Z1  Z2 = (2 k 0)  (4 k 90) = 1.79 k 26.57
ZIT (1.79 k  26.57)(51.54 mA 14.04)
IC = =
Z + Z 3 1.6 k + j 0.8 k  j 4 k
= 25.77 mA 104.04
CHAPTER 18 251
Chapter 19
1. a. PT = 60 W + 45 W + 25 W = 130 W
b. QT = 0 VARS, ST = PT = 130 VA
S 130 VA
c. ST = EIs, Is = T = = 0.542 A
E 240 V
d. P 60 W
P = I s2 R, R = = = 204.2 
(0.542 A ) 2
2
Is
V = IsR = (0.542 A)(204.2 ) = 110.68 V
V1 = V2 = E  V = 240 V  110.68 V = 129.32 V
2
V
2
(129.32 V ) 2
P1 = V 1 , R1 = 1 = = 371.6 
R1 P1 45 W
2 2 2
V (129.32 V )
P2 = V 2 , R2 = 2 = = 668.9 
R2 P2 25 W
V 129.32 V V 129.32 V
e. I1 = 1 = = 0.348 A, I2 = 2 = = 0.193 A
R1 371.6  R2 668.9 
2. a. ZT = 3   j5  + j9  = 3  + j4  = 5  53.13
E 50 V 0
I= = = 10 A 53.13
ZT 5  53.13
R: P = I2R = (10 A)2 3  = 300 W

L: P=0W
C: P=0W
b. R: Q = 0 VAR
C: QC = I2XC = (10 A)2 5  = 500 VAR
L: QL = I2XL = (10 A)2 9  = 900 VAR
c. R: S = 300 VA
C: S = 500 VA
L: S = 900 VA
d. PT = 300 W
QT = QL  QC = 400 VAR(L)
2 2
ST = PT + QT = EI = (50 V)(10 A) = 500 VA
300 W
Fp = PT = = 0.6 lagging
S T 500 VA
e. 
252 CHAPTER 19
VI  VI   VI  VI
f. WR = : WR = 2   = 2  =
f1  f2   2 f1  f1
V = IR = (10 A)(3 ) = 30 V
(30 V)(10 A)
WR = =5J
60 Hz
g. VC = IXC = (10 A)(5 ) = 50 V

VI (50 V)(10 A)
WC = = = 1.33 J
1 (2 )(60 Hz)
VL = IXL = (10 A)(9 ) = 90 V
VI (90 V)(10 A)
WL = = = 2.39 J
1 376.8
3. a. PT = 0 + 100 W + 300 W = 400 W

QT = 200 VAR(L)  600 VAR(C) + 0 = 400 VAR(C)
ST = PT2 + QT2 = 565.69 VA
PT 400 W
Fp = = = 0.707 (leading)
ST 565.69 VA
b. 
c. PT = EIs cos θT
400 W = (100 V)Is(0.7071)
400 W
Is = = 5.66 A
70.71 V
Is = 5.66 A 135
4. a. PT = 600 W + 500 W + 100 W = 1200 W

QT = 1200 VAR(L) + 600 VAR(L)  1800(C) = 0 VAR
ST = PT = 1200 VA
1200 W
b. Fp = P T = =1
S T 1200 VA
c. 
S T 1200 VA
d. Is = = = 6 A, 1  0
E 200 V
Is = 6 A 0
5. a. PT = 200 W + 100 W + 0 + 50 W = 350 W

QT = 50 VAR(L) + 100 VAR(L)  200 VAR(C)  400 VAR(C) = 450 VAR(C)
2 2
ST = PT + QT = 570.09 VA
CHAPTER 19 253
350 W
b. Fp = P T = = 0.614 (leading)
S T 570.09 VA
c. 
d. PT = EIs cos θT
350 W = (50 V)Is(0.614)
350 W
Is = = 11.4 A
30.7 V
Is = 11.4 A 52.12
60 V 30
6. a. IR = = 3 A 30
20  0
P = I2R = (3 A)2 20  = 180 W
QR = 0 VAR
S = P = 180 VA
60 V 30
b. IL = = 6 A 60
10  90
PL = 0 W
QL = I2XL = (6 A)2 10  = 360 VAR(L)
S = Q = 360 VA
c. PT = 180 W + 400 W = 580 W

QT = 600 VAR(L) + 360 VAR(L) = 960 VAR(L)
ST = (580 W) 2 + (960 VAR) 2 = 1121.61 VA
580 W
Fp = PT = = 0.517 (lagging) θ = 58.87
ST 1121.61 VA
d. ST = EIs
S 1121.61 VA
Is = T = = 18.69 A
E 60 V
 I s = 30  58.87 = 28.87
Is = 18.69 A 28.87
2 2
(20 V)
7. a. R: P = E = = 200 W
R 2
PL,C = 0 W
b. R: Q = 0 VAR
2
(20 V)2
C: QC = E = = 80 VAR(C)
XC 5
2 2
(20 V )
L: QL = E = = 100 VAR(L)
XL 4
254 CHAPTER 19
c. R: S = 200 VA
C: S = 80 VA
L: S = 100 VA
d. PT = 200 W + 0 + 0 = 200 W
QT = 0 + 80 VAR(C) + 100 VAR(L) = 20 VAR(L)
ST = (200 W)2 + (20 VAR) 2 = 200 VA
200 W
Fp = PT = = 0.995 (lagging)  5.73
S T 200.998 VA
e. 
S T 200.998 VA
f. Is = = = 10.05 A
E 20 V
Is = 10.05 A5.73
50 V 60
8. a. R  L: I= = 10 A 6.87
5  53.13
PR = I2R = (10 A)2 3  = 300 W
PL = 0 W
PC = 0 W
b. QR = 0 VAR
QL = I2XL = (10 A)2 4  = 400 VAR
50 V 60
IC = = 5 A 150
10    90
QC = I2XC = (5 A)2 10 Ω = 250 VAR
c. SR = P = 300 VA
SL = QL = 400 VA
SC = QC = 250 VA
d. PT = PR = 300 W
QT = 400 VAR(L)  250 VAR(C) = 150 VAR(L)
ST = (300 W) 2 + (150 VAR) 2 = 335.41 VA
300 W
Fp = PT = = 0.894 (lagging)
S T 335.41 VA
e. 
S T 335.41 VA
f. Is = = = 6.71 A
E 50 V
0.894  26.62 lagging
θ = 60  26.62 = 33.38
Is = 6.71 A 33.38
CHAPTER 19 255
9. ac.
XL = ωL = (400 rad/s)(0.1 H) = 40 
1 1
XC = =
C (400 rad/s)(100  F)
= 25 
Z1 = 40  90, Z2 = 25  90
Z3 = 30  0
ZT = Z1 + Z2  Z3 = +j40  + (25  90)  (30  0)

= +j40  + 19.21  50.19
= +j40  + 12.3   j14.76 
= 12.3  + j25.24 
= 28.08  64.02
E 50 V 0
Is = = = 1.78 A 64.02
ZT 28.08  64.02
V2 = Is(Z2  Z3) = (1.78 A 64.02)(19.21  50.19)
= 34.19 V 114.21
34.19 V   114.21
I2 = V 2 = = 1.37 A 24.21
Z2 25    90
34.19 V   114.21
I3 = V 2 = = 1.14 A 114.21
Z3 30  0
Z1: P = 0 W, QL = I s2 X L = (1.78 A)2 40  = 126.74 VAR(L), S = 126.74 VA

Z2: P = 0 W, QC = I 22 X C = (1.37 A)2 25  = 46.92 VAR(C), S = 46.92 VA
Z3: P = I 32 R = (1.14 A)2 30  = 38.99 W, QR = 0 VAR, S = 38.99 VA
d. PT = 0 + 0 + 38.99 W = 38.99 W
QT = +126.74 VAR(L)  46.92 VAR(C) + 0 = 79.82 VAR(L)
2 2
ST = PT + QT = 88.83 VA
38.99 W
Fp = PT = = 0.439 (lagging)
S T 88.83 VA
e. 
VR I R V2 I 3 (34.19 V)(1.14 A)
f. WR = = = = 0.31 J
2f1 2 f1 2(63.69 Hz)
1 400 rad/s
f1 = = = 63.69 Hz
2 6.28
VL I L (Is X L )Is I s2 X L (1.78 A) 2 40 

g. WL = = = = = 0.32 J
1 1 1 400 rad/s
VC I C V2 I 2 (34.19 V)(1.37 A)
WC = = = = 0.12 J
1 1 400 rad/s
256 CHAPTER 19
10,000 VA
10. a. Is = S T = = 50 A
E 200 V
0.5  60 leading
 Is leads E by 60
200 V 0
= 4 Ω 60 = 2   j3.464  = R  jXC
E
ZT = =
Is 50 A 60
b. Fp = PT  PT = FpST = (0.5)(10,000 VA) = 5000 W

ST
S T 5000 VA
11. a. I= = = 41.67 A
E 120 V
Fp = 0.8  36.87 (lagging)
E = 120 V 0, I = 41.67 A 36.87
E 120 V 0
Z= = = 2.88  36.87 = 2.30  + j1.73  = R + jXL
I 41.67 A   36.87
b. P = S cos θ = (5000 VA)(0.8) = 4000 W
12. a. PT = 0 + 300 W = 300 W

QT = 600 VAR(C) + 200(L) = 400 VAR(C)
2 2
ST = PT + QT = 500 VA
P 300 W
Fp = T = = 0.6 (leading)
ST 500 VA
ST 500 VA
b. Is = = = 16.67 A
E 30 V
Fp = 0.6  53.13
Is = 16.67 A 53.13
c. 
d. Load: 600 VAR(C), 0 W

QC 600 VAR
R = 0, L = 0, QC = I2XC  XC = = = 2.159 
I
2
(16.67 A)2
Load: 200 VAR(L), 300 W
C = 0, R = P/I2 = 300 W/(16.67 A)2 = 1.079 
Q 200 VAR
XL = 2L = = 0.7197 
I (16.67 A) 2
ZT = j2.159  + 1.0796  + j0.7197 
= 1.08   j1.44 
CHAPTER 19 257
13. a. PT = 0 + 300 W + 600 W = 900 W
QT = 500 VAR(C) + 0 + 500 VAR(L) = 0 VAR
ST = PT = 900 VA
Fp = PT = 1
ST
S T 900 VA
b. Is = = = 9 A, Is = 9 A 0
E 100 V
c. 
d.
2 2 4
Z1: QC = V  X C = V = 10 = 20 
XC QC 500
E 100 V 0
I1 = = = 5A 90
Z1 20    90
I2 = Is  I1 = 9 A  j5 A = 10.296 A 29.05
P 300 W 300
Z2: R = 2= 2
= = 2.83 
I (10.296 A) 106
XL,C = 0 
P 600 W
Z3: R= 2= = 5.66 
I 2 (10.296 A)2
Q 500
XL = 2 = = 4.72 , XC = 0 
I 2 (10.296 A)2
14. a. PT = 200 W + 30 W + 0 = 230 W

QT = 0 + 40 VAR(L) + 100 VAR(L) = 140 VAR(L)
2 2
ST = PT + QT = 269.26 VA
230 W
Fp = PT = = 0.854 (lagging)  31.35
S T 269.26 VA
S T 269.26 VA
b. Is = = = 2.6926 A
E 100 V
Is = 2.69 A 31.35
258 CHAPTER 19
c. 2 4
Z1: R = V = 10 = 50 
P 200
XL,XC = 0 
100 V 0
I1 = = 2 A 0
50  0
I2 = Is  I1
= 2.6926 A 31.35  2 A 0
= 2.299 A  j1.40 A  2.0 A
= 0.299 A  j1.40 A
= 1.432 A 77.94
P 30 W Q 40 VAR
Z2: R= 2
= 2
= 14.63 , XL = 2 = = 19.50 
I 2 (1.432 A) I 2 (1.432 A)2
XC = 0 
Q 100 VAR
Z3: XL = = = 48.76 , R = 0 , XC = 0 
I 22 (1.432 A)2
15. a. PT = 100 W + 1000 W = 1100 W
QT = 75 VAR(C) + 2291.26 VAR(C) = 2366.26 VAR(C)

2 2
ST = PT + QT = 2609.44 VA
1100 W
Fp = PT = = 0.422 (leading)  65.04
S T 2609.44 VA
S T 2609.44 VA
b. ST = EI  E = = = 521.89 V
I 5A
E = 521.89 V 65.07
c.
S S 125 VA
I Z1 = = = = 0.2395 A
V1 E 521.89 V
S S 2500 VA
I Z2 = = = = 4.79 A
V2 E 521.89 V
CHAPTER 19 259
P 100 W
Z1: R= = = 1743.38 
I Z1 (0.2395)2
2
Q 75 VAR
Q = I Z21 X C  X C = = = 1307.53 
I Z1 (0.2395 A)2
2
P 1000 W
Z2: R= = = 43.59 
I Z21 X C (4.790 A) 2
Q 2291.26 VAR
XC = = = 99.88 
I Z21 X C (4.790 A) 2
16. a. 0.7  45.573

P = S cos θ = (10 kVA)(0.7) = 7 kW
Q = S sin θ = (10 kVA)(0.714) = 7.14 kVAR(L)
V2
b. QC = 7.14 kVAR =
XC
V2 (208 V) 2
XC = = = 6.059 
Q C 7.14 kVAR
1 1 1
XC =  C= = = 438 μF
2 fC 2 fX C (2π)(60 Hz)(6.059 )
c. Uncompensated:
S 10,000 VA
Is = T = = 48.08 A
E 208 V
Compensated:
S 7,000 W
Is = T = P T = = 33.65 A
E E 208 V
d. cos θ = 0.9
θ = cos10.9 = 25.842
x
tan θ =
7 kW
x = (7 kW)(tan 25.842)
= (7 kW)(0.484)
= 3.39 kVAR
y = (7.14  3.39) kVAR
= 3.75 kVAR
260 CHAPTER 19
V2
QC = 3.75 kVAR =
XC
V2 (208 V)2
XC = = = 11.537 
QC 3.75 kVAR
1 1
C= = = 230 μF
2 fX C (2π)(60 Hz)(11.537 )
Uncompensated:
Is = 48.08 A
Compensated:
ST = (7 kW) 2 + (3.39 kVAR) 2 = 7.778 kVA
S T 7.778 kVA
Is = = = 37.39 A
E 208 V
Is = 48.08 A  37.39 A = 10.69 A
17. a. PT = 5 kW, QT = 6 kVAR(L)

2 2
ST = PT + QT = 7.81 kVA
5 kW
b. Fp = PT = = 0.640 (lagging)
S T 7.81 kVA
7,810 VA
c. Is = S T = = 65.08 A
E 120 V
1 2
(120 V) 2
d. XC = , QC = I2XC = E =
2 fC XC XC
(120 V)2 14, 400
and XC = = = 2.4 
QC 6000
1 1
C= = = 1105 μF
2 fX C (2 )(60 Hz)(2.4 )
e. ST = EIs = PT
5000 W
 Is = P T = = 41.67 A
E 120 V
CHAPTER 19 261
18. a. Load 1: P = 20,000 W, Q = 0 VAR
Load 2: θ = cos10.7 = 45.573
x
tan θ =
10 kW
x = (10 kW)tan 45.573
= (10 kW)(1.02)
= 10,202 VAR(L)
Load 3: θ = cos10.85 = 31.788
x
tan θ =
5 kW
x = (5 kW)tan 31.788
= (5 kW)(0.62)
= 3098.7 VAR(L)
PT = 20,000 W + 10,000 W + 5,000 W = 35 kW

QT = 0 + 10,202 VAR + 3098.7 VAR = 13,300.7 VAR(L)
2 2
ST = PT + QT = 37,442 VA = 37.442 kVA
b. QC = QL = 13,300.7 VAR
2
(103 V)2
XC = E = = 75.184 
Q C 13,300.7 VAR
1 1
C= = = 35.28 μF
2 fX C (2π)(60 Hz)(75.184 )
c. Uncompensated:
37.442 kVA
Is = S T = = 37.44 A
E 1 kV
Compensated:
ST = PT = 35 kW
S 35 kW
Is = T = = 35 A
E 1 kV
⌬Is = 37.44 A  35 A = 2.44 A
19. a. ZT = R1 + R2 + R3 + jXL  jXC

= 2  + 3  + 1  + j3   j12  = 6   j9  = 10.82  56.31
E 50 V 0
I= = = 4.62 A 56.31
ZT 10.82    56.31
262 CHAPTER 19
P = VI cos θ = (50 V)(4.62 A) cos 56.31 = 128.14 W
b. a-b: P = I2R = (4.62 A)2 2  = 42.69 W
b-c: P = I2R = (4.62 A)2 3  = 64.03 W
a-c: 42.69 W + 64.03 W = 106.72 W
a-d: 106.72 W
c-d: 0 W
d-e: 0 W
f-e: P = I2R = (4.62 A)2 1  = 21.34 W
20. a. ST = 660 VA = EIs

660 VA
Is = = 5.5 A
120 V
θ = cos10.6 = 53.13
 E = 120 V 0, Is = 5.5 A 53.13
P = EI cos θ = (120 V)(5.5 A)(0.6) = 396 W
Wattmeter = 396 W, Ammeter = 5.5 A, Voltmeter = 120 V
E 120 V 0
b. ZT = = = 21.82  53.13 = 13.09  + j17.46  = R + jXL
I 5.5 A   53.13
P 80 W E 200 V
21. a. R= 2
= 2
= 5 Ω, ZT = = = 50 
I (4 A ) I 4A
XL = ZT2  R 2 = (50 ) 2  (5 Ω) 2 = 49.75 
XL 49.75 
L= = = 132.03 mH
2 f (2π)(60 Hz)
P 90 W
b. R= = = 10 
I
2
(3 A) 2
P 60 W E 200 V
c. R= 2
= 2
= 15 , ZT = = = 100 
I (2 A) I 2A
XL = ZT2  R 2 = (100 Ω) 2  (15 Ω)2 = 98.87 
XL 98.87 
L= = = 262.39 mH
2 f 376.8
22. a. XL = 2πfL = (6.28)(50 Hz)(0.08 H) = 25.12 

ZT = R 2 + X L2 = (4 Ω) 2 + (25.12 )2 = 25.44 
E 60 V
I= = = 2.358 A
Z T 25.44 
P = I2R = (2.358 A)2 4  = 22.24 W
CHAPTER 19 263
P 30 W
b. I= = = 2.07 A
R 7
E 60 V
ZT = = = 28.99 
I 2.07 A
XL = (28.99 Ω) 2  (7 Ω) 2 = 28.13 
XL 28.13 Ω
L= = = 89.54 mH
2 f (2π)(50 Hz)
c. P = I2R = (1.7 A)2 10  = 28.9 W

E 60 V
ZT = = = 35.29 
I 1.7 A
XL = (35.29 Ω)2  (10 Ω) 2 = 33.84 
XL 38.84 
L= = = 107.77 mH
2 f 314
264 CHAPTER 19
Chapter 20
1 1
1. a. ωs = = = 250 rad/s
LC 1 H)(16  F)
s 250 rad/s
fs = = = 39.79 Hz
2 2
1
b. ωs = = 3496.50 rad/s
(0.51 H)(0.16  F)
s 3496.50 rad/s
fs = = = 556.49 Hz
2 2
1
c. ωs = = 22,173 rad/s
(0.27 mH)(7.5  F)
 22,173 rad/s
fs = s = = 3528.93 Hz
2 2
E 50 mV
2. a. XC = 30  b. ZTs = 2  c. I= = = 25 mA
ZTs 2
d. VR = IR = (25 mA)(10 ) = 250 mV = E
VL = IXL = (25 mA)(30 ) = 750 mV
VC = IXC = (25 mA)(30 ) = 750 mV
VL = VC
X L 30 
e. Qs = = = 15 (med Q) f. P = I2R = (25 mA)2 2  = 1.25 mW
R 2
3. a. XL = 2 k
E 12 V
b. I= = = 120 mA
ZTs 100 
c. VR = IR = (120 mA)(100 ) = 12 V = E
VL = IXL = (120 mA)(2 k) = 240 V
VC = IXC = (120 mA)(2 k) = 240 V
VL = VC = 20 VR
X L 20000 
d. Qs = = = 20 (high Q)
R 100 
XL 2 k
e. XL = 2πfL, L = = = 63.7 mH
2 f 2 (5 kHz)
1 1 1
XC = ,C= = = 15,920 pF
2 fC 2 fX C 2 (5 kHz)(2 k)
CHAPTER 20 265
f s 5 kHz
f. BW = = = 250 Hz
Qs 20
BW 0.25 kHz
g. f2 = fs + = 5 kHz + = 5.13 kHz
2 2
BW 0.25 kHz
f1 = fs  = 5 kHz  = 4.88 kHz
2 2
1 1 1
4. a. fs =  L= = = 3.91 mH
2 LC (2 f s ) C (2 1.8 kHz ) 2 2  F
2
b. XL = 2πfL = 2π(1.8 kHz)(3.91 mH) = 44.2 

1 1
XC = = = 44.2 
2 fC 2 (1.8 kHz)(2  F)
XL = XC
c. Erms = (0.707)(20 mV) = 14.14 mV
E 14.14 mV
Irms = rms = = 3.01 mA
R 4.7 
d. P = I2R = (3.01 mA)2 4.7  = 42.58 μW

e. ST = PT = 42.58 μVA f. Fp = 1
44.2 
g. Qs = X L = = 9.4
R 4.7 
f 1.8 kHz
BW = s = = 191.49 Hz
Qs 9.4
1  R 1 R 4 
2
h. f2 =  +   + 
2  2 L 2  L  LC 
 
1  4.7  
2
1  4.7   4
=  +   + 
2  2(3.91 mH) 2  3.91 mH  (3.91 mH)(2  F) 
 
1
= 601.02  11.324  103 
2  
= 1897.93 Hz
1  R 1 R 4 
2
f1 =  +   + 
2  2 L 2  L  LC 
 
1
=  601.02  11.324  103 
2  
= 1.71 kHz
1 1
PHPF = Pmax = (42.58 μW) = 21.29 μW
2 2
266 CHAPTER 20
5. a. BW = fs/Qs = 6000 Hz/15 = 400 Hz
BW
b. f2 = fs + = 6000 Hz + 200 Hz = 6200 Hz
2
BW
f1 = fs  = 6000 Hz  200 Hz = 5800 Hz
2
XL
c. Qs =  XL = QsR = (15)(3 ) = 45  = XC
R
1 1 1
d. PHPF = Pmax = (I2R) = (0.5 A)2 3 = 375 mW
2 2 2
XL 200 
6. a. L= = = 3.185 mH
2 f 2 (104 Hz)
R 5
BW = =  250 Hz
2 L 2 (3.185 mH)
200  f 10,000 Hz
or Qs = X L = X C = = 40, BW = s = = 250 Hz
R R 5 Qs 40
b. f2 = fs + BW/2 = 10,000 Hz + 250 Hz/2 = 10,125 Hz

f1 = fs  BW/2 = 10,000 Hz  125 Hz = 9,875 Hz
200 
c. Qs = X L = = 40
R 5
E 0 30 V 0
d. I= = = 6 A 0, VL = (I 0)(XL 90)
R0 5  0
= (6 A 0)(200  90)
= 1200 V 90
VC = (I 0)(XC 90) = 1200 V 90
e. P = I2R = (6 A)2 5  = 180 W
fs
7. a. BW =  Qs = fs/BW = 2000 Hz/200 Hz = 10
Qs
b. Qs = X L  XL = QsR = (10)(2 ) = 20 
R
XL 20 
c. L= = = 1.59 mH
2 f (6.28)(2 kHz)
1 1
C= = = 3.98 μF
2 fX C (6.28)(2 kHz)(20 )
CHAPTER 20 267
d. f2 = fs + BW/2 = 2000 Hz + 100 Hz = 2100 Hz
f1 = fs  BW/2 = 2000 Hz  100 Hz = 1900 Hz
8. a. BW = 6000 Hz  5400 Hz = 600 Hz
b. BW = fs/Qs  fs = QsBW = (9.5)(600 Hz) = 5700 Hz
XL
c. Qs =  XL = XC = QsR = (9.5)(2 ) = 19 
R
XL 19 
d. L= = = 0.53 mH
2 f 2 (5700 Hz)
1 1
C= = = 1.47 μF
2 fX C 2 (5.7 kHz)(19 )
E E 5V
9. IM = R= = = 10 
R IM 500 mA
BW = fs/Qs  Qs = fs/BW = 8400 Hz/120 Hz = 70
Qs = L  XL = QsR = (70)(10 Ω) = 700 
X
R
XC = XL = 700 
XL 700 
L= = = 13.26 mH
2 f (2π)(8.4 kHz)
1 1
C= = = 27.07 nF
2 fX C (2π)(8.4 kHz)(0.7 k )
f2 = fs + BW/2 = 8400 Hz + 120 Hz/2 = 8.46 kHz
f1 = fs  BW/2 = 8400 Hz  60 Hz = 8.34 kHz
10. Qs = X L  XL = QsR = 20(2 Ω) = 40  = XC

R
f
BW = s  fs = QsBW = (20)(400 Hz) = 8 kHz
Qs
40 
L= XL = = 795.77 H
2 f 2 (8 kHz)
1 1
C= = = 497.36 nF
2 fX C 2 (8 kHz)(40 )
f2 = fs + BW/2 = 8000 Hz + 400 Hz/2 = 8200 Hz
f1 = fs  BW/2 = 8000 Hz  200 Hz = 7800 Hz
s 2  106 rad/s
11. a. fs = = = 1 MHz
2 2
f 2  f1
b. = 0.16  BW = f2  f1 = 0.16 fs = 0.16(1 MHz) = 160 kHz
fs
268 CHAPTER 20
2 2
(120 V)2
c. P= VR R= VR= = 720 
R P 20 W
R R 720 
BW =  L= = = 0.716 mH
2 L 2 BW (6.28)(160 kHz)
1 1 1
fs = C= = 2 6 = 35.38 pF
2 LC 4 f s L 4 (10 Hz ) 2(0.716 mH)
2 2
X 2 f s L 2 (106 Hz)(0.716 mH)

d. Q = X L = 80  R = L = = = 56.23 
R 80 80 80
XL
12. a. Q =
R
X 2 fL 2 (1MHz)(100  H)
R = L = = = 50.27 
Q Q 12.5
f 2  f1 1
= = 0.2
fs Qs
1 X 2 fL 2 (1 MHz)(100  H) 628.32 
Qs = = 5= L = = =
0.2 R R R R
628.32 
R= = 125.66
5
R = Rd + R
125.66  = Rd + 50.27 
and Rd = 125.66   50.27  = 75.39 
1
c. XC = = XL
2 fC
1 1
C= = = 253.3 pF
2 fX C 2 (1 MHz)(628.32 )
1 2
13. a. fp = = = 159.16 kHz
2 LC 2 (0.1 mH)(10 nF)
b.
VL 4V 4V
c. IL = = = = 40 mA
X L 2 f p L 100 
VL 4V 4V
IC = = = = 40 mA
X C 1/ 2 f p C 100 
CHAPTER 20 269
2 k 2 k
d. Qp = R s = = = 20
X Lp 2 f p L 100 
1 1
14. a. fs = = = 13.4 kHz
2 LC 2 (4.7 mH)(30 nF)
X L 2 fL 2 (13.4 kHz)(4.7 mH)

b. Q = = = = 49.46  10 (yes)
R R 8
c. Since Q  10, fp  fs = 13.4 kHz
d. XL = 2πfpL = 2π(13.4 kHz)(4.7 mH) = 395.72 

1 1
XC = = = 395.91 
2 f p C 2 (13.4 kHz)(30 nF)
XL = XC
e. ZTp = Q2 R = (49.46)2 8  = 19.57 k
f. VC = IZ T p = (10 mA)(19.57 k) = 195.7 V
g. Q  10, Qp = Q = 49.46
f p 13.4 kHz
BW = = = 270.9 Hz
Qp 49.46
h. IL = IC = Q IT = (49.46)(10 mA) = 494.6 mA
1 1
15. a. fs = = = 1.027 MHz
2 LC 2 (200  H)(120  F)
XL X 2 (1.027 MHz)(200  H)
b. Q =  R  L  = 86.04 
R Q 15
Zp= Q2 R  (15) 2 86.04  = 19.36 k
P = I R = (120 mA) (950.9 ) = 13.69 W

2 2
c.
270 CHAPTER 20
d.
XL = 2 fL  2 (1.027 MHz)(200  H) = 1.291 k

86.04 0)(114.1 V)
VR = = 7.587 V
86.04   j1.291 k
P = VR2 / R  (7.587 V)2 86.04  = 669 mW
13.69 W: 669 mW  20:1
X L 100 
16. a. Q = = = 5  10
RL 20 
XL 1 R2 + X 2 (20 )2 + (100 ) 2
 =  XC = = = 104 
R2 + X L2 X C XL 100 
+2 2
10,400 
b. ZT = Rs  Rp = Rs  R  X L = 1000   = 342.11 
R 20
c. E = IZTp = (5 mA 0)(342.11  0) = 1.711 V 0

E 1.711 V 0
IC = = = 16.45 mA 90
X C   90 104    90
ZL = 20  + j100  = 101.98  78.69
E 1.711 V 0
IL = = = 16.78 mA 78.69
Z L 101.98  78.69
100 
d. L= XL = = 795.77 H
2 f 2 (20 kHz)
1 1
C= = = 76.52 nF
2 fX C 2 (20 kHz)(104 )
R 342.11 
e. Qp = = = 3.29
XC 104 
BW = fp/Qp = 20,000 Hz/3.29 = 6079.03 Hz
 2  106 
2  Hz  (1 mH)
X X  2  2000 
17. Q  35  L  R  L   = 57.14 
R 35 35 35
fp 2  106 / 2 Hz
Q  10 : Q p    20
BW 100,000 Hz
CHAPTER 20 271
R  Q2 R R  (35) 2 57.14 
Q p  20  
XL 2000
And 40,000 = R  70, 000
So R = 93.33 k  use R = 91 k (standard value)
1 1
Q p  10, X C  X L  2000   
2 fC  2  106 
2  Hz  C
 2 
C = 250 pF  use C = 240 pF (standard value)
1 1
18. a. fs = = = 102.73 kHz
2 LC 2 (80  H)(0.03  F)
2
C (1.5 )2 0.03  F
fp = fs 1  R  = 102.73 kHz 1  = 102.73 kHz(.99958)
L 80  H
= 102.69 kHz
1  2C 
fm = fs 1   R   = 102.73 kHz(0.99989) = 102.72 kHz
4 L 
Since fs  fp  fm  high Qp
b. XL = 2πfpL = 2π(102.69 kHz)(80 μH) = 51.62 

1 1
XC = = = 51.66 
2 f p C 2 (102.69 kHz)(0.03  F)
XL  XC
c. ZTp = Rs  Q2 R
51.62 
Q = X L = = 34.41
R 1.5 
ZTp = 10 k   (34.41) 21.5  = 10 k   1.776 k  = 1.51 k
R s  Q  R  Z T p 1.51 k 
2
d. Qp = = = = 29.25
XL X L 51.62 
f 102.69 kHz
BW = p = = 3.51 kHz
Qp 29.25
e. Converting the voltage source to a current source:

E 100 V
Is =  = 10 mA
Rs 10 k
And Rs = Rp = 10 k
Then IT = R s I s = 10 k (10 mA) = 8.49 mA
R s + Q  R  10 k  + 1.78 k 
2
IC = IL  Q IT = (34.41)(8.49 mA) = 292.14 mA
272 CHAPTER 20
f. VC = IZTp = (10 mA)(1.51 k) = 15.1 V
1 1
19. a. fs = = = 7.12 kHz
2 LC 2 (0.5 mH)(1  F)
R2 C (8 Ω) 2 (1  F)
fp = fs 1  = 7.12 kHz 1  = 7.12 kHz(0.9338) = 6.65 kHz
L 0.5 mH
1  R 2C  1  (8 Ω) 2 (1  F) 
fm = fs 1     = 7.12 kHz 1    = 7.12 kHz (0.9839)
4 L  4  0.5 mH 
= 7.01 kHz
Low Qp
b. XL = 2πfpL = 2π(6.647 kHz)(0.5 mH) = 20.88 

1 1
XC = = = 23.94 
2 fC 2 (6.647 kHz)(1  F)
XC > XL (low Q)
R + X L = 500   (8 ) + (20.88 ) = 500   62.5 

2 2 2 2
c. ZTp = Rs  Rp = Rs  
R 8
= 55.56 
ZT p 55.56 
d. Qp = = = 2.32
X Lp 23.94 
fp 6.647 kHz
BW = = = 2.87 kHz
Qp 2.32
e. One method: VC = IZTp = (40 mA)(55.56 ) = 2.22 V

VC 2.22 V
IC = = = 92.73 mA
X C 23.94 
VC 2.22 V 2.22 V
IL = = = = 99.28 mA
R  + jX L 8 + j 20.88 22.36 
f. VC = 2.22 V
R2 + X L2
20. a. ZT p = = 50 k
R
(50 )2 + X L2 = (50 k)(50 )
XL = 250  104  2.5  103 = 1580.3 
CHAPTER 20 273
X L 1580.3
b. Q= = = 31.61  10
R 50
 XC = XL = 1580.3 
XL 1580.3 Ω
c. XL = 2πfpL  fp = = = 15.72 kHz
2 L 2π(16 mH)
1 1 1
d. XC =  C= = = 6.4 nF
2 f p C 2 f s X C 2 (15.72 kHz)(1580.3 )
1 1
21. a. Q = 20 > 10  fp = fs = = = 3558.81 Hz
2 LC 2 (200 mH)(10 nF)
X L 2 fL 2 fL 2 (3558.81 Hz)(0.2 H)
b. Q = =  R = = = 223.61 
R R Q 20
ZTp = Rs  R p = Rs  Q2 R = 40 k  (20)2 223.61 
ZTp = 27.64 k
Converting the voltage source to a current source:
E 200 V
Is   = 5 mA
Rs 40 k
Rp = Rs = 40 k
VC = IZTp = (5 mA)(27.64 k) = 138.2 V
c. P = I2R = (5 mA)227.64 k = 691 mW
R Rs  R p 27.64 k 
d. Qp = = = = 6.18
XL XL 2 (3558.81 Hz)(0.2 H)
f p 3558.81 Hz
BW = = = 575.86 Hz
Qp 6.18
22. a. Ratio of XC to R suggests high Q system.

 XL = 400  = XC
X L 400 
b. Q = = = 50
R 8
R Rs  R p Rs  Q 2R 20 k   (50)2 8  10 k 
c. Qp = = = = = = 25
XL XL XL 400  400 
fp
BW =  fp = QpBW = (25)(1000 Hz) = 25 kHz
Qp
274 CHAPTER 20
d. V C max = IZTp = (0.1 mA)(10 k) = 1 V
1 kHz
e. f2 = fp + BW/2 = 25 kHz + = 25.5 kHz
2
1 kHz
f1 = fp  BW/2 = 25 kHz  = 24.5 kHz
2
R2 + X L2
23. a. XC =  X L2  XLXC + R2 = 0
XL
X L2  100 XL + 144 = 0
(  100)  (100) 2  4(1)(144)
XL =
2
104  576
= 50   = 50   48.54 
2
XL = 98.54  or 1.46 
X L 98.54 
b. Q = = = 8.21
R 12 
R2 + X L2 (12 ) 2 + (98.54 ) 2

40 k  40 k 
Rs  R p R 12 
c. Qp = = =
X Lp XC 100 
40 k  821.18  804.66 
= = = 8.05
100  100 
BW = fp/Qp  fp = QpBW = (8.05)(1 kHz) = 8.05 kHz
d. VCmax = IZTp = (6 mA)(804.66 ) = 4.83 V
1 kHz
e. f2 = fp + BW/2 = 8.05 kHz + = 8.55 kHz
2
1 kHz
f1 = fp  BW/2 = 8.05 kHz  = 7.55 kHz
2
1 1
24. a. fs = = = 41.09 kHz
2 LC 2 (0.5 mH)(30 nF)
R2 C (6 )2 30 nF
fp = fs 1  = 41.09 kHz 1  = 41.09 kHz(0.9978) = 41 kHz
L 0.5 mH
1  R 2C  1  (6 ) 2(30 nF) 
fm = fs 1     = 41.09 kHz 1    = 41.09 kHz(0.0995)
4 L  4  0.5 mH 
= 41.07 kHz
High Qp
CHAPTER 20 275
80 V 0
b. I= = 4 mA 0, Rs = 20 k
20 k  0
X 2 fL 2 (41 kHz)(0.5 mH)
Q = L = = = 21.47 (high Q coil)
R R 6
(6 ) 2 + (128.81 ) 2
2 2
R + X L
Rs  20 k  
Rs  R p R = 6
Qp = =
X Lp
2
R + X L
2
(6 ) 2 + (128.81 ) 2
XL 128.81 
20 k   2.771 k  2.434 k 
= = = 18.86 (high Qp)
129.09  129.09 
c. ZTp = Rs  Rp = 20 k  2.771 k = 2.43 k
d. VC = IZTp = (4 mA)(2.43 k) = 9.74 V
fp 41 kHz
e. BW = = = 2.17 kHz
Qp 18.86
1 1
f. XC = = = 129.39 
2 fC 2 (41 kHz)(30 nF)
V 9.736 V
IC = C = = 75.25 mA
X C 129.39 
VC 9.736 V 9.736 V
IL = = = = 75.50 mA
R + jX L 6  + j128.81  128.95 
2 f p L 2 f p L 2 (20 kHz)(2 mH)

25. Q = X L =  R =  = 3.14 
R R Q 80
BW = fp/Qp  Qp = fp/BW = 20 kHz/1.8 kHz = 11.11
1 1 1
High Q fp  fs = C= = 2 = 31.66 nF
2 LC 4 f p L 4 (20 kHz) 2 2 mH
2 2
R Qp 11.11
Qp =  R = QpXC = = = 2.79 k
XC 2 f p C 2 (20 kHz)(31.66 nF)
Rp = Q2 R= (80) 3.14  = 20.1 k
2
RsR p Rp R (20.1 k)(2.793 k)

R = Rs  Rp =  Rs = = = 3.24 k
Rs + R p R p  R 20.1 k  2.793 k
276 CHAPTER 20
VCmax
1.8 V
26. VCmax  IZTp  ZTp = = 9 k
=
I 0.2 mA
R Rs  R p R p R p 9 k
Qp = = =  XL = = = 300  = XC
XL XL XL Qp 30
fp
BW =  fp = QpBW = (30)(500 Hz) = 15 kHz
Qp
XL 300 
L= = = 3.18 mH
2 f 2 (15 kHz)
1 1
C= = = 35.37 nF
2 fX C 2 (15 kHz)(300 )
XL X 300 Ω
Qp = Q (Rs=  ) =  R = L = = 10 
R Qp 30
1 1
27. a. fs = = = 251.65 kHz
2 LC 2 (200  H)(2 nF)
X L 2 (251.65 kHz)(200  H)
Q = = = 15.81  10
R 20 
 fp = fs = 251.65 kHz
b. ZTp = Rs  Q2 R = 40 kΩ  (15.81)2 20  = 4.44 k
Rs  Q 2 R  4.444 k
c. Qp = = = 14.05
XL 316.23 
fp 251.65 kHz
d. BW = = = 17.91 kHz
Qp 14.05
e. 20 μH, 20 nF
fs the same since product LC the same
fs = 251.65 kHz
X 2 (251.65 kHz)(20  H)
Q = L = = 1.581
R 20 
Low Q :
R2 C (20 ) 2 (20 nF)
fp = fs 1  = (251.65 kHz) 1 
L 20  H
= (251.65 kHz)(0.775) = 194.93 kHz
XL = 2πfpL = 2π(194.93 kHz)(20 μH) = 24.496 Ω
R 2 + X L2 (20 )2 + (24.496 ) 2
Rp =  = = 50 
R 20 
ZTp = Rs  Rp = 40 k  50  = 49.94 
CHAPTER 20 277
R 49.94 
Qp = = = 2.04
X L 24.496 
f 194.93 kHz
BW = p = = 95.55 kHz
Qp 2.04
f. 0.4 mH, 1 nF
fs = 251.65 kHz since LC product the same
2 (251.65 kHz)(0.4 mH)
Q = X L = = 31.62  10
R 20 
 fp = fs = 251.65 kHz
ZTp = Rs  Q2 R = 40 k  (31.62)2 20  = 40 k  ( 20 k)  13.33 k
Rs  Q2 R 13.33 k 
Qp = = = 21.08
XL 632.47 
f p 251.65 kHz
BW = = = 11.94 kHz
Qp 21.08
L 200  H
g. Network = = 100  103
C 2 nF
L 20  H
part (e) = = 1  103
C 20 nF
L 0.4 mH
part (f) = = 400  103
C 1 nF
L
h. Yes, as ratio increased BW decreased.
C
Also, Vp = IZTp and for a fixed I, ZTp and therefore Vp will increase with increase in the
L/C ratio.
278 CHAPTER 20
Chapter 21
3
1. a. left: d1 =  = 0.1875, d2 = 1
16
Value = 103  100.1875"/1"
= 103  1.54
= 1.54 kHz
3
right: d1 =  = 0.75, d2 = 1
4
Value = 103  100.75"/1"
= 103  5.623
= 5.62 kHz
5 15
b. bottom: d1 =  = 0.3125, d2 =  = 0.9375
16 16
Value = 101  100.3125"/ 0.9375" = 101  100.333
= 101  2.153
= 0.22 V
11
top: d1 =  = 0.6875, d2 = 0.9375
16
Value = 101  100.6875"/ 0.9375" = 101  100.720
= 101  5.248
= 0.52 V
2. a. 5 b. 4 c. 8 d. 6
e. 1.30 f. 3.94 g. 4.75 h. 0.498
3. a. 1000 b. 1012 c. 1.59 d. 1.1
e. 1010 f. 1513.56 g. 10.02 h. 1,258,925.41
4. a. 11.51 b. −9.21 c. 2.996 d. 9.07
5. log10 48 = 1.68
log10 8 + log10 6 = 0.903 + 0.778 = 1.68
6. log10 0.2 = 0.699

log10 18  log10 90 = 1.255  1.954 = 0.699
7. log10 0.5 = 0.30

log10 2 = (0.301) = 0.30
8. log10 27 = 1.43
3 log10 3 = 3(0.4771) = 1.43
CHAPTER 21 279
P2 280 mW
9. a. bels = log10 = log10 = log10 70 = 1.85
P1 4 mW
P2
b. dB = 10 log10 = 10(log10 70) = 10(1.845) = 18.45
P1
10. dB = 10 log10 P 2
P1
100 W
6 dB = 10 log10
P1
0.6 = log10 x
100 W
x = 3.981 =
P1
100 W
P1 = = 25.12 W
3.981
P2 40 W
11. dB = 10 log10 = 10 log10 = 10 log10 20 = 13.01
P1 2W
P
12. dBm = 10 log10
1 mW
120 mW
dBm = 10 log10 = 10 log10 120 = 20.79
1 mW
V2 8.4 V
13. dBv = 20 log10 = 20 log10 = 20 log 10 84 = 38.49
V1 0.1 V
V2
14. dBυ = 20 log10
V1
Vo
22 = 20 log10
20 mV
1.1 = log10 x
Vo
x = 12.589 =
20 mV
Vo = 251.79 mV
P
15. dBs = 20 log10
0.0002  bar
0.001  bar
dBs = 20 log10 = 13.98
0.0002  bar
0.016  bar
dBs = 20 log10 = 38.06
0.0002  bar
Increase = 24.08 dBs
280 CHAPTER 21
16. 60 dBs  90 dBs
quiet loud
P1
60 dBs = 20 log10 = 20 log10x
0.002  bar
3 = log10x
x = 1000
P2
90 dBs = 20 log10 = 20 log10y
0.002  bar
4.5 = log10y
y = 31.623  103
P1
x 0.002  bar 103
= = P1 =
y P2 P 2 31.623  103
0.002  bar
and P2 = 31.62 P1
V2
18. a. 8 dB = 20 log10
0.775 V
V2
0.4 = log10
0.775 V
V2
= 2.512
0.775 V
V2 = (2.512)(0.775 V) = 1.947 V
2
(1.947 V)2
P= V = = 6.32 mW
R 600 
V2
b. 5 dB = 20 log10
0.775 V
V2
0.25 = log10
0.775 V
V2
= 0.562
0.775 V
V2 = (0.562)(0.775 V) = 0.436 V
V
2
(0.436 V) 2
P= = = 0.32 mW
R 600 
Vo XC 1
19. a. Aυ = = 90 + tan1 XC/R = tan1 R/XC
Vi R 
2
X C2  R 
2
  1
 XC 
1 1
fc = = = 3617.16 Hz
2 RC 2 (2.2 k)(0.02  F)
V
f = f c: Aυ = o = 0.707
Vi
CHAPTER 21 281
f = 0.1fc: At fc, XC = R = 2.2 k
1 1 1  1 
XC = = =   = 10  2.2 k   = 22 k
2 fC 2 0.1 f c C 0.1  2 f c C 
1 1 1
Aυ = = = = 0.995
2 2
 R   2.2 k   (.1) 2 + 1
  1   +1
 XC   22 k  
1 1 1  1 
f = 0.5fc = fc : XC = = = 2  = 2  2.2 k  = 4.4 k
2 2 fC  fc   2 f cC 
2   C
 2
1 1
Aυ = = = 0.894
2
 2.2 k   (0.5) 2 + 1
  +1
 4.4 k  
1 1 1  1
f = 2fc: XC = =   =  2.2 k   = 1.1 k
2 (2f c )C 2  2 f cC  2
1 1
Aυ = = = 0.447
2
 2.2 k   (2) 2 + 1
  +1
 1.1 k  
1 1  1  1
f = 10fc: XC = =   =  2.2 k   = 0.22 k
2 (10 f c )C 10  2 f cC  10
1 1
Aυ = = = 0.0995
2
 2.2 k   (10) 2 + 1
  +1
 0.22 k  
b. θ = tan1 R/XC
f = f c: θ = tan1 = 45
1
f = 0.1fc: θ = tan1 2.2 k/22 k = tan1 = 5.71
10
1
f = 0.5fc: θ = tan1 2.2 k/4.4 k = tan1 = 26.57
2
f = 2fc: θ = tan1 2.2 k/1.1 k = tan1 2 = 63.43
f = 10fc: θ = tan1 2.2 k/0.22 k = tan1 10 = 84.29
1 1
20. a. fc = = = 15.915 kHz
2 RC 2 ( 1 k )(0.01  F)
f = 2fc = 31.83 kHz
1 1
XC = = = 500 
2 fC 2 (31.83 kHz)(0.01  F)
V XC 500 
Aυ = o = = = 0.4472
Vi R X
2 2
C (1 k )2 + (0.5 k ) 2
Vo = 0.4472Vi = 0.4472(10 mV) = 4.47 mV
282 CHAPTER 21
1 1
b. f= f c = (15,915 kHz) = 1.5915 kHz
10 10
1 1
XC = = = 10 k
2 fC 2 (1.5915 kHz)(0.01  F)
V XC 10 k 
Aυ = o = = = 0.995
Vi 2 2
R + XC (1 k ) 2 + (10 k ) 2
Vo = 0.995Vi = 0.995(10 mV) = 9.95 mV
c. Yes, at f = fc, Vo = 7.07 mV

1
at f = f c , Vo = 9.95 mV (much higher)
10
at f = 2fc, Vo = 4.47 mV (much lower)
1 1
21. fc = 500 Hz = =
2 RC 2 (1.2 k )C
1 1
C= = = 0.265 μF
2 Rfc 2 (1.2 k )(500 Hz)
V 1
Aυ = o =
Vi  R 
2
  1
 XC 
At f = 250 Hz, XC = 2402.33  and Aυ = 0.895

At f = 1000 Hz, XC = 600.58  and Aυ = 0.4475
θ = tan1R/XC
1
At f = 250 Hz = fc, θ = 26.54
2
At f = 1 kHz = 2fc, θ = 63.41
CHAPTER 21 283
1 1
22. a. fc = = = 67.73 kHz
2 RC 2 (4.7 k )(500 pF)
b. f = 0.1 fc = 0.1(67.726 kHz)  6.773 kHz

1 1
XC = = = 46.997 k
2 fC 2 (6.773 kHz)(500 pF)
V XC 46.997 k 
Aυ = o = = = 0.995  1
Vi 2
R +X 2
(4.7 k )2 + (46.997 k ) 2
C
c. f = 10fc = 677.26 kHz

1 1
XC = =  470 
2 fC 2 (677.26 kHz)(500 pF)
V XC 470 
Aυ = o = = = 0.0995  0.1
Vi 2
R + XC2
(4.7 k ) 2 + (470 ) 2
Vo XC
d. Aυ = = 0.01 =
Vi R + X C2
2
2 2 X C = 100 X
R +XC= C
0.01
R2 + X C2 = 104 X C2
R2 = 104 X C2  X C2 = 9,999 X C2
R 4.7 k 
XC = =  47 
9,999 99.995
1 1 1
XC = f= = = 6.77 MHz
2 fC 2 X CC 2 (47 )(500 pF)
Vo R 1
23. a. Aυ = = tan1 XC/R = tan1 XC/R
Vi R  XC
2 2
X 
2
1+  C 
 R 
1 1
fc = = = 3.62 kHz
2 RC 2 (2.2 k)(0.02  F)
Vo
f = f c: Aυ = = 0.707
Vi
f = 2fc: At fc, XC = R = 2.2 k
1 1 1 1  1
XC = = =   =  2.2 k  = 1.1 k
2 fC 2 (2 f c )C 2  2 f cC  2
1
Aυ = = 0.894
2
 1.1 k  
1+  
 2.2 k  
284 CHAPTER 21
1 1  1 
f= f c: XC = = 2  = 2  2.2 k  = 4.4 k
2  f
2  c  C  2 f cC 
 2
1
Aυ = = 0.447
2
 4.4 k  
1+  
 2.2 k  
1 1  1  2.2 k 
f = 10fc: XC = =  = = 0.22 k
2 (10 f c )C 10  2 f cC  10
1
Aυ = = 0.995
2
 0.22 k  
1+  
 2.2 k  
1 1  1 
f= f c: XC = = 10   = 10  2.2 k   = 22 k
10  f 
2  c  C  2 f cC 
 10 
1
Aυ = = 0.0995
2
 22 k  
1+  
 2.2 k  
b. f = f c, θ = 45
1
f = 2fc, θ = tan1 (XC/R) = tan1 1.1 k/2.2 k = tan1 = 26.57
2
1 4.4 k 
f= f c, θ = tan1 = tan1 2 = 63.43
2 2.2 k 
0.22 k 
f = 10fc, θ = tan1 = 5.71
2.2 k 
1 22 k 
f= f c, θ = tan1 = 84.29
10 2.2 k 
Vo
24. a. f = fc: Aυ = = 0.707
Vi
1 1
b. fc = = = 15.915 kHz
2 RC 2 (10 k )(1000 pF)
f = 4fc = 4(15.915 kHz) = 63.66 kHz

1 1
XC = = = 2.5 k
2 fC 2 (63.66 kHz)(1000 pF)
V R 10 k 
Aυ = o = = = 0.970 (significant rise)
Vi R  XC
2 2
(10 k )2 + (2.5 k ) 2
CHAPTER 21 285
c. f = 100fc = 100(15.915 kHz) = 1591.5 kHz  1.592 MHz
1 1
XC = = = 99.972 
2 fC 2 (1.592 MHz)(1000 pF)
R 10 k 
Aυ = = = 0.99995  1
2
R + XC
2
(10 k ) 2 + (99.972 ) 2
d. At f = fc, Vo= 0.707Vi = 0.707(10 mV) = 7.07 mV

2
(7.07 mV ) 2
Po = V o =  5 nW
R 10 k 
Vo 1
25. Aυ = = tan1 XC/R
Vi X 
2
1+  C 
 R 
1 1 1
fc =  R= = = 795.77 
2 RC 2 f cC 2 ( 2 kHz)(0.1  F)
R = 795.77   750
   = 797 
 47 
nominal values
1
 fc = = 1996.93 Hz using nominal values
2 (797 )(0.1  F)
At f = 1 kHz, Aυ = 0.458
f = 4 kHz, Aυ  0.9
θ = tan1 X C
R
f = 1 kHz, θ = 63.4
f = 4 kHz, θ = 26.53
286 CHAPTER 21
1 1
26. a. fc = = = 79.58 kHz
2 RC 2 (100 k )(20 pF)
b. f = 0.01fc = 0.01(79.577 kHz) = 0.7958 kHz  796 Hz

1 1
XC = = = 9.997 M
2 fC 2 (796 Hz)(20 pF)
R 100 k 
Aυ = V o = = = 0.01  0
Vi 2
R + XC
2
(100 k ) 2 + (9.997 M ) 2
c. f = 100fc = 100(79.577 kHz)  7.96 MHz

1 1
XC = = = 999.72 
2 fC 2 (7.96 MHz)(20 pF)
V R 100 k 
Aυ = o = = = 0.99995  1
Vi 2
R + XC
2
(100 k ) 2 + (999.72 ) 2
Vo R
d. Aυ = = 0.5 =
Vi R 2 + X C2
R 2 + X C2 = 2R
R2 + X C2 = 4R2
X C2 = 4R2  R2 = 3R2
XC = 3R 2 = 3R = 3 (100 k) = 173.2 k
1 1 1
XC = f= =
2 fC 2 X C C 2 (173.2 k )(20 pF)
f = 45.95 kHz
1 1
27. a. low-pass section: f c1 = = = 795.77 Hz
2 RC 2 (0.1 k )(2  F)
1 1
high-pass section: f c2 = = = 1.94 Hz
2 RC 2 (10 k )(8200 pF)
For the analysis to follow, it is assumed (R2 + jX C 2 )  R1  R1 for all frequencies of

interest.
At f c1 = 795.77 Hz:
VR1 = 0.707 Vi
1
X C2 = = 24.39 k
2 fC2
24.39 k (VR1 )
|Vo | = = 0.925 VRi
(10 k ) 2 + (24.39 k ) 2
Vo = (0.925)(0.707 Vi) = 0.654 Vi
CHAPTER 21 287
At f c2 = 1.94 kHz:
Vo = 0.707 VR1
1
X C1 = = 41 
2 fC1
R1Vi 100 (Vi )
VR1 = = = 0.925 Vi
R12 + X C21 (100 ) 2 + (41 ) 2
|Vo | = (0.707)(0.925 Vi) = 0.64 Vi
(1.94 kHz  795.77 Hz)

At f = 795.77 Hz + = 1.37 kHz
2
X C 1 = 58.1 , X C 2 = 14.17 k
100 (Vi )
VR1 = = 0.864 Vi
(100 ) 2 + (58.1 )2
Vo =
 
14.17 k  VR1
= 0.817 VR1
(10 k ) 2 + (14.17 k ) 2
Vo = 0.817(0.864 Vi) = 0.706Vi

V
and Aυ = o = 0.706 ( maximum value)
Vi
After plotting the points it was determined that the gain should also be determined at
f = 500 Hz and 4 kHz:
f = 500 Hz: X C1 = 159.15 , X C2 = 38.82 k,

VR1 = 0.532 Vi, Vo = 0.968 VR1
Vo = 0.515 Vi
f = 4 kHz: X C1 = 19.89 , X C2 = 4.85 kΩ,
VR1 = 0.981 Vi, Vo = 0.437 VR1
Vo = 0.429 Vi
b. Using 0.707(.706)  0.5 to define the bandwidth

BW  3.4 kHz  0.48 kHz = 2.92 kHz
and BW  2.9 kHz
 2.9 kHz 
with fcenter = 480 Hz +   = 1930 Hz
 2 
288 CHAPTER 21
1
28. f1 = = 4 kHz
2 R1C1
Choose R1 = 1 k
1 1
C1 = = = 39.8 nF  Use 39 nF
2 f1R1 2 (4 kHz)(1 k )
1
f2 = = 80 kHz
2 R2C2
Choose R2 = 20 k
1 1
C2 = = = 99.47 pF  Use 100 pF
2 f 2 R2 2 (80 kHz)(20 k )
80 kHz  4 kHz
Center frequency = 4 kHz + = 42 kHz
2
At f = 42 kHz, X C1 = 97.16 , X C2 = 37.89 k
Assuming Z2  Z1
R1 (Vi )
|VR1 |= = 0.995Vi
R12 + X C21
X C2 (VR1 )
|Vo | = = 0.884Vi
R22 + X C21
Vo = 0.884 VR1 = 0.884(0.995Vi) = 0.88 Vi
as f = f1: VR1 = 0.707Vi, X C2 = 221.05 k
and Vo = 0.996 VR1
so that Vo = 0.996 VR1 = 0.996(0.707Vi) = 0.704Vi
Although Aυ = 0.88 is less than the desired level of 1, f1 and f2 do define a band of frequencies
for which Aυ  0.7 and the power to the load is significant.
CHAPTER 21 289
1 1
29. a. fs = = = 98.1 kHz
2 LC 2 (4.7 mH)(560 pF)
XL 2 (98.1 kHz)(4.7 mH)

b. Qs = = = 16.84
R + R 160  + 12 
f 98.1 kHz
BW = s = = 5.83 kHz
Qs 16.84
R 160 (1 V) V
c. At f = fs: Vomax = Vi= = 0.93 V and Aυ = o = 0.93
R  R 172  Vi
BW 5.83 kHz
Since Qs  10, f1 = fs  = 98.1 kHz  = 95.19 kHz
2 2
BW
f2 = fs + = 101.02 kHz
2
At f = 95.19 kHz: XL = 2πfL = 2π(95.19 kHz)(4.7 mH) = 2.81 k
1 1
XC = = = 2.99 k
2 fC 2 (95.19 kHz)(560 pF)
160 (1 V 0) 160 V 0
Vo = =
172 + j 2.81 k   j 2.99 k  172  j180
160 V 0
= = 0.643 V46.30
248.97   46.30
At f = 101.02 kHz: XL = 2πfL = 2π(101.02 kHz)(4.7 mH) = 2.98 k

1 1
XC = = = 2.81 k
2 fC 2 (101.02 kHz)(560 pF)
160 (1 V 0) 160 V 0
Vo = =
172 + j 2.98 k   j 2.81 k  172 + j170
160 V 0
= = 0.66 V44.66
241.83 44.66
d. f = fs: Vomax = 0.93 V

f = f1 = 95.19 kHz, Vo = 0.707(0.93 V) = 0.66 V
f = f2 = 101.02 kHz, Vo = 0.707(0.93 V) = 0.66 V
1 R2C
30. a. fp = 1  159.15 kHz
2 LC L
X 2 f p L 2 (159.15 kHz)(1 mH)
Q = L = = = 62.5  10
R R 16 
ZTp = Q2 R = (62.5)2 16  = 62.5 k  4 k
and Vo  Vi at resonance.
290 CHAPTER 21
However, R = 3.3 k affects the shape of the resonance curve and BW = fp/ Q cannot be
applied.
V
For Aυ = o = 0.707, | X | = R for the following configuration
Vi
For frequencies near fp, XL  R and ZL = R + jXL  XL

and X = XL  XC.
For frequencies near fp but less than fp

XC X L
X=
XC  X L
and for Aυ = 0.707
XC X L
=R
XC  X L
1
Substituting XC = and XL = 2πf1L
2 f1C
the following equation can be derived:
1 1
f12 + f1  2 =0
2 RC 4 LC
For this situation:
1 1
= = 48.23  103
2 RC 2 (3.3 k )(0.001  F)
1 1
= 2 = 2.53  1010
4 LC 4 (1 mH)(0.001  F)
2
and solving the quadratic equation, f1 = 135.83 kHz

BW
and = fp  f1 = 159.15 kHz  135.83 kHz = 22.32 kHz
2
BW
so that f2 = fp + = 159.15 kHz + 18.75 kHz = 177.9 kHz
2
fp 159.15 kHz
b. Qp = = = 3.57
BW 44.64 kHz
BW = 2(18.75 kHz) = 37.5 kHz
CHAPTER 21 291
XL 5000  5000 
31. a. Qs = = = = 12.5
R + R 390  + 10  400 
f s 5000 Hz
b. BW = = = 400 Hz
Qs 12.5
400 Hz
f1 = 5000 Hz  = 4.8 kHz
2
400 Hz
f2 = 5000 Hz + = 5.20 kHz
2
c.
At resonance
10 (Vi )
Vo =
10  + 400 
= 0.024 Vi
d. At resonance, 10 Ω  2 k = 9.95 Ω
9.95 (Vi )
Vo =  0.024 Vi as above!
9.95  + 400 
X L 400 
32. a. Q = = = 40
R 10 
Z T p = Q  R = (40) 20  = 32 k  1 k
2 2
32 k  Vi
At resonance, Vo = = 0.97Vi
32 k  + 1 k 
Vo
and Aυ = = 0.97
Vi
For the low cutoff frequency note solution to Problem 30:
1 1
f12 + f1  2 =0
2 RC 4 LC
1 1
C= = = 19.9 nF
2 fX C 2 (20 kHz)(400 )
XL 400 
L= = = 3.18 mH
2 f 2 (20 kHz)
Substituting into the above equation and solving
f1 = 16.4 kHz
BW
with = 20 kHz  16.4 kHz = 3.6 kHz
2
and BW = 2(3.6 kHz) = 7.2 kHz
f 20 kHz
Qp = p = = 2.78
BW 7.2 kHz
292 CHAPTER 21
b. 
c. At resonance
Z T p = 32 k  100 k = 24.24 k
24.24 k  V i
with Vo = = 0.96Vi
24.24 k  + 1 k 
V
and Aυ = o = 0.96 vs 0.97 above
Vi
At frequencies to the right and left of fp, the impedance Z T p will decrease and be
affected less and less by the parallel 100 k load. The characteristics, therefore, are
only slightly affected by the 100 k load.
d. At resonance
Z T p = 32 k  20 k = 12.31 k
12.31 k  Vi
with Vo = = 0.925Vi vs 0.97 Vi above
12.31 k  + 1 k 
At frequencies to the right and left of fp, the impedance of each frequency will actually
be less due to the parallel 20 k load. The effect will be to narrow the resonance curve
and decrease the bandwidth with an increase in Qp.
1 1
33. a. fp = = = 726.44 kHz (band-stop)
2 LC 2 (400  H)(120 pF)

X Ls 90 + X L p 90  X C   90 = 0 
jX Ls +
X Lp 
90  X C   90 
=0
jX L p  jX C
X Lp X C
 
jX Ls + =0
j X Lp  X C
X Lp X C
jX Ls  j
X 
=0
Lp  XC
X Lp X C
X Ls  =0
X Lp  X C
X Ls X C  X Ls X L p + X L p X C = 0
 Ls  Lp
  Ls + =0
C C
CHAPTER 21 293
1
LsLpω2   Ls + L p  = 0
C
Ls + L p
=
CLs L p
1 Ls + L p 1 460  106
f= = = 2.01 MHz (pass-band)
2 CLs L p 2 28.8  1019
1 1 1
34. a. fs =  Ls = = 2 = 12.68 mH
2 LC 4 f s C 4 (100 kHz ) 2(200 pF)
2 2
XL = 2πfL = 2π(30 kHz)(12.68 mH) = 2388.91 

1 1
XC = = = 26.54 k
2 fC 2 (30 kHz)(200 pF)
XC  XL = 26.54 k  2388.91  = 24.15 k(C)
X Lp = X C(net) = 24.15 k
XL 24.15 k 
Lp = = = 128.19 mH
2 f 2 (30 kHz)
1 1
35. a, b. fc = = = 7.2 kHz
2 RC 2 (0.47 k )(0.047  F)
1 1 1
c. f= f c: A dB = 20 log10 = 20 log10 = 7 dB
2 1+  f c /f 
2
1+ (2)2
1
f = 2fc: A dB = 20 log10 = 0.969 dB
1  (0.5) 2
1 1
f= f c: A dB = 20 log10 = 20.04 dB
10 1  (10)2
1
f = 10fc: A dB = 20 log10 = 0.043 dB
1 + (0.1) 2
1 1 1
d. f= f c: Aυ = = = 0.447
2 1 +  f c /f 
2
1 + (2) 2
1
f = 2fc: Aυ = = 0.894
1  (0.5) 2
294 CHAPTER 21
e.
1 1 1
36. a. fc = = = = 1.83 kHz
2 RC 2 (6.8 k   12 k )0.02  F 2 (4.34 k )(0.02  F)
Vo 1
=
Vi 1 + ( f /f ) 2
c
 1 
and Vo =  Vi
 1 + ( f /f ) 2 
 c 
b.
c. & d.
CHAPTER 21 295
e. Remember the log scale! 1.5fc is not midway between fc and 2fc
A dB = 20 log10 Aυ
1.5 = 20 log10 Aυ
0.075 = log10 Aυ
V
Aυ = o = 0.84
Vi
f. θ = tan1 fc/f
Vo 1
37. a, b. Aυ = = A  = tan1f/fc
Vi 1 + (f/f c ) 2
1 1
fc = = = 13.26 kHz
2 RC 2 (12 k )(1 nF)
c. f = fc/2 = 6.63 kHz

1
AdB  20 log10 = 0.97 dB
1 + (0.5) 2
f = 2fc = 26.52 kHz
1
AdB = 20 log10 = 6.99 dB
1 + (2) 2
f = fc/10 = 1.326 kHz
1
AdB = 20 log10 = 0.04 dB
1 + (0.1) 2
f = 10fc = 132.6 kHz
1
A dB = 20 log10 = 20.04 dB
1 + (10) 2
1
d. f = fc/2: Aυ = = 0.894
1  (0.5) 2
1
f = 2fc: Aυ = = 0.447
1 + (2) 2
296 CHAPTER 21
e. θ = tan1 f/fc
f = fc/2: θ = tan1 0.5 = 26.57
f = f c: θ = tan1 1 = 45
f = 2fc: θ = tan1 2 = 63.43
( R2 )(  jX C ) R2 X C
38. a. R2  XC = = j
R2  jX C R2  jX C
  jR2 X C 
  Vi
 R2  jX C  R2 X C Vi
Vo = = j
R2 X C R1 ( R2  jX C )  jR2 X C
R1  j
R2  jX C
-jR2 X C Vi  jR2 X C Vi
= =
R1R2  jR1 X C  jR2 X C R1R2  j ( R1  R2 ) X C
R2 X C Vi R2 Vi
= =
jR1R2  ( R1  R2 ) X C j R1R2 + ( R  R )
1 2
XC
 R2 
  Vi
R2 Vi  R1  R2 
= =
R1  R2  j 1 2 1 + j  R1R2  1
RR
XC  R1  R2  X C
R2
V R1  R2
and Aυ = o =
Vi  RR 
1 + j  1 2  C
 R1  R2 
R2  1 
or Aυ =  
R1  R2 1+ j 2 f ( R1  R2 )C 
CHAPTER 21 297
1
defining fc =
2 ( R1  R2 )C
R2  1 
Aυ =  
R1  R2 1+ j f/f c 
R2  1 
and Aυ =    tan 1 f/fc 
R1  R2  1+ ( f/f c )2 

R2  1 
with |Vo | =  |Vi |
R1  R2  1 + (f/f c ) 2 
 
R2 27 k 
for f  fc, Vo = Vi = Vi = 0.852Vi
R1  R2 4.7 k  + 27 k 
at f = fc: Vo = 0.852[0.707]Vi = 0.602Vi

1 1
fc =  = 1.02 kHz
2 ( R1  R2 )C 2 (4.7 k  27 k)0.039  F
b.
c. & d.
R1  R2 4.7 k  + 27 k 
20 log10 = 20 log10
R2 27 k 
= 20 log10 1.174 = 1.39 dB
298 CHAPTER 21
e. AdB  1.39 dB  0.5 dB = 1.89 dB
AdB = 20 log10 Aυ
1.89 = 20 log10 Aυ
0.0945 = log10 Aυ
V
Aυ = o = 0.80
Vi
f. θ = tan1 f/fc
39.
R2'  39 k  68 k = 24.79 k
a. From Section 21.11,
Vo j f/f1
Aυ = =
Vi 1  jf/f c
1 1
f1 = = = 642.01 Hz
2 R2 C 2 (24.79 k )(0.01  F)
1 1
fc = = = 457.47 Hz
2  R1 + R2  C 2 (10 k  + 24.79 k )(0.01  F)
f f
20log10  20log10 c
f1 f1
457.5 Hz
= 20 log10
642 Hz
= −2.94 dB
CHAPTER 21 299
f f
b. θ = 90  tan1 = + tan1 1
f1 f
f = f1: θ = 45
f = f c: θ = 54.52
1
f = f1 = 321 Hz, θ = 63.44
2
1
f= f1 = 64.2 Hz, θ = 84.29
10
f = 2f1 = 1,284 Hz, θ = 26.57
f = 10f1 = 6420 Hz, θ = 5.71
40. a.
12 k  Vi
VTh = = 0.682 Vi
12 k  + 5.6 k 
RTh = 5.6 k  12 k = 3.82 k
f =  Hz: (C  short circuit)

8.2 k  (0.682 Vi )
Vo = = 0.465 Vi
8.2 k  + 3.82 k 
At f c : V0  0.707(0.465 Vi )  0.329 Vi
300 CHAPTER 21
R2 (0.682 Vi ) 0.682 R2 Vi
voltage-divider rule: Vo = =
R1  R2  jX C R1  R2  jX C
V 0.682 R2 j 2 f (0.682 R2 )C
and Aυ = o = =
Vi R1  R2  jX C 1 + j 2 f ( R1  R2 )C
j f/f1 1 1
so that Aυ = with f1 = =
1 + j f/f c 2 0.682R2 C 2 0.682(8.2 k )(0.1  F)
= 284.59 Hz
1 1
and fc = =
2 ( R1  R2 )C 2 (3.82 k  + 8.2 k )(0.1  F)
= 132.41 Hz
132.41 Hz
20 log10 f/f1 = 20 log10
284.59 Hz
= 20 log10 0.465 = 6.65 dB
b. θ = 90  tan1 f/fc = +tan1 fc/f = tan1 132.6 Hz/f
or
CHAPTER 21 301
f 1 1
1 j f1 =  = 19.41 kHz
f1 2 R2C 2 (10 k)(820 pF)
41. a. Aυ =
f 1 1
1 j fc = 
fc 2 ( R1  R2 )C 2 (10 k  91 k)(820 pF)
= 1.92 kHz
R1  R2
20log10  20log10 10 =  20 dB
R2
b.
θ = tan1 f/f1  tan1 f/fc

f = 10 kHz
10 kHz 10 kHz
θ = tan1  tan1 = 27.25  79.13 = 51.88
19.41 kHz 1.92 kHz
f = fc: (f1 = 10 fc)
fc f
θ = tan1  tan 1 c = tan 1 0.1tan 1 1 = 5.71  45 = 39.29
10 f c fc
42. a. R1 no effect!
Note Section 21.12.
Vo 1 + j ( f/f1 )
Aυ = =
Vi 1 + j ( f/f c )
1
f1 = = 2.84 kHz
2 (5.6 k )(0.01  F)
1
fc = = 904.3 Hz
2 (12 k  + 5.6 k )(0.01  F)
Note Fig. 21.65.
Asymptote at 0 dB from 0  fc
6 dB/octave from fc to f1
 12 k  + 5.6 k  
9.95 dB from f1 on  20 log =  9.95 dB 
 5.6 k  
302 CHAPTER 21
(b) Note Fig. 21.67.
From 0 to 26.50 at fc and f1

θ = tan1 f/f1  tan1 f/fc
At f = 1500 Hz (between fc and f1)
θ = tan1 1500 Hz/2.84 kHz  tan1 1500 Hz/904.3 Hz
= 27.83  58.92 = 31.09
V o 1  jf1/f
43. a. Aυ = 
V i 1  jf c /f
1 1
f1 =  = 945.66 Hz
2 R1C 2 (3.3 k)(0.051  F)
1 1
fc = = = 7.59 kHz
2 (R1  R2 )C 2 (3.3 k   0.47 k ) (0.051  F)
 
0.411 k 
R1  R2 3.3 k  + 0.47 k 
20 log10 =  20 log10 =  20 log10 8.02 = 18.08 dB
R2 0.47 k 
b.
f1 f
θ = tan1 + tan1 c
f f
f f
f  f1 :    tan 1 1  tan 1 c
f1 f1
7.59 kHz
  tan 1 1  tan 1
945.66 Hz
 45  82.89  37.89
945.66 Hz 7.59 kHz

f  4 kHz:    tan 1  tan 1
4 kHz 4 kHz
 13.28  62.24  48.96
945.66 Hz f
f  f c :    tan 1  tan 1 c
7.59 kHz fc
  tan 1 0.125  tan 1 1
 7.11  45  37.89
CHAPTER 21 303
44. a. Note Section 21.13.
1  j ( f1 /f )
Aυ =
1  j (f c /f )
1 1
f1 = = = 964.58 Hz
2 R1C 2 (3.3 k )(0.05  F)
1 1
fc = = = 7334.33 Hz
2 ( R1  R2 )C 2 (3.3 k   0.5 k ) 0.05  F
  
0.434 k
Note Fig. 21.72.
R1  R2 3.3 k  + 0.5 k 
20 log10 = 20 log10 = 17.62 dB
R2 0.5 k 
Asymptote at 17.62 dB from 0  f1

+6 dB/octave from f1 to fc
0 dB from fc on
b. θ = tan1 f1/f + tan1 fc/f

Test at 3 kHz
θ = tan1 964.58 Hz/3.0 kHz + tan1 7334.33 Hz/3.0 kHz
= 17.82 + 67.75 = 49.93  50
Therefore rising above 45 at and near the peak
50 kHz vs 23 kHz  drop about 1 dB at 23 kHz due to 50 kHz break.

Ignore effect of break frequency at 10 Hz.
Assume 2 dB drop at 68 Hz due to break frequency at 45 Hz.
Rough sketch suggests low cut-off frequency of 90 Hz.
Checking: Ignoring upper terms
2 2 2
 10 Hz   45 Hz   68 Hz 
A dB  20 log10 1 +    20 log10 1 +    20 log10 1 +  
 f   f   f 
= −0.0532 dB − 0.969 dB − 1.96 dB
= −2.98 dB (excellent)
304 CHAPTER 21
High frequency cutoff: Try 20 kHz
2 2
 f   f 
A dB =  20log10 1 +    20 log10 1 +  
 23 kHz   50 kHz 
= −2.445 dB − 0.6445 dB
= −3.09 dB (excellent
 BW = 20 kHz  90 Hz = 19,910 Hz  20 kHz

f1 = 90 Hz, f2 = 20 kHz
Testing: f = 100 Hz
10 Hz 45 Hz 68 Hz f f
θ = tan 1 + tan 1 + tan 1  tan 1  tan 1
f f f 23 kHz 50 kHz
= tan1 0.1 + tan1 0.45 + tan1 0.68  tan1 0.00435  tan1 .002
= 5.71 + 24.23 + 34.22  0.249  0.115
= 63.8 vs about 65 on the plot
A 1
45. a. =
A max  100 Hz  130 Hz   f  f 
1  j  1  j  1 + j 1 + j 
 f  f  20 kHz  50 kHz 
Proximity of 100 Hz to 130 Hz will raise lower cutoff frequency above 130 Hz:
Testing: f = 180 Hz: (with lower terms only)

2 2
 100   130 
A dB = 20 log10 1     20 log10 1   
 f   f 
2 2
 100   130 
= 20 log10 1     20 log10 1   
 180   180 
= 1.17 dB  1.82 dB = 2.99 dB  3 dB
CHAPTER 21 305
Proximity of 50 kHz to 20 kHz will lower high cutoff frequency below 20 kHz:
Testing: f = 18 kHz: (with upper terms only)

2 2
 f   f 
A dB = 20 log10 1     20 log10 1   
 20 kHz   50 kHz 
2 2
 18 kHz   13 kHz 
= 20 log10 1 +    20 log10 1 +  
 20 kHz   20 kHz 
= 2.576 dB  0.529 dB = 3.105 dB
b.
Testing: f = 1.8 kHz:

100 130 1.8 kHz 1.8 kHz
θ = tan1 + tan 1  tan 1  tan 1
1.8 kHz 1.8 kHz 20 kHz 50 kHz
= 3.18 + 4.14  5.14  2.06
= 0.12  0
47. flow = fhigh  BW = 36 kHz  35.8 kHz = 0.2 kHz = 200 Hz
120
Aυ =
 50  200   f 
 1  j  1  j  1  j 
 f  f  36 kHz 
306 CHAPTER 21
0.05 1 1 +jf
48. Aυ = = = =
100 100 2000 +jf + 2000
0.05  j 1 j 1 j
f 0.05 f f
f
+j
= 2000 and f = 2000 Hz
1
f
1+ j
2000
200 1 1
49. Aυ =  
200  j 0.1 f 1  j 0.1 f 1  j f
200 2000
1 f
A dB = 20 log 20 , = 1 and f = 2 kHz
 f  2000
2
1+  
 2000 
jf/ 1000
50. Aυ =
(1 + jf/ 1000)(1 + jf/10,000)
CHAPTER 21 307
 f  f 
1  j 1  j 
Aυ = 
1000  2000 
51. 2
 f 
 1  j 
 3000 
2 2
 f   f  1
AdB = 20 log10 1 +  1  + 20 log10 1 +  2  + 40 log10
 1000   2000   f 
2
1+  3 
 3000 
j 2 f f f j f
52. = j = j = j , = j
1000 1000 1000 159.16 Hz 5000 795.78 Hz
2
308 CHAPTER 21
53. a. Woofer − 400 Hz:
XL = 2πfL = 2π(400 Hz)(4.7 mH) = 11.81 
1 1
XC = = = 10.20 
2 fC 2 (400 Hz)(39  F)
R  XC = 8  0  10.2090 = 6.3  38.11
( R  X C )(Vi ) (6.3    38.11)(Vi )
Vo = =
( R  X C )  jX L (6.3    38.11)  j 11.81 
Vo = 0.673 96.11 Vi
V
and Aυ = o = 0.673 vs desired 0.707 (off by less than 5%)
Vi
Tweeter − 5 kHz:
XL = 2πfL = 2π(5 kHz)(0.39 mH) = 12.25 
1 1
XC = = = 11.79 
2 fC 2 ( 5 kHz)(2.7  F)
R  XL = 8  0  12.25  90 = 6.7  33.15
(6.7  33.15)(Vi )
Vo =
(6.7  33.15)  j 11.79 
Vo = 0.678 88.54 Vi
V
and Aυ = o = 0.678 vs 0.707 (off by less than 5%)
Vi
b. Woofer − 3 kHz:
XL = 2πfL = 2π(3 kHz)(4.7 mH) = 88.59 
1 1
XC = = = 1.36 
2 fC 2 ( 3 kHz)(39  F)
R  XC = 8  0  1.36  90 = 1.341  80.35
( R  X C )(Vi ) (1.341    80.35)(Vi )
Vo = =
( R  X C )  jX L (1.341    80.35)  j 88.59 
Vo = 0.015 170.2 Vi
V
and Aυ = o = 0.015 vs desired 0 (excellent)
Vi
Tweeter − 3 kHz:
XL = 2πfL = 2π(3 kHz)(0.39 mH) = 7.35 
1 1
XC = = = 19.65 
2 fC 2 (3 kHz)(2.7  F)
R  XL = 8  0  7.35  90 = 5.42  47.42
( R  X L )(Vi ) (5.42  47.42)( Vi )
Vo = =
( R  X L )  jX C (5.42  47.42)  j 19.65 
Vo = 0.337 124.24 Vi
V
and Aυ = o = 0.337 (acceptable since relatively close to cut frequency for tweeter)
Vi
CHAPTER 21 309
c. Mid-range speaker − 3 kHz:

Z = 7.41   22.15



Z = 8.24   33.58



Z = 7.816   37.79
ZVi (7.816  37.79)Vi

V1 = = = 1.11 8.83 Vi
Z  jX C 7.816  37.79  j1.36 
ZV1 (7.41    22.15)Vi
Vo = = = 0.998 46.9 Vi
Z + jX L 7.41    22.15  j 7.35 
V
and Aυ = o = 0.998 (excellent)
Vi
310 CHAPTER 21
Chapter 22
2
(40 mH) 2
1. a. M = k L p Ls  L s = M 2  = 50 mH
L pk (50 mH)(0.8) 2
d p
b. ep = N p = (20)(0.08 Wb/s) = 1.6 V
dt
d p
es = kNs = (0.8)(80 t)(0.08 Wb/s) = 5.12 V
dt
di p
c. ep = L p = (40 mH)(0.3  103 A/s) = 12 V
dt
di p
es = M = (80 mH)(0.03  103 A/s) = 24 V
dt
2. a. k=1
2 2
( 40 mH )
(a) Ls = M 2 = = 32 mH
L pk (50 mH)(1) 2
d p
(b) ep = 1.6 V, es = kNs = (1)(80 t)(0.08 Wb/s) = 6.4 V
dt
(c) ep = 15 V, es = 12 V
b. k = 0.2
2 2
(40 mH )
(a) Ls = M 2 = = 0.8 H
L pk (50 mH)(0.2) 2
d p
(b) ep = 1.6 V, es = kNs = (0.2)(80 t)(0.08 Wb/s) = 1.28 V
dt
(c) ep = 15 V, es = 12 V
2
( 40 mH ) 2
3. a. Ls = M 2 = = 355.56 mH
L pk (50 mH)(0.3) 2
d p
b. ep = N p = (300 t)(0.08 Wb/s) = 24 V
dt
d p
es = kNs = (0.9)(25 t)(0.08 Wb/s) = 1.8 V
dt
c. ep and es the same as problem 1: ep = 15 V, es = 12 V
CHAPTER 22 311
Ns 120 t
4. a. Es = Ep = (40 V) = 240 V
Np 20 t
b. Φmax = Ep
=
40 V
= 7.51 mWb
4.4 fN p 4.44(60 Hz)(20 t)
Ns 30 t
5. a. Es = E p= (40 V) = 5 V
Np 240 t
b. Φm(max) = Ep
=
40 V
= 625.63 μWb
4.44 fN p (4.44)(60 Hz)(240 t)
Np 60 t
6. Ep = Es = (240 V) = 20 V
Ns 720 t
Ep 40 V
7. f= = = 120 Hz
(4.44) N p  m (max) (4.44)(20 t)(3.75 mWb)
1
8. a. IL = aIp =   (2 A) = 0.4 A
5
2 
VL = ILZL =  A  (2 ) = 0.8 V
5 
2
1
b. Zin = a2ZL =   2  = 0.08 
5
Vg 120 V
9. Zp = = = 30 
Ip 4A
1
10. Vg = aVL =   (600 V) = 150 V
4
V g 150 V
Ip = = = 37.5 A
Zi 4
VL 240 V
11. IL = Is = = = 12 A
Z L 20 
I s = a = N p  12 A = N p
Ip Ns 0.05 A 50
50(12)
Np = = 12,000 turns
0.05
312 CHAPTER 22
N p 400 t 1
12. a. a= = =
Ns 1200 t 3
2
1
Zi = a ZL =   [12  + j12 ] = 1.333  + j1.333  = 1.885  45
2
3
Ip = Vg/Zi = 100 V/1.885 Ω = 53.05 A
(53.05 A) = 17.68 A, VL = ILZL = (17.68 A)(16.97 Ω) = 300 V

1
b. IL = aIp =
3
Zp
13. a. Zp = a2ZL  a =
ZL
Vp 10 V
Zp = = = 36 
I p 20 V/ 72 
36 
a= =3
4
Vs Ns 1 1 1 1
b. = =  V s = V p = (10 V) = 3 V
Vp Np 3 3 3 3
Vs2 (3.33 V ) 2
P= = = 2.78 W
Zs 4
14. a. Re = Rp + a2Rs = 4  + (4)2 1  = 20 
b. Xe = Xp + a2Xs = 12  + (4)2 2  = 44 
c.
Vg 120 V 0 120 V 0

d. Ip = = = = 0.554 A 11.73
Zp 20  + 192  + j 44  212  + j 44 
2
a R LV g
e. aVL = = Ipa2RL
( R e  a R L)  j X e
2
or VL = aIpRL0 = (4)(0.554 A 11.73)(20  0) = 26.59 V 11.73
f. 
Ns 1
g. VL = Vg = (120 V) = 30 V
Np 4
CHAPTER 22 313
Np 4t
15. a. a= = =4
Ns 1t
Re = Rp + a2Rs = 4  + (4)2 1  = 20 
Xe = Xp + a2Xs = 12  + (4)2 2  = 44 
Zp = Z Re + Z X e + a 2 Z X L = 20  + j44  + j(4)2 20 
= 20  + j44  + j320  = 20  + j364  = 364.55  86.86
Vg 120 V 0
b. Ip = = = 329.17 mA 86.86
Zp 364.55  86.86
c. VRe = (Iθ)(Re0) = (329.17 mA 86.86)(20  0)

= 6.58 V 86.86
VX e = (Iθ)(Xe90) = (329.17 mA 86.86)(44  90)

= 14.48 V 3.14
VX L = I(a2 Z X L ) = (329.17 mA 86.86)(320 Ω 90)

= 105.33 V 3.14
16. a. a = Np/Ns = 4 t/1 t = 4, Re = Rp + a2Rs = 4  + (4)2 1  = 20 

Xe = Xp + a2Xs = 12  + (4)2 2  = 44 
Zp = Re + jXe  ja2XC = 20  + j44   j(4)2 20 
= 20  + j44   j320  = 20   j276  = 276.72 Ω 85.86
Vg 120 V 0
b. Ip = = = 0.43 A 85.86
Zp 276.72    85.86
c. V Re = (Ipθ)(Re0) = (0.43 A 85.86)(20  0) = 8.6 V 85.86

V X e = (Ipθ)(Xe90) = (0.43 A 85.86)(44  90) = 18.92 V 175.86
V X C = (Ipθ)(a XC90) = (0.43 A 85.86)(320  90) = 137.60 V 4.14
2
17. 
18. Coil 1: L1  M12

Coil 2: L2  M12
LT = L1 + L2  2M12 = 4 H + 7 H  2(1 H) = 9 H
19. L T (  )  L1  L2  2M 12
M12 = k L1 L2 = (0.8) (200 mH)(600 mH) = 277 mH
LT (+) = 200 mH + 600 mH + 2(277 mH) = 1.35 H
314 CHAPTER 22
20. M23 = k L2 L3  1 (1 H)(4 H) = 2 H
Coil 1: L1 + M12  M13 = 2 H + 0.2 H  0.1 H = 2.1 H
Coil 2: L2 + M12  M23 = 1 H + 0.2 H  2 H = 0.8 H
Coil 3: L3  M23  M13 = 4 H  2 H  0.1 H = 1.9 H
LT = 2.1 H  0.8 H + 1.9 H = 3.2 H
21. E1  I1[ Z R1 + Z L1 ]  I2[Zm] = 0

I2[ Z L2 + Z RL ] + I1[Zm] = 0
──────────────────────
I1( Z R1 + Z L1 ) + I2(Zm) = E1
I1(Zm) + I2( Z L2 + Z RL ) = 0 Xm = ωM 90
───────────────────────
( M ) 2 ( M ) 2
22. Zi = Zp + = Rp + j X Lp +
Zs + ZL Rs + jX Ls + RL
Rp = 2 , X L p = ωLp = (103 rad/s)(8 H) = 8 k
Rs = 1 , X Ls = ωLs = (103 rad/s)(2 H) = 2 k
M = k L p L s = 0.05 (8 H)(2 H) = 0.2 H
(103 rad/s  0.2 H ) 2
Zi = 2  + j8 k +
1  + j 2 k  + 20 
4  104 
= 2  + j8 k +
21  j 2  103
= 2  + j8 k + 0.21   j19.99  = 2.21  + j7980 
Zi = 7980  89.98
Np Vp 2400 V
23. a. a= = = = 20
Ns Vs 120 V
10,000 VA 10, 000 VA

b. 10,000 VA = VsIs  Is = = = 83.33 A
Vs 120 V
10,000 VA 10,000 VA
c. Ip = = = 4.17 A
Vp 2400 V
Vp 120 V 1
d. a= = = 0.05 =
Vs 2400 V 20
10,000 VA
Is = = 4.17 A, Ip = 83.33 A
2400 V
CHAPTER 22 315
24. Is = I1 = 2 A, Ep = VL = 40 V
Es = Vs  VL = 200 V  40 V = 160 V
200 V
VgI1 = VLIL  IL = Vg/VL  I1 = (2 A) = 10 A
40 V
Ip + I1 = IL  Ip = IL  I1 = 10 A  2A = 8 A
Ns
25. a. Es = Ep
Np
25 t
= (100 V 0) = 25 V 0 = VL
100 t
E 25 V 0
Is = s = = 5 A 0 = IL
Z L 5  0
2
N 
2
 100 t 
Zi = a ZL =  p  Z L    5  0 = (4) 5  0 = 80  0
2 2
b.
 Ns   25 t 
1 1
c. Z1/ 2 = Zi = (80  0) = 20  0
4 4
N2 15 t
26. a. E2 = E1 = (60 V 0) = 10 V 0
N1 90 t
45 t
E3 = N 3 E1 = (60 V 0) = 30 V 0
N1 90 t
10 V 0
I2 = E 2 = = 1.25 A 0
Z 2 8  0
30 V 0
I3 = E 3 = = 6 A 0
Z3 5  0
1 1 1
b. = 
R1 ( N1 / N 2 ) R2 ( N1 / N 3 ) 2R3
2
1 1
= 
(90 t /15 t ) 8  (90 t / 45 t ) 2 5 
2
1 1 1
  = 0.05347 S
R1 288  20 
R1 = 18.70 
N2  40 t 
27. a. E2 = E1 =   (120 V 60) = 40 V 60
N1  120 t 
E 40 V 60
I2 = 2 = = 3.33 A 60
Z 2 12  0
N3  30 t 
E3 = E1 =   (120 V 60) = 30 V 60
N1  120 t 
E 30 V 60
I3 = 3 = = 3 A 60
Z3 10  0
316 CHAPTER 22
1 1 1
b. = 
R1 ( N1 / N 2 ) R2 ( N1 / N 3 ) 2R3
2
1 1
= 
(120 t / 40 t ) 12  (120 t / 30 t ) 210 
2
1 1 1
=  = 0.0155 S
R1 108  160 
1
R1 = = 64.52 
0.0155 S
28. ZM = Z M12 = ωM12 90
E  I1Z1  I1 Z L1  I1(Zm)  I2(+Zm)  I1 Z L2 + I2 Z L2  I1(Zm) = 0

E  I1(Z1 + Z L1  Zm + Z L2  Zm)  I2(Zm  Z L2 ) = 0
or I1(Z1 + Z L1 + Z L2  2 Zm) + I2(Zm  Z L2 ) = E
──────────────────────────────────────────────
I2Z2  Z L2 (I2  I1)  I1(+Zm) = 0
or I1(Zm  Z L2 ) + I2(Z2 + Z L2 ) = 0
──────────────────────────
29. E1  I1Z1  I1 Z L1  I2( Z M12 )  I3(+ Z M13 ) = 0

or E1  I1[Z1 + Z L1 ] + I2 Z M12  I3 Z M13 = 0
────────────────────────────────
I2(Z2 + Z3 + Z L2 ) + I3Z2  I1( Z M12 ) = 0
or I2(Z2 + Z3 + Z L2 ) + I3Z2 + I1 Z M12 = 0
────────────────────────────────
I3(Z2 + Z4 + Z L3 ) + I2Z2  I1(+ Z M13 ) = 0
or I3(Z2 + Z4 + Z L3 ) + I2Z2  I1 Z M13 = 0
─────────────────────────────
 [Z1 + Z L1 ]I1  Z M12 I2 + Z M13 I3 = E1
Z M12 I1  [Z2 + Z3 + Z L2 ]I2 + Z2I3 = 0
Z M13 I1 Z2I2 + [Z2 + Z4 + Z L3 ]I3 = 0
────────────────────────────────────────
CHAPTER 22 317
Chapter 23
1. a. E = EL/ 3 = 208 V/1.732 = 120.1 V b. V = E = 120.1 V
V  120.1 V
c. I = = = 12.01 A d. IL = I = 12.01 A
R 10 
2. a. E = EL/ 3 = 208 V/1.732 = 120.1 V b. V = E = 120.1 V
c. Z = 12   j16 Ω = 20  53.13 d. IL = I = 6 A
V  120.1 V
I = =  6A
Z 20 
3. a. E = 120.1 V b. V = 120.1 V
c. Z = (10  0  (10  90) = 7.071  45

V 120.1 V
I =  = = 16.98 A
Z  7.071 
d. IL = 16.98 A
4. a. θ2 = 120, θ3 = 120
b. Van = 120 V 0, Vbn = 120 V 120, Vcn = 120 V 120
120 V 0
c. Ian = V an = = 6 A 0
Z an 20  0
120 V   120
Ibn = V bn = = 6 A 120
Z bn 20  0
120 V 120
Icn = V cn = = 6 A 120
Z cn 20  0
d. IL = I = 6A e. VL = 3 V = 3 (120 V) = 207.8 V
5. a. θ2 = 120, θ3 = +120
b. Van = 120 V 0, Vbn = 120 V 120, Vcn = 120 V 120
c. Z = 9  + j12  = 15  53.13
120 V 0 120 V   120
Ian = = 8 A 53.13, Ibn = = 8 A 173.13
15  53.13 15  53.13
120 V 120
Icn = = 8 A 66.87
15  53.13
318 CHAPTER 23
e. IL = I  = 8 A f. EL = 3 E = (1.732)(120 V) = 207.85 V
6. a, b. The same as problem 4.
c. Z = 6  0  8  90 = 4.8  36.87

120 V 0
Ian = V an = = 25 A 36.87
Z an 4.8    36.87
120 V   120
Ibn = V bn = = 25 A 83.13
Z bn 4.8    36.87
120 V 120
Icn = V cn = = 25 A 156.87
Z cn 4.8    36.87
d. IL = I = 25 A e. VL = 3 V = 3 (120 V) = 207.84 V
VL
220 V
7. V = Van = Vbn = Vcn = = = 127.0 V
3 1.732
Z = 10   j10  = 14.42  45
V 127 V
I = Ian = Ibn = Icn = = = 8.98 A
Z  14.142 
IL = IAa = IBb = ICc = I = 8.98 A
8. Z = 12  + j16  = 20 53.13
V  50 V
I = = = 2.5 A
Z  20 
ZT  = 13  + j16  = 20.62  50.91
V = I Z T  = (2.5 A)(20.62 ) = 51.55 V
VL = 3 V =  3  (51.55 V) = 89.29 V
22 kV
9. a. EAN =   30 = 12.7 kV 30
3
22 kV
EBN =   150 = 12.7 kV 150
3
22 kV
ECN = 90 = 12.7 kV 90
3
CHAPTER 23 319
E AN 12.7 kV   30
b, c. IAa = Ian = =
Z AN (30  + j 40 ) + (0.4 k  + j1 k )
12.7 kV   30 12.7 kV   30
= =
430  + j1040  1125.39  67.54
= 11.29 A 97.54
12.7 kV   150
IBb = Ibn = E BN = = 11.29 A 217.54
Z BN 1125.39  67.54
E CN 12.7 kV 90
ICc = Icn = = = 11.29 A 22.46
Z CN 1125.39  67.54
d. Van = IanZan = (11.29 A 97.54)(400 + j1000)

= (11.29 A 97.54)(1077.03  68.2)
= 12.16 kV 29.34
Vbn = IbnZbn = (11.29 A 217.54)(1077.03 68.2)
= 12.16 kV 149.34
Vcn = IcnZcn = (11.29 A 22.46)(1077.03 68.2)
= 12.16 kV 90.66
10. a. E = EL/ 3 = 208 V/1.732 = 120.1 V b. V = EL = 208 V
V  208 V
c. I = = = 10.4 A d. IL = 3 I = (1.732)(10.4 A) = 18 A
Z  20 
11. a. E = EL/ 3 = 208 V/1.732 = 120.1 V b. V = EL = 208 V
c. Z = 6.8  + j14  = 15.564  64.09

V 208 V
I =  = = 13.36 A
Z  15.564 
d. IL = 3 I = (1.732)(13.36 A) = 23.14 A
12. Z = 18  0  18  90 = 12.728  45
a. E = VL/ 3 = 208 V/ 3 = 120.09 V b. V = 208 V
V 208 V
c. I = = = 16.34 A
Z  12.728 
d. IL = 3 I = (1.732)(16.34 A) = 28.30 A
13. a. θ2 = 120, θ3 = +120
b. Vab = 208 V 0, Vbc = 208 V 120, Vca = 208 V 120
320 CHAPTER 23
c. 
208 V 0
d. Iab = V ab = = 9.46 A 0
Z ab 22  0
208 V 120
Ibc = V bc = = 9.46 A 120
Z bc 22  0
V 208 V 120
Ica = ca = = 9.46 A 120
Z ca 22  0
e. IL = 3 I = (1.732)(9.46 A) = 16.38 A
f. E = EL/ 3 = 208 V/1.732 = 120.1 V
14. a. θ2 = 120, θ3 = +120
b. Vab = 208 V 0, Vbc = 208 V 120, Vca = 208 V 120
c. 
d. Z = 100   j100  = 141.42 45

208 V 0
Iab = V ab = = 1.47 A 45
Z ab 141.42    45
208 V   120
Ibc = V bc = = 1.47 A 75
Z bc 141.42    45
208 V 120
Ica = V ca = = 1.47 A 165
Z ca 141.42    45
e. IL = 3 I = (1.732)(1.471 A) = 2.55 A
f. E = EL/ 3 = 208 V/1.732 = 120.1 V
c. 
d. Z = 3  0  4  90 = 2.4  36.87

208 V 0
Iab = V ab = = 86.67 A 36.87
Z ab 2.4  36.87
208 V   120
Ibc = V bc = = 86.67 A 156.87
Z bc 2.4  36.87
208 V 120
Ica = V ca = = 86.67 A 83.13
Z ca 2.4  36.87
CHAPTER 23 321
e. IL = 3 I = (1.732)(86.67 A) = 150.11 A f. E = 120.1 V
16. Vab = Vbc = Vca = 220 V

Z = 10  + j10  = 14.142 45
V 220 V
Iab = Ibc = Ica =  = = 15.56 A
Z 14.142 
16 kV 0 16 kV 0
17. a. Iab = V ab = =
Z ab 300  + j1000  1044.03  73.30
Iab = 15.33 A 73.30
16 kV   120
Ibc = V bc = = 15.33 A 193.30
Z bc 1044.03  73.30
16 kV 120
Ica = V ca = = 15.33 A 46.7
Z ca 1044.03  73.30
b. IAa  Iab + Ica = 0

IAa = Iab  Ica = 15.33 A 73.30  15.33 A 46.7
= (4.41 A  j14.68 A)  (10.51 A + j11.16 A)
= 4.41 A  10.51 A  j(14.68 A + 11.16 A)
= 6.11 A  j25.84 A = 26.55 A 103.30
IBb + Iab = Ibc
IBb = Ibc  Iab = 15.33 A 193.30  15.33 A 73.30
= 26.55 A 136.70
ICc + Ibc = Ica
ICc = Ica  Ibc = 15.33 A 46.7  15.33 A 193.30
= 26.55 A 16.70
c. EAB = IAa(10  + j20 ) + Vab  IBb(22.361  63.43)

= (26.55 A 103.30)(22.361  63.43) + 16 kV 0
 (26.55 A 136.70)(22.361  63.43)
= (455.65 V  j380.58 V) + 16,000 V  (557.42 V  j204.32 V)
= 17.01 kV  j176.26 V
= 17.01 kV 0.59
EBC = IBb(22.361  63.43) + Vbc  ICc(22.361  63.53)

= (26.55 A 136.70)(22.361  63.53) + 16 kV 120
 (26.55 A 16.70)(22.361  63.53)
= 17.01 kV 120.59
ECA = ICc(22.361  63.43) + Vca  IAa(22.361  63.43)

= 17.01 kV 119.41
322 CHAPTER 23
208 V
18. a. E = EL = 208 V b. V = E L = = 120.1 V
3 1.732
V  120.1 V
c. I = = = 4.00 A d. IL = I   4 A
Z 30 
19. a. E = EL = 208 V b. V = EL 3 = 120.09 V
V  120.09 V
c. I = = = 7.08 A d. IL = I = 7.08 A
Z  16.971 
c. Z = 15  0  20  90 = 12  36.87

V  120.1 V
I = =  10 A
Z 12 
d. IL = I  10 A
120 V 120 V
21. Van = Vbn = Vcn = = = 69.28 V
3 1.732
69.28 V
Ian = Ibn = Icn = = 2.89 A
24 
IAa = IBb = ICc = 2.89 A
120 V
22. Van = Vbn = Vcn = = 69.28 V
3
Z = 10  + j20  = 22.36 63.43
V 69.28 V
Ian = Ibn = Icn = = = 3.10 A
Z 22.36 
IAa = IBb = ICc = I = 3.10 A
23. Van = Vbn = Vcn = 69.28 V

Z = 20  0  15  90 = 12  53.13
69.28 V
Ian = Ibn = Icn = = 5.77 A
12 
IAa = IBb = ICc = 5.77 A
24. a. E = EL = 440 V b. V = EL = E = 440 V
V  440 V
c. I = = =2A d. IL = 3 I = (1.732)(2 A) = 3.46 A
Z  220 
CHAPTER 23 323
25. a. E = EL = 440 V b. V = EL = 440 V
c. Z = 12   j9  = 15  36.87
V  440 V
I = = = 29.33 A
Z  15 
d. IL = 3 I = (1.732)(29.33 A) = 50.8 A
c. Z = 22  0  22  90 = 15.56  45

V 440 V
I = = = 28.28 A
Z  15.56 
d. IL = 3 I = (1.732)(28.28 A) = 48.98 A
27. a. θ2 = 120, θ3 = +120
b. Vab = 100 V 0, Vbc = 100 V 120, Vca = 100 V 120
c. 
V ab 100 V 0
d. Iab = = = 5 A 0
Z ab 20  0
100 V   120
Ibc = V bc = = 5 A 120
Z bc 20  0
100 V 120
Ica = V ca = = 5 A 120
Z ca 20  0
e. IAa = IBb = ICc = 3 (5 A) = 8.66 A
28. a. θ2 = 120, θ3 = +120
b. Vab = 100 V 0, Vbc = 100 V 120, Vca = 100 V 120
c. 
d. Z = 12  + j16  = 20  53.13
V ab 100 V 0
Iab = = = 5 A 53.13
Z ab 20  53.13
100 V   120
Ibc = V bc = = 5 A 173.13
Z bc 20  53.13
324 CHAPTER 23
100 V 120
Ica = V ca = = 5 A 66.87
Z ca 20  53.13
e. IAa = IBb = ICc = 3 I = (1.732)(5 A) = 8.66 A
29. a. θ2 = 120, θ3 = 120
b. Vab = 100 V 0, Vbc = 100 V 120, Vca = 100 V 120
c. 
d. Z = 20  0  20  90 = 14.14  45

100 V 0
Iab = = 7.07 A 45
14.14    45
100 V   120
Ibc = = 7.07 A 75
14.14    45
100 V 120
Ica = = 7.07 A 165
14.14    45
e. IAa = IBb = ICc =  3  (7.07 A) = 12.25 A

30. PT = 3I2 R = 3(6 A)2 12  = 1296 W
QT = 3I2 X  = 3(6 A)2 16  = 1728 VAR(C)
PT  QT = 2160 VA
2 2
ST =
1296 W
Fp = PT = = 0.6 (leading)
ST 2160 VA
31. V = 120 V, I = 120 V/20  = 6 A

PT = 3I2 R = 3(6 A)2 20  = 2160 W
QT = 0 VAR
ST = PT = 2160 VA
2160 W
Fp = PT = =1
S T 2160 VA
32. PT = 3I2 R = 3(8.98 A)2 10  = 2419.21 W

QT = 3I2 X  = 3(8.98 A)2 10  = 2419.21 VAR(C)
ST = PT2  Q T2 = 3421.28 VA
PT 2419.21 W
Fp = = = 0.7071 (leading)
ST 3421.28 VA
CHAPTER 23 325
33. V = 208 V
V 2  (208 V ) 2
PT = 3    = 3  = 7210.67 W
 R  18 
V2  (208 V ) 2
QT = 3    = 3  = 7210.67 VAR(C)
 X  18 
PT  QT = 10,197.42 VA
2 2
ST =
7210.67 W
Fp = PT = = 0.707 (leading)
ST 10,197.42 VA
34. PT = 3I2 R = 3(1.471 A)2 100  = 649.15 W

QT = 3I2 X  = 3(1.471 A)2 100  = 649.15 VAR(C)
ST = PT2  QT2 = 918.04 VA

PT 649.15 W
Fp = = = 0.7071 (leading)
ST 918.04 VA
35. PT = 3I2 R = 3(15.56 A)2 10  = 7.26 kW

QT = 3I2 X  = 3(15.56 A)2 10  = 7.26 kVAR
ST = PT2  Q T2 = 10.27 kVA

PT 7.263 kW
Fp = = = 0.7071 (lagging)
ST 10.272 kVA
2 2
V  3(120.1 V )
36. PT = 3 = = 2884.80 W
R 15 
2 2
V  3(120.1 V )
QT = 3 = = 2163.60 VAR(C)
X 20 
PT  QT = 3605.97 VA
2 2
ST =
P 2884.80 W
Fp = T = = 0.8 (leading)
ST 3605.97 VA
37. Z = 10  + j20  = 22.36  63.43

V L 120 V
V = = = 69.28 V
3 1.732
V 69.28 V
I =  = = 3.098 A
Z  22.36 
PT = 3I2 R = 3(3.098 A)2 10  = 287.93 W
326 CHAPTER 23
QT = 3I2 X  = 3(3.098 A)2 20 Ω = 575.86 VAR
ST = PT2  QT2 = 643.83 VA

PT 287.93 W
Fp = = = 0.447 (lagging)
ST 643.83 VA
2 2
V  3(440 V )
38. PT = 3 = = 26.4 kW
R 22 
QT = PT = 26.4 kVAR(L)
ST = PT2  QT2 = 37.34 kVA
PT 26.4 kW
Fp = = = 0.707 (lagging)
ST 37.34 kVA
39. Z = 12  + j16  = 20  53.13

V  100 V
I = = =5A
Z  20 
PT = 3I2 R = 3(5 A)2 12  = 900 W
QT = 3I2 X  = 3(5 A)2 16  = 1200 VAR(L)
PT  QT = 1500 VA
2 2
ST =
P 900 W
Fp = T = = 0.6 (lagging)
ST 1500 VA
40. PT = 3 ELIL cos θ

4800 W = (1.732)(200 V)IL (0.8)
IL = 17.32 A
I 17.32 A
I = L = = 10 A
3 1.732
θ = cos1 0.8 = 36.87
V 200 V 0
Z =  = = 20  36.87 = 16  + j12 
I 10 A   36.87
41. PT = 3 ELIL cos θ

1200 W = 3 (208 V)IL(0.6)  IL = 5.55 A
V 208 V
V = L = = 120.1 V
3 1.732
θ = cos1 0.6 = 53.13 (leading)
V 120.1 V 0
Z =  = = 21.64  53.13 = 12.98
   j 17.31
 
I 5.55 A 53.13 R XC
CHAPTER 23 327
42. Δ: Z = 15  + j20  = 25 53.13
V 125 V
I = = =5A
Z 25 
PT = 3I2 R = 3(5 A)2 15  = 1125 W
QT = 3I2 X  = 3(5 A)2 20  = 1500 VAR(L)
Y: V = VL/ 3 = 125 V/1.732 = 72.17 V
Z = 3   j4  = 5 53.13
V  72.17 V
I = = = 14.43 A
Z 5
PT = 3I2 R = 3(14.43 A)2 3  = 1874.02 W
QT = 3I2 X  = 3(14.43 A)2 4  = 2498.7 VAR
PT = 1125 W + 1874.02 W = 2999.02 W
QT = 1500 VAR(L)  2498.7 VAR(C) = 998.7 VAR(C)
ST = PT2  QT2 = 3161 VA
PT 2999.02 W
Fp = = = 0.949 (leading)
ST 3161 VA
16 kV
43. a. E = = 9,237.6 V b. IL = I = 80 A
3
1200 kW
c. P L = = 400 kW
3
P4Ω = (80 A)24  = 25.6 kW
PT = 3P = 3(25.6 kW + 400 kW) = 1276.8 kW
PT
d. Fp = , ST = 3 VLIL = 3 (16 kV)(80 A) = 2,217.025 kVA
ST
1, 276.8 kW
Fp = = 0.576 lagging
2,217.025 kVA
e. θL = cos1 0.576 = 54.83 (lagging)

IAa = E AN0  80A   54.83°

Z T 54.83
 given

for entire load
328 CHAPTER 23
f. Van = EAN  IAa(4  + j20 )
= 9237.6 V 0  (80 A 54.83)(20.396  78.69)
= 9237.6 V 0  1631.68 V 23.86
= 9237.6 V  (1492.22 V + j660 V)
= 7745.38 V  j660 V
= 7773.45 V 4.87
V an 7773.45 V   4.87
g. Z = = = 97.168  49.95
I Aa 80 A   54.83
= 62.52
  + j 74.38
 
R XC
h. Fp(entire system) = 0.576 (lagging)
Fp(load) = 0.643 (lagging)
 1276.8 kW  3(25.6 kW)

i. η = P o = P i P lost = = 0.9398  93.98%
Pi Pi 1276.8 kW
44. a. 
220 V
b. V = = 127.02 V, Z = 10   j10  = 14.14 45
3
V 127.02 V
I =  = = 8.98 A
Z  14.14 
PT = 3I2 R = 3(8.98 A)2 10  = 2419.2 W
2419.2 W
Each wattmeter: = 806.4 W
3
45. b. PT = 5899.64 W, Pmeter = 1966.55 W
46. a. 
b. PT = P + Ph = 85 W + 200 W = 285 W
c. 0.2  P  = 0.5
Ph
100 W
Ph = P  = = 200 W
0.5 0.5
PT = Ph  P = 200 W  100 W = 100 W
CHAPTER 23 329
208 V 0
48. a. Iab = E AB = = 20.8 A 0
R0 10  0
E BC 208 V   120 208 V   120
Ibc = =  = 14.708 A 165
R  jX L 10   j10  14.142   45
E CA 208 V 120 208 V 120
Ica = =  = 14.708 A 165
R  jX C 10   j10  14.142    45
b. IAa + Ica  Iab = 0

IAa = Iab  Ica
= 20.8 A 0  14.708 A 165
= 20.8 A  (14.207A + j3.807 A)
= 35.007 A  j3.807 A
= 35.213 A 6.207
IBb + Iab  Ibc = 0
IBb = Ibc  Iab
= 14.708 A 165  20.8 A 0
= (14.207 A  j3.807 A)  20.8 A
= 35.007 A  j3.807 A
= 35.213 A 173.79
ICc + Ibc  Ica = 0
ICc = Ica  Ibc
= 14.708 A 165  14.708 A 165
= (14.207 A + j3.807 A)  (14.207 A  j3.807 A)
= 7.614 A 90
c. P1 = VacIAa cos IVAaca Vca = Vca  θ  180 = 208 V 120  180

= 208 V 60
IAa = 35.213 A 6.207
P1 = (208 V)(35.213 A) cos 53.793
= 4.326 kW
P2 = VbcIBb cos IVBbbc Vbc = 208 V 120
IBb = 35.213 A 173.79
P2 = (208 V)(35.213 A) cos 53.79
= 4.327 kW
d. PT = P1 + P2 = 4.326 kW + 4.327 kW = 8.653 kW
330 CHAPTER 23
49. a. V = E = E L = 120.09 V
3
120.09 V
b. Ian = V an = = 8.49 A
Z an 14.142 
V 120.09 V
Ibn = bn = = 7.08 A
Z bn 16.971 
120.09 V
Icn = V cn = = 42.47 A
Z cn 2.828 
c. 2
PT = I an 10  + I bn
2
12  + I cn2 2 
= (8.49 A)2 10  + (7.08 A)2 12  + (42.47 A)2 2 
= 720.80 W + 601.52 W + 3.61 kW
= 4.93 kW
QT = PT = 4.93 kVAR(L)
ST = PT2  QT2 = 6.97 kVA
PT
Fp = = 0.707 (lagging)
ST
d. Ean = 120.09 V30, Ebn = 120.09 V150, Ecn = 120.09 V90

120.09 V   30 120.09 V   30
Ian = E an = = = 8.49 A 75
Z an 10  + j10  14.142  45
120.09 V   150 120.09 V   150
Ibn = Ebn = = = 7.08 A 195
Z bn 12  + j12  16.971  45
120.09 V 90 120.09 V 90
Icn = Ecn = = = 42.47 A 45
Z cn 2  + j2  2.828  45
e. IN = Ian + Ibn + Icn

= 8.49 A 75 + 7.08 A 195 + 42.47 A45
= (2.02 A  j8.20 A) + (6.84 A + j1.83 A) + (30.30 A + j30.30 A)
= 25.66 A  j23.93 A
= 35.09 A 43.00
50. Z1 = 12   j16  = 20  53.13, Z2 = 3  + j4  = 5  53.13

Z3 = 20  0
EAB = 200 V0, EBC = 200 V 120, ECA = 200 V 120

ZΔ = Z1Z2 + Z1Z3 + Z2Z3
= (20  53.13)(5  53.13) + (20  53.13)(20  0)
+ (5  53.13)(20  0)
= 100  0 + 400  53.13 + 100  53.13
= 100  + (240   j320 ) + (60  + j80 )
= 400   j240 
= 466.48  30.96
CHAPTER 23 331
E AB Z3  ECA Z 2 (200 V 0)(20  0)  (200 V 120)(5  53.13)
Ian = =
Z Z
4000 A 0  1000 A 173.13
= = 10.71 A 29.59
466.48   30.96
E Z  E AB Z3 (200 V   120)(20    53.13)  (200 V 0)(20  0)
Ibn = BC 1 =
Z Z
4000 A   173.13  4000 A 0
= = 17.12 A 145.61
466.48   30.96
E Z  E BC Z1 (200 V 120)(5 53.13)  (200 V   120)(20   53.13)
Icn = CA 2 =
Z Z
1000 A 173.13  4000 A   173.13
= = 6.51 A 42.32
466.48   30.96
2
PT = I an 12  + I bn
2
4  + I cn2 20 
= 1376.45 W + 1172.38 W + 847.60 W = 3396.43 W
2
QT = I an 16  + I bn
2
3  = 1835.27 VAR(C) + 879.28 VAR(L) = 955.99 VAR(C)
ST = PT2  QT2 = 3508.40 VA
PT 3396.43 W
Fp = = = 0.968 (leading)
ST 3508.40 VA
332 CHAPTER 23
Chapter 24
1. a. positive-going b. Vb = 2 V c. tp = 0.2 ms
d. Amplitude = 8 V  2 V = 6 V
V1 V 2
e. % tilt =  100%
V
8V + 7.5 V
V= = 7.75 V
2
8 V  7.5 V
% tilt =  100% = 6.5%
7.75 V
1 1 1
f. prf = =  = 625 kHz
T (2.0 ms  0.4 ms) 1.6 ms
tp 0.2 ms
g.  100%   100% = 12.5%
T 1.6 ms
2. a. negative-going b. +7 mV c. 3 μs
d. 8 mV ( from base line level)
8 mV  7 mV 15 mV
e. V= = = 7.5 mV
2 2
 8 mV  (7 mV)
% Tilt = V 1 V 2  100% =  100%
V 7.5 mV
1 mV
=  100% = 13.3%
7.5 mV
f. T = 15 μs  7 μs = 8 μs
1 1
prf = = = 125 kHz
T 8 s
tp 3 s
g. Duty cycle =  100% =  100% = 37.5%
T 8 s
8
3. a. positive-going b. Vb = 10 mV c. tp =   4 ms = 3.2 ms
 10 
d. Amplitude = (30  10)mV = 20 mV

e. % tilt = V 1 V 2  100%
V
30 mV + 28 mV
V= = 29 mV
2
30 mV  28 mV
% tilt =  100%  6.9%
29 mV
CHAPTER 24 333
4. tr  (0.2 div.)(2 ms/div.) = 0.4 ms
tf  (0.4 div.)(2 ms/div.) = 0.8 ms
V1  V2 V V
5. tilt = = 0.1 with V = 1 2
V 2
Substituting V into top equation,

V1  V2 0.95 V1
= 0.1 leading to V2 = or V2 = 0.905(15 mV) = 13.58 Mv
V1  V2 1.05
2
6. a. tr = 80% of straight line segment

= 0.8(2 μs) = 1.6 μs
b. tf = 80% of 4 μs interval
= 0.8(4 μs) = 3.2 μs
c. At 50% level (10 mV)

tp = (8  1)μs = 7 μs
1 1
d. prf = = = 50 kHz
T 20  s
1 1
7. a. T = (4.8  2.4)div. 50  s/div. = 120 μs b. f=  = 8.33 kHz
T 120 s
c. Maximum Amplitude: (2.2 div.)(0.2 V/div.) = 0.44 V = 440 mV

Minimum Amplitude: (0.4 div.)(0.2 V/div.) = 0.08 V = 80 mV
8. T = (3.6  2.0)ms = 1.6 ms

1 1
prf = = = 625 Hz
T 1.6 ms
tp 0.2 ms
Duty cycle =  100% =  100% = 12.5%
T 1.6 ms
334 CHAPTER 24
9. T = (15  7)μs = 8 μs
1 1
prf =  = 125 kHz
T 8 s
tp (20  15)  s 5
Duty cycle =  100%   100% =  100% = 62.5%
T 8 s 8
10. T = (3.6 div.)(2 ms/div.) = 7.2 ms

1 1
prf = = = 138.89 Hz
T 7.2 ms
tp 1.6 div.
Duty cycle =  100% =  100% = 44.4%
T 3.6 div.
11. a. T = (9  1)μs = 8 μs b. tp = (3  1)μs = 2 μs
1 1
c. prf =  = 125 kHz
T 8 s
d. Vav = (Duty cycle)(Peak value) + (1  Duty cycle)(Vb)

tp 2 s
Duty cycle =  100%   100% = 25%
T 8 s
Vav = (0.25)(6 mV) + (1  0.25)(2 mV)
= 1.5 mV  1.5 mV = 0 V
or
(2  s)(6 mV)  (2  s)(6 mV)
Vav = =0V
8s
(36  106 )(2 s)  (4 106 )(6 s)

e. Veff = = 3.46 mV
8 s
12. Eq. 24.5 cannot be applied due to tilt in the waveform.

(Method of Section 13.6)
Between 2 and 3.6 ms
1
(3.4 ms  2 ms)(2 V) + (3.6 ms  3.4 ms)(7.5 V) + (3.6 ms  3.4 ms)(0.5 V)
Vav = 2
3.6 ms  2 ms
1
(1.4 ms)(2 V) + (0.2 ms)(7.5 V) + (0.2 ms)(0.5 V)
= 2
1.6 ms
2.8 V + 1.5 V + 0.05 V
= = 2.719 V
1.6
CHAPTER 24 335
13. Ignoring tilt and using 20 mV level to define tp
tp = (2.8 div.  1.2 div.)(2 ms/div.) = 3.2 ms
T = (at 10 mV level) = (4.6 div.  1 div.)(2 ms/div.) = 7.2 ms
t 3.2 ms
Duty cycle = p  100%   100% = 44.4%
T 7.2 ms
Vav = (Duty cycle)(peak value) + (1  Duty cycle)(Vb)

= (0.444)(30 mV) + (1  0.444)(10 mV)
= 13.320 mV + 5.560 mV
= 18.88 mV
14. Vav = (Duty cycle)(Peak value) + (1  Duty cycle)(Vb)

tp
Duty cycle = (decimal form)
T
(8  1)  s
= = 0.35
20  s
Vav = (0.35)(20 mV) + (1  0.35)(0)

= 7 mV + 0
= 7 mV
15. Using methods of Section 13.8:
A1 = b1h1 = [(0.2 div.)(50 μs/div.)][(2 div.)(0.2 V/div.)] = 4 μsV

A2 = b2h2 = [(0.2 div.)(50 μs/div.)][(2.2 div.)(0.2 V/div.)] = 4.4 μsV
A4 = b4h4 = [(0.2 div.)(50 μs/div.)][(1 div.)(0.2 V/div.)] = 2.0 μsV
(4  4.4  2.8  2.0  0.8)  sV

Vav = = 117 mV
120  s
16. Using the defined polarity of Fig. 24.57 for υC, Vi = 5 V, Vf = +20 V
and τ = RC = (10 k)(0.02 μF) = 0.2 ms
a. υC = Vi + (Vf  Vi)(1  et/τ)

= 5 + (20  (5))(1  et/0.2 ms)
= 5 + 25(1  et/0.2 ms)
= 5 + 25  25et/0.2 ms
υC = 20 V  25 Vet/0.2 ms
336 CHAPTER 24
b.
c. Ii = 0
E  C 20 V   20 V  25 V e 
 t / 0.2 ms
iC = =  = 2.5 mAet/0.2 ms
R 10 k 
d.
17. υC = Vi + (Vf  Vi)(1  et/RC) τ = RC = (2 k)(10 μF)

= 8 + (4  8)(1  et/20 ms) = 20 ms
= 8  4(1  et/20 ms)
= 8  4 + 4et/20 ms
= 4 + 4et/20 ms
υC = 4 V(1 + et/20 ms)
18. Vi = 10 V, Vf = 2 V, τ = RC = (1 k)(1000 μF) = 1 s

υC = Vi + (Vf  Vi)(1  et/τ)
= 10 V + (2 V  10 V)(1  et)
= 10  8(1  et)
= 10  8 + 8et
υC = 2 V+ 8 Vet
19. Vi = 10 V, Ii = 0 A Using the defined direction of iC

(10 V  2 V) t/τ
iC = e
1k
τ = RC = (1 k)(1000 μF) = 1 s
8 V t
iC =  e
1k
and iC = 8mAet
CHAPTER 24 337
20. τ = RC = (5 k)(0.04 μF) = 0.2 ms (throughout)
υC = E(1  et/τ) = 20 V(1  et/0.2 ms)
(Starting at t = 0 for each plot)
1 1
a. T= = = 2 ms
f 500 Hz
T
= 1 ms
2
T
5τ = 1 ms =
2
1 1
b. T= = = 10 ms
f 100 Hz
T
= 5 ms
2
1T 
5τ = 1 ms =  
5 2 
1 1
c. T= = = 0.2 ms
f 5 Hz
T
= 0.1 ms
2
T 
5τ = 1 ms = 10  
2
21. The mathematical expression for iC is the same for each frequency!
τ = RC = (5 k)(0.04 μF) = 0.2 ms
20 V  t / 0.2 ms
and iC = e = 4 mAet/0.2 ms
5 k
1 T
a. T= = 2 ms, = 1 ms
500 Hz 2
T
5τ = 5(0.2 ms) = 1 ms =
2
1 T
b. T= = 10 ms, = 5 ms
100 Hz 2
1T 
5τ = 1 ms =  
5 2 
1 T
c. T= = 0.2 ms, = 0.1 ms
5000 Hz 2
T 
5τ = 1 ms = 10  
2
338 CHAPTER 24
22. τ = 0.2 ms as above
1
T= = 2 ms
500 Hz
T
5τ = 1 ms =
2
T
0  : υC = 20 V(1  et/0.2 ms)
2
T
 T: Vi = 20 V, Vf = 20 V
2
υC = Vi + (Vf  Vi)(1  et/τ)
= 20 + (20  20)(1  et/0.2 ms)
= 20  40(1  et/0.2 ms)
= 20  40 + 40et/0.2 ms
υC = 20 V+ 40 Vet/0.2 ms
3
T T : Vi = 20 V, Vf = +20 V
2
υC = Vi + (Vf  Vi)(1  et/τ)
= 20 + (20  (20))(1  et/τ)
= 20 + 40(1  et/τ)
= 20 + 40  40et/τ
υC = 20 V  40 Vet/0.2 ms
23. υC = Vi + (Vf  Vi)(1  et/RC)

Vi = 20 V, Vf = 20 V
υC = 20 + (20  20)(1  et/RC)
T
= 20 V (for 0  )
2
T
For  T, υi = 0 V and υC = 20 Vet/τ τ = RC = 0.2 ms
2
T T
with = 1 ms and 5τ =
2 2
3
For T  T , υi = 20 V
2
υC = 20 V(1  et/τ)
3
For T  2T, υi = 0 V
2
υC = 20 Vet/τ
CHAPTER 24 339
24. τ= RC = 0.2 ms
T
5τ = 1 ms =
2
Vi = 10 V, Vf = +20 V
T
0 :
2
υC = Vi + (Vf  Vi)(1  et/τ) T
= 10 + (20  (10))(1  et/τ)  T: Vi = 20 V, Vf = 0 V
2
= 10 + 30(1  et/τ)
υC = 20 Vet/0.2 ms
= 10 + 30  30et/τ
υC = +20 V  30 Vet/0.2 ms
1 1
25. Zp: XC = = = 5.31 M
2 fC 2 (10 kHz)(3 pF)
(9 M  0)(5.31 M    90)
Zp = = 4.573 M 59.5
9 M   j 5.31 M 
Zs: CT = 18 pF + 9 pF = 27 pF
1 1
XC = = = 0.589 M
2 fC T 2 (10 kHz)(27 pF)
(1 M  0)(0.589 M    90)
Zs = = 0.507 M 59.5
1 M   j 0.589 M 
ZsVi = (0.507 M    59.5)(100 V 0)

Vscope =
Z s  Z p (0.257 M   j 0.437 M ) + (2.324 M   j 3.939 M )
50.7 106 V   59.5 1
= = 10 V 0 = (100 V 0)
5.07  10   59.5
6
10
 Zs =  Z p = 59.5
1 1
26. Zp: XC = = = 3.333 M
C (10 rad/s)(3 pF)
5
(9 M  0)(3.333 M )
Zp = = 3.126 M 69.68
9 M   j 3.333 M 
1 1
Zs: XC = = = 0.370 M
C (10 rad/s)(27 pF)
5
(1 M  0)(0.370 M    90)
Zs = = 0.347 M 69.68
1 M   j 0.370 M 
  Z p = Z s
340 CHAPTER 24
ZsVi = (0.347 M    69.68)(100 V 0)
Vscope =
Z s  Z p (0.121 M   j 0.325 M ) + (1.086 M   j 2.931 M )
34.70  106 V   69.68
=
3.470  106   69.68
1
 10 V 0 = (100 V 0)
10
CHAPTER 24 341
Chapter 25
1. I: a. no b. no c. yes d. no e. yes
II: a. yes b. yes c. yes d. yes e. no
III: a. yes b. yes c. no d. yes e. yes
IV: a. no b. no c. yes d. yes e. yes
2Im  2 2 2 
2. b. i=  1 + cos(2ωt  90)  cos(4ωt  90) + cos(6ωt  90) +  
  3 15 35 
2Im Im 2Im 
c.  = 1  4 
 2  
  2 2 2 
i = 2 I m 1   cos(2ωt  90)  cos(4ωt  90)  cos(6ωt  90)  
  4 3 15 35 
d.
  
i = 2 I m 1  +
2 2 2
cos (2ωt  90)  cos (4ωt  90) + cos (6ωt  90) + 
  4 3 15 35 
3. a. υ = 4 + 2 sin α
b. υ = (sin α)2
342 CHAPTER 25
c. i = 2  2 cos α
4. a.
b.
CHAPTER 25 343
5. a.
b.
c.
344 CHAPTER 25
6. a. Vav = 100 V
(50 V)2 + (25 V) 2
Veff = (100 V)2 + = 107.53 V
2
b. Iav = 3 A
(2 A)2 + (0.8 A)2
Ieff = (3 A)2 + = 3.36 A
2
(20 V) 2 + (15 V)2 + (10 V)2

7. a. Veff = = 19.04 V
2
(6 A) 2 + (2 A) 2 + (1 A)2
b. Ieff = = 4.53 A
2
8. PT = V0I0 + V1I1 cos θ1 +  + VnIn cos θn

(50 V)(2 A) (25 V)(0.8 A)
= (100 V)(3 A) + cos 53 + cos 70
2 2
= 300 + (50)(0.6018) + (10)(0.3420)
= 333.52 W
(20 V)(6 A) (15 V)(2 A) (10 V)(1 A)

9. P= cos 20 + cos 30 + cos 60
2 2 2
= 60(0.9397) + 15(0.866) + 5(0.5)
= 71.87 W
E 18 V
10. a. DC: E = 18 V, Io = = = 1.5 A
R 12 
ω = 400 rad/s: XL = ωL = (400 rad/s)(0.02 H) = 8 
Z = 12  + j8  = 14.42  33.69
E 30 V/ 2 0 2.08 A
I= = = 33.69
Z 14.42  33.69 2
 2.08 
i = 1.5 + 2   sin(400t  33.69)
 2 
i = 1.5 + 2.08 sin(400t  33.69)
(2.08 A) 2
b. Ieff = (1.5 A)2 + = 2.10 A
2
CHAPTER 25 345
 2.08 A 
c. DC: υR = E = 18 V, VR =    33.69  (12  0)
 2 
24.96 V
=   33.69
2
 24.96 
υR = 18 + 2   sin(400t  33.69)
 2 
υR = 18 + 24.96 sin(400t  33.69)
2 (24.96 V ) 2
d. V Reff = (18 V ) + = 25.21 V
2
e. DC: VL = 0 V
 2.08 A 
ω = 400 rad/s: VL =    33.69  (8  90)
 2 
16.64 V
= 56.31
2
υL = 0 + 16.64 sin(400t + 56.31)
2 (16.64 V)2
f. V Leff = 0 + = 11.77 V
2
g. 2
P = I eff R = (2.101 A)2 12  = 52.97 W
24 V
11. a. DC: IDC = =2A
12 
ω = 400 rad/s:
Z = 12  + j(400 rad/s)(0.02 H) = 12  + j8  = 14.422  33.69
30 V 0
I= = 2.08 A 33.69 (peak values)
14.422  33.69
ω = 800 rad/s:
Z = 12 Ω + j(800 rad/s)(0.02 H) = 12  + j16  = 20  53.13
10 V 0
I= = 0.5 A 53.13 (peak values)
20  53.13
i = 2 + 2.08 sin(400t  33.69) + 0.5 sin(800t  53.13)
(2.08 A)2 + (0.5 A 2 )

b. Ieff = (2 A) 2 + = 2.51 A
2
c. υR = iR = i(12 )
= 24 + 24.96 sin(400t  33.69) + 6 sin(800t  53.13)
(24.96 V) 2 + (6 V)2
d. Veff = (24 V) 2 + = 30.09 V
2
346 CHAPTER 25
e. DC: VL = 0 V
ω = 400 rad/s: VL = (2.08 A 33.69)(8  90)
= 16.64 V 56.31
ω = 800 rad/s: VL = (0.5 A 53.13)(16  90)
= 8 V 36.87
υL = 0 + 16.64 sin(400t + 56.31) + 8 sin(800t + 36.87)
(16.64 V) 2 + (8 V) 2
f. Veff = (0) 2 + = 13.06 V
2
g. 2
PT = I eff R = (2.508 A)2 12  = 75.48 W
60 V
12. a. DC: I =  = 5A
12 
ω = 300 rad/s: XL = ωL = (300 rad/s)(0.02 H) = 6 
Z = 12  + j6  = 13.42  26.57
E = (0.707)(20 V) 0 = 14.14 V 0
E 14.14 V 0
I= = = 1.054 A 26.57
Z 13.42  26.57
ω = 600 rad/s: XL = ωL = (600 rad/s)(0.02 H) = 12 
Z = 12  + j12  = 16.97  45
E = (0.707)(10 V) 0 = 7.07 V 0
E 7.07 V 0
I= = = 0.417 A 45
Z 16.97  45
i = 5 + (1.414)(1.054)sin(300t  26.57)  (1.414)(0.417)sin(600t  45)
i = 5 + 1.49 sin(300t  26.57)  0.59 sin(600t  45)
(1.49 A) 2 + (0.59 A) 2
b. Ieff = (5 A) 2 + = 5.13 A
2
c. DC: V = IR = (5 A)(12 ) = 60 V

ω = 300 rad/s: VR = (1.054 A 26.57)(12  0)
= 12.648 V 26.57
ω = 600 rad/s: VR = (0.417 A 45)(12  0)
= 5 V 45
υR = 60 + (1.414)(12.648)sin(300t  26.57)  (1.414)(5)sin(600t  45)
υR = 60 + 17.88 sin(300t  26.57)  7.07 sin(600t  45)
2 (17.88 V ) 2 + (7.07 V ) 2
d. V Reff = (60 V ) + = 61.52 V
2
CHAPTER 25 347
e. DC: VL = 0 V
ω = 300 rad/s: VL = (1.054 A 26.57)(6  90) = 6.324 V 63.43
ω = 600 rad/s: VL = (0.417 A 45)(12  90) = 5 V 45
υL = 0 + (1.414)(6.324)sin(300t + 63.43)  (1.414)(5)sin(600t + 45)
υL = 8.94 sin(300t + 63.43)  7.07 sin(600t + 45)
(8.94 V ) 2 + (3.54 V ) 2
f. V Leff = = 6.8 V
2
g. 2
P = I eff R = (5.13 A)2 12  = 315.8 W
13. a. DC: I = 0 A
1 1
ω = 400 rad/s: XC = = = 20 
ωC (400 rad/s)(125  F)
Z = 15   j20  = 25  53.13
E = (0.707)(30 V) 0 = 21.21 V 0
E 21.21 V 0
I= = = 0.848 A 53.13
Z 25    53.13
i = 0 + (1.414)(0.848)sin(400t + 53.13)
i = 1.2 sin(400t + 53.13)
(1.2 A) 2
b. Ieff = = 0.85 A as above
2
c. DC: VR = 0 V
ω = 400 rad/s: VR = (0.848 A 53.13)(15  0) = 12.72 V 53.13
υR = 0 + (1.414)(12.72)sin(400t + 53.13)
υR = 18 sin(400t + 53.13)
(18 V ) 2
d. V Reff = = 12.73 V
2
e. DC: VC = 18 V
ω = 400 rad/s: VC = (0.848 A 53.13)(20  90)
= 16.96 V 36.87
υC = 18 + (1.414)(16.96)sin(400t  36.87)
υC = 18 + 23.98 sin(400t  36.87)
2 (23.98 V ) 2
f. V C eff = (18 V ) + = 24.73 V
2
g. 2
P = I eff R = (0.848 A)2 15  = 10.79 W
348 CHAPTER 25
200 400 400
14. a. e=  cos 2ωt  cos 4ωt
 3 15 
= 63.69 + 42.46 sin(2ωt + 90)  8.49 sin(4ωt + 90)
ω = 377 rad/s:
e = 63.69 + 42.46 sin(754t + 90)  8.49 sin(1508t + 90)
DC: XL = 0  VL = 0 V
ω = 754 rad/s: XC = 1 = 1
= 1330 
ωC (754 rad/s)(1  F)
XL = ωL = (754 rad/s)(0.1 H) = 75.4 
Z = (1 k 0)  75.4  90 = 75.19  85.69
E = (0.707)(42.46 V) 90 = 30.02 V 90
Z(E) (75.19  85.69)(30.02 V 90)
Vo = = = 1.799 V 94.57
Z + ZC 75.19  85.69 + 1330    90
1 1
ω = 1508 rad/s: XC = = = 6631.13 
ωC (1508 rad/s)(1  F)
XL = ωL = (1508 rad/s)(0.1 H) = 150.8 
Z = (1 k 0)  150.8  90 = 149.12  81.42
E = (0.707)(8.49 V) 90 = 6 V 90
Z(E) (149.12  81.42)(6 V 90)
Vo = =

Z + ZC 149.12  81.42 + 6631.13    90
= 1.73 V 101.1
υo = 0 + 1.414(1.799)sin(754t  94.57)  1.414(1.73)sin(1508t  101.1)
υo = 2.54 sin(754t  94.57)  2.45 sin(1508t  101.1)
(2.54 V ) 2 + (2.45 V ) 2
b. Voeff = = 2.50 V
2
( V eff ) 2 (2.50 V ) 2
c. P= = = 6.25 mW
R 1k
15. i = 0.318Im + 0.500 Im sin ωt  0.212Im cos 2ωt  0.0424Im cos 4ωt +  (Im = 10 mA)
i = 3.18  103 + 5  103 sin ωt  2.12  103 sin(2ωt + 90)
 0.424  103 sin(4ωt + 90) + 
i  3.18  103 + 5  103 sin ωt  2.12  103 sin(2ωt + 90)
DC: Io = 0 A, Vo = 0 V
ω = 377 rad/s; XL = ωL = (377 rad/s)(1.2 mH) = 0.452 
1 1
XC = = = 13.26 
C  377 rad/s  (200  F)
Z = 200   j13.26  = 200.44  3.79
I = (0.707)(5  103)A 0 = 3.54 mA 0
ZLI (0.452  90)(3.54 mA 0)
Io = = = 7.98 μA 93.66
ZL + Z  j 0.452  + 200   j13.26 
CHAPTER 25 349
Vo = (7.98 μA 93.66)(200  0) = 1.596 mV 93.66
ω = 754 rad/s:XL = ωL = (754 rad/s)(1.2 mH) = 0.905 
1 1
XC = = = 6.63 
ωC (754 rad/s)(200  F)
Z = 200   j6.63  = 200.11  1.9
I = (0.707)(2.12 mA) 90 = 1.5 mA 90
Z LI (0.905  90)(1.5 mA 90)
Io = = = 6.8 μA 181.64
Z L + Z j 0.905  + 200   j 6.63 
Vo = (6.8 μA 181.64)(200  0) = 1.36 mA 181.64
υo = 0 + (1.414)(1.596  103)sin(377t + 93.66)
 (1.414)(1.360  103)sin(754t + 181.64)
υo = 2.26  10 sin(377t + 93.66) + 1.92  103 sin(754t + 1.64)
3
16. a. 60 + 70 sin ωt + 20 sin(2ωt + 90) + 10 sin(3ωt + 60)

+20 + 30 sin ωt  20 sin(2ωt + 90) + 5 sin(3ωt + 90)
DC: 60 + 20 = 80
ω: 70 + 30 = 100  100 sin ωt
2ω: 0
3ω: 10 60 + 590 = 5 + j8.66 + j5 = 5 + j13.66 = 14.55 69.9
Sum = 80 + 100 sin ωt + 14.55 sin(3ωt + 69.9)
b. 20 + 60 sin α + 10 sin(2α  180) + 5 sin(3α + 180)

5 + 10 sin α + 0  4 sin(3α  30)
DC: 20  5 = 15
α: 60 + 10 = 70  70 sin α
2α: 10 sin(2α  180)
3α: 5 180  4 30 = 5  [3.46  j2] = 8.46 + j2
= 8.69 166.7
Sum = 15 + 70 sin α + 10 sin(2α  180) + 8.69 sin(3α + 166.7)
17. iT = i1 + i2
= 10 + 30 sin 20t  0.5 sin(40t+ 90)
+20 + 4 sin(20t + 90) + 0.5 sin(40t+ 30)
DC: 10 A + 20 A = 30 A
ω = 20 rad/s: 30 A 0 + 4 A 90 = 30 A + j4 A = 30.27 A 7.59
ω = 40 rad/s: 0.5 A 90 + 0.5 A 30
= j0.5 A + 0.433 A + j0.25 A
= 0.433 A  j0.25 A = 0.5 A 30
iT = 30 + 30.27 sin(20t + 7.59) + 0.5 sin(40t  30)
350 CHAPTER 25
18. e = υ1 + υ2
= 20  200 sin 600t + 100 sin(1200t + 90) + 75 sin 1800t
10 + 150 sin(600t + 30) +0 + 50 sin(1800t + 60)
DC: 20 V  10 V = 10 V
ω: 600 rad/s: 200 V 0 + 150 V 30 = 102.66 V 133.07
ω = 1200 rad/s: 100 sin(1200t + 90)
ω = 1800 rad/s: 75 V 0 + 50 V 60 = 108.97 V 23.41
e = 10 + 102.66 sin(600t + 133.07) + 100 sin(1200t + 90) + 108.97 sin(1800t + 23.41)
CHAPTER 25 351
Chapter 26
Ei V 1.05  1.00 V 50 mV
1. Zi = ; Ii = R   = 1.064 mA
Ii R 47  47 
= 986.84 Ω
E 1.05 V
Zi = i 
I i 1.064 mA
120 V 0
= 19.35 Ω  10.8° = 19 Ω + j3.623 Ω
Ei
2. Zi = 
I i 6.2 A   10.8
XL 3.623 
f = 60 Hz: R = 19 Ω, L =  = 9.61 mH
2 f 2 (60 Hz)
Ei1 20 mV
3. a. I i1   = 10 μA
Z i1 2 k
Ei2 1.8 V
b. Z i2   = 4.5 kΩ
I i2 0.4 mA
c. Ei3  I i3 Z i3 = (1.5 mA)(4.6 kΩ) = 6.9 V
E g  Eo4 V  3.8 V 0.2 V

4. Io =  = 0.1 mA(p  p)
Rs 2 k 2 k
E 3.8 V(p  p )
Zo = o  = 38 kΩ
I o 0.1 mA( p  p )
5. Eopeak  Eg peak  VRpeak = 2 V  0°  40 × 103 V  0° = 1.96 V  0°

VRpeak
40 mV
Ipeak = 
= 43.96 µA
Rs 0.91 k
E 1.96 V 0
Zo = o  = 44.59 kΩ
IR 43.96  A
6. Eopeak  2 0.6 V(rms) = 0.849 V
 
Eo( p p )  2 Eo( peak ) = 2(0.849 V) = 1.697 V
E g  Eo
18 V  1.697 V
Io =  = 51.5 µA(p  p)
Rs 2 k
E 1.697 V( p  p)
Zo = o  = 32.95 kΩ
I o 51.5  A(p  p )
352 CHAPTER 26
Eo p p Eg p p  VRp p 0.8 V  0.4 V
7. Zo =   = 10 kΩ
I o p p I o p p 40  A
VR p p  2 div  0.2 V/div. = 0.4 V
E g p p  4 div  0.2 V/div. = 0.8 V
VR p p 0.4 V
I o p p   = 40 μA
10 k 10 k
8. Ei = IiZi = (10 µA  0°)(1.8 kΩ  0°) = 18 mV  0°

E i(peak)  2 (18 mV) = 25.46 mV
Ei( p p ) = 2(25.46 mV) = 50.92 mV
Eo 4.05 V180
A NL   = 79.54  180° = 79.54
Ei 50.92 mV 0
Eo RL (5.6 k)
9. a. A   A NL  (3200) = 392.98
Ei RL  Ro 5.6 k  40 k
E E E
b. AT  o  o i
E g Ei E g
Zi E g Ei Zi
with Ei = and 
Zi  Rg E g Zi + Rg
Eo Zi (2.2 k)
AT    (392.98) = 320.21
Ei Zi  Rg 2.2 k  0.5 k
1400 mV
10. A NL  = 1200
1.2 mV 0
192 mV
A  = 160
1.2 mV
 A 
Ro  RL  NL  1
 A  
 1200 
 4.7 k   1
 160 
 30.55 k
Eo RL
11. a. A   A NL
Ei RL  Ro
2 k
160 = A NL = A NL (0.0667)
2 k  28 k
A NL = 2398.8
CHAPTER 26 353
b. Eo = IoRL = (4 mA)(2 kΩ) = 8 V
E
A = o = 160
Ei
Eo 8 V
Ei =  = 50 mV
160 160 V
E g  Ei 70 mV  50 mV
c. Ii =  = 50 µA
Rg 0.4 k
= 1 kΩ
Ei 50 mV
Zi = 
I i 50  A
Ri
12. a. Ai =  A NL
RL  Ro
(3200)(2.2 k)
=
5.6 k  40 k
= 154.39
 Rg  Z i 
b. A iT   AT 
 RL 
 A Z   Rg  Z i 
   i  
 Zi  R g   RL 
Zi  RL  Z i
A iT   A    A NL
RL  RL  Ro  RL
Zi
  A NL
RL  Ro
 (3200)(2.2 k)

5.6 k  40 k
 154.39
c. Same result since Ii = Ig
Ri RL
13. a. A G  A2 A = A NL
RL RL  Ro
2.2 k  5.6 k 
 ( 392.98) 2  (3200) 
5.6 k  5.6 k  40 k 
 6.067 ×104  392.98
Ri
A G   A A i A i =  A NL
RL  Ro
 (392.98)(154.39)
 2.2 k 
 6.067 ×104  (3200)  
 5.6 k  40 k 
 154.39
354 CHAPTER 26
Zi  2.2 k 
AT  A  (392.98)  = 320.21
 2.2 k  0.5 k 
b.
Zi  Rg
Rg  Z i  0.5 k  2.2 k 
A iT   AT  (320.21)   = 154.39
RL  5.6 k
 Rg  Ri   0.5 k  2.2 k 
A GT   A2T    ( 320.21) 2   = 4.94 × 104
 RL   5.6 k 
A GT   AT A iT  (320.21)(154.39) = 494 × 104
Io Z
14. a. Ai    A i
Ii RL
(160)(0.75 k)

2 k
 60
PL  Rg  Ri 
b. A GT   A2T  R 
Pg L
Zi
AT  A
Z i  Rg
(160)(0.75 k)
  104.35
0.75 k  0.4 k
 0.4 k  0.75 k 
A GT  (104.35) 2  
 2 k
= 6.261 × 103
15. a. AT  A1  A2 = (30)(50) = 1500
ZiL  1 k 
A iT  AT  (1500) 
 8 k 
b. = 187.5
RL
Zi1  1 k 
A i1   A1   (30) 
 2 k 
c. = 15
RL1
Zi2  2 k 
A i2   A2  (50) 
 8 k 
= 12.5
RL2
d. A iT  A i1  A i2 = (15)(12.5) = 187.5 as above
16. a. AT  A1  A2  A3
 
6912 = (12) A 2 (32)
A2 = 18
CHAPTER 26 355
 A1 Zi1  A1 Zi1
b. A i1  
RL1 Zi2
 (12)(1 k)
4=
Z i2
Z i2 = 3 kΩ
 A3 Zi3  (32)(2 k)

c. A i3  
RL3 2.2 k
= 29.09
A iT  A i1  A i2  A i3
= (4)(26)(29.09)
= 3.025 × 103
17. a.
E1
z11 =  Z1  (Z 2  Z3 )
I1 I2 0
Z1Z 2  Z1Z 3
z11 =
Z1 + Z 2  Z3
Z3I 2
I=
Z1 + Z 2  Z3
(Z3I 2 )(Z1 )
E1 = I1Z1 =
Z1 + Z 2  Z3
E1 Z1I 3
z12 = 
I2 I1  0
Z1 + Z 2  Z3
E2
z21 = Mirror image of z12
I1 I2 0
Z1Z 3
 z 21 
Z1 + Z 2  Z3
E2
z22 = Mirror image of z11
I2 I1  0
 z 22  Z3  (Z1  Z 2 )
Z1Z3  Z 2 Z3

Z1 + Z 2  Z3
356 CHAPTER 26
b. 
E1
18. a. z11 
I1 I2 0
z11  R4  R2  ( R1  R3 )
` R2 ( R1  R3 )
 R4 
R1  R2  R3
E1
z12 
I2 I1  0
R2 (I 2 )
I 
( R1  R2 )  R3
E1  I R2  I 2 R4
R2 R3I 2
  R4 I 2
R1  R2  R3
E1 R2 R3 R R  R4 ( R1  R2  R3 )
and z12 =   R4  2 3
I 2 R1  R2  R3 R1  R2  R3
E2 = I R3  I1 R4
R2 (I1 )
CDR: I  =
( R1  R3 )  R2
R2 R3I1
E2 = + I1R4
R1  R2  R3
E2 R2 R3 R R  R4 ( R1  R2  R3 )
and z21 =   R4  2 3
I1 R1  R2  R3 R1  R2  R3
E2
z 22 
I2 I1  0
Z22 = R4  R3  ( R1  R2 )
R ( R  R2 )
= R4  3 1
R3  ( R1  R2 )
CHAPTER 26 357
19. a. I1 YT  Y1  (Y2  Y3 )
y11 =
E1 Y1 (Y2  Y3 )
E2  0 
Y1  Y2  Y3
Y1Y2  Y1Y3

Y1  Y2  Y3
Nodal Analysis:
V [Y1  Y2  Y3 ]  E2Y2
V  = I1/Y1
and
 I1
[Y1  Y2  Y3 ]  E 2 Y2
Y1
I1  Y1Y2
y12 = 
E2 E1  0
Y1  Y2  Y3
I2
y21 = Mirror image of y12
E1 E2  0
 Y1Y2
 y 21 
Y1  Y2  Y3
I2
y22 = Mirror image of y11
E2 E1  0
y 22  YT  Y2  (Y1  Y3 )
Y1Y2  Y1Y3

Y1  Y2  Y3
I1
20. a. y11 =
E1 E2  0
y11  Y1  Y2  Y4
Y2 Y4
 Y1 
Y2  Y4
Y1 (Y2 + Y4 )  Y2 Y4

Y2  Y4
358 CHAPTER 26
I2
y21 = (using the above diagram)
E1 E2  0
I2 I I   1 1 
E1 =  (E  + E) =   2  2    I 2  
Y1  Y2 Y4   Y2 Y4 
 Y  Y2  I YY
and E1 = I 2  4  with y21 = 2   2 4
 Y4 Y2  E1 Y2  Y4
I2
y11 =
E1 E2  0
I1 I I   1 1 
E2 =  (E  + E  ) =   1  1   I1  
Y3  Y2 Y4   Y2 Y4 
Y2 Y4
and y12 =  = y21
Y2  Y4
I2 Y2 Y4
y22 = y22 = Y3 + Y2  Y4 = Y3 +
E2 E1  0
Y2  Y4
Y3 (Y2 + Y4 ) + Y2 Y4
=
Y2  Y4
21.
E1 Z1Z 2
h11 = = ZT = Z1  Z 2 
I1 E2  0
Z1 + Z 2
Using the above figure:
Z1 (I1 )
CDR: I2 =
Z1 + Z 2
I2 Z1
h11 = =
I1 E2  0
Z1 + Z 2
CHAPTER 26 359
E1
h12 =
E2 I1  0
Z1E 2
VDR: E1 =
Z1 + Z 2
E1 Z1
h12 = =
E2 I1  0
Z1 + Z 2
Using above figure:
I2 Z1Z3  Z 2 Z3
h22 = : Z  = Z 3  (Z1  Z 2 ) 
E2 I1  0
Z1 + Z 2  Z3
1 Z1  Z 2 + Z3
h22 = 
Z  Z1Z3  Z 2 Z3
22. a. E1
h11 =
I1 E2  0
= Z i  R1  (R 2  R 3  R 4 )
E1
h12 =
E2 I1  0
E1 = I R2  I 2 R4
R3 (I 2 )
I 
R1  R2  R3
R2 R3I 2
 E1   I 2 R4
R1  R2  R3
E E2
and I2 = 2 
Z  R4  R3  ( R1  R 2 )
 
 R2 R3  E2 
E1 =   R4   
 R1  R2  R3   R  R3 R1  R2 R3 
 4 R1  R2  R3 
E1 R2 R3  R4 ( R1  R2  R3 )
and h12 = 
E 2 R1 R3  R2 R3  R4 ( R1  R2  R3 )
360 CHAPTER 26
Z  R2  R3  R4
(Z  )(I1 )
I R1 
Z  + R1
RI
I  1 1
R1  Z 
R4 I  R4  R1 (I1 ) 
I R3    
R4  R3 R4  R3  R1  Z  
R1 R4 I1

( R3  R4 )( R1  Z )
 Z I1 R1 R4 I1
I 2 =  I R1  I R3  
Z  + R1 ( R3  R4 )( R1  Z )
I2  Z R1 R4 
h22 =   
I1 E2  0  Z  + R1 ( R3  R4 )( R1  Z ) 
1  R1 R4 
 Z  
R1  Z   R3  R4 
I2 1
h22 = 
E2 I1  0
ZT
ZT  R4  R3  ( R1  R2 )
1
h22 =
R4  R3  ( R1  R2 )
A Y- conversion would have simplified the problem to on similar to Fig 26.70.
E1
23. h11 =
I1 E2  0
Y   Y1  (Y2  Y3 )
Y1Y2  Y1Y3
Y 
Y1  Y2  Y3
1 Y1  Y2 + Y3
h11 = 
Y  Y1Y2  Y1Y3
I2
h21 =
I1 E2  0
CHAPTER 26 361
From above figure:
 Z3I1 I1/Y3
CDR: I2 = 
Z3 + Z 2 1/Y3  1/Y2
I2 1/Y3  Y2
and h21 =  
I1 E2  0
1/Y3  1/Y2 Y2  Y3
E1
h12 =
E2 I1  0
Z 3E2 1/Y3E 2
VDR: E1 = 
Z3 + Z 2 1/Y3  1/Y2
Y2 E 2
And E1 =
Y2  Y3
E1 Y2
with h12 = =
E2 I1  0
Y2 + Y3
I2 Y2  Y3
h22 = Y = (from above figure)
E2 I1  0
Y2 + Y3
I2 Y2 Y3
h22 = = Y =
E2 I1  0
Y2 + Y3
24. E1 1 1
h11 =  
I1 E2  0
YT Y1  Y2  Y4
I2  Z1 (I1 ) 1/ Y1 (I1 )

h21 = : CDR  I2 = 
I1 E2  0
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4 1/Y1  1/Y2  1/Y4
1/ Y1 (I1 )
=
Y2 Y4  Y1Y4  Y1Y2
Y1Y2 Y4
Y2 Y4
and h21 = 
Y2 Y4  Y1Y4  Y1Y2
362 CHAPTER 26
E1
h11 =
E2 I1  0
Z1 (E 2 )
VDR: E1 
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4
1/Y1 (E 2 )

1/Y1  1/Y2  1/Y4
Y2 Y4
and h12 =
Y2 Y4  Y1Y4  Y1Y2
I2
h22 = = YT (using the above figure)
E2 I1  0
YT = Y3  Y1  Y2  Y4
Y1Y2 Y4
= Y3 
Y1Y2  Y1Y4  Y2 Y4
25. a. Eq. 26.45:

hf 50
Ai =  = 47.62
1  ho Z L  1 
1  (2 k)
 40 k 
b. Eq. 26.46:
h f ZL
A 
hi (1  ho Z L )  hr h f Z L
50(2 k)
  99
1 k(1  0.05)  (4  104 )(50)(2 k)
E1 hr h f Z L
26. a. Zi =  hi 
I1 1  ho Z L
(4  104 )(50)(2 k)
 1 k   961.9 
 1 
1  
 40 k 
(2 k )
1 1
b. Zo =   200 k
hr h f 1 (4  104 )(50)
ho  
hi  Rs 40 k 1 k  0
CHAPTER 26 363
27. Z11 = 1 kΩ  0°, z12 = 5 kΩ  90°, z21 = 10 kΩ  0°, z22 = 2 kΩ  j4 kΩ, ZL = 1 kΩ  0°
E z z (5 k 90)(10 k)
Zi =  z11  12 21  1 k  = 9,219.5 Ω  139.40°
I z 22  Z L 2 k  j 4 k  1 k
E z z (5 k 90)(10 k)
Zo = 2  z 22  12 21  2 k  j 4 k  = 29.07 kΩ  86.05°
I2 Rs  z11 1 k  1 k
28.
1/ y 22 Z L
1/ y 22  Z L 
1/ y 22 + Z L
ZL

1  y 22 Z L
 ZL 
E2 = y21E1  
1  y 22 Z L 
  ZL 
I1 = E1y11 + y12E2 = E1y11 + y12   y 21E1  
  1  y 22 Z L  
I1 y y Z
 y11  12 21 L
E1 1  y 22 Z L
E 1
and Zi = 1 
I1 y y Z
y11  12 21 L
1  y 22 Z L
364 CHAPTER 26
1
Y   y11 
Rs
 y12 E 2  y12 E 2  y12 Rs E 2
E1 =  
Y 1 y11 Rs  1
y11 
Rs
 y R E 
I2 = y21E1 + y22E2 = y22  12 s 2  + y22E2
 y11 Rs  1 
I2 y y R
  12 21 s + y22
E2 y11 Rs  1
E2 1
and Zo = =
I2 y y R
E1  0 y 22  12 21 s
1  y11 Rs
z11z 22  z12 z 21 (4 k)(4 k)  (2 k)(3 k)

29. h11 =  = 2.5 kΩ
z 22 4 k
z 2 k
h12 = 12  = 0.5
z 22 4 k
z 3 k
h12 =  21  = 0.75
z 22 4 k
1 1
h22 =  = 0.25 mS
z 22 4 k
30. a. h = h11h22  h12h21 = (103)(20 × 106)  (2 × 104)(100)

= 20 × 103  20 × 103 = 0
 h 2  104
z11 = h = 0 Ω, z12 = 12  = 10 Ω
Z 22 h12 20  106 S
h 21 100 1
z21 =  6
= 5 MΩ, z22 = = 50 Ω
h 22 20  10 S h 22
1 1 h12 2  104
b. y11 =  3 = 103 S, y12 =  = 2 × 107 S
h11 10  h11 103 
h 100 
y21 = 21  3 = 100 × 103 S, y22 = h = 0 S
h11 10  h11
CHAPTER 26 365

Análise de Circuitos - Boylestad 12 Ed (SOLUCIONÁRIO)

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Online Instructor’s Manual

Introductory Circuit Analysis

14. a. °F = 2(°C) + 30° = 40° + 30° = 70°

d. 30°C  90°F vs. 86°

15. a. 14.6 b. 56.0

16. a. 14.60 b. 56.04

17. a. 14.603 b. 56.042

18. a. 104 b. 106 c. 103 d. 103

19. a. 15  103 b. 5  103 c. 2.4  106 d. 60  103

e. 4.02  104 f. 2  1010

20. a. 4.2  103 + 48.0  103 = 52.2  103 = 5.22  104

21. a. (102)(103) = 105 = 100  103

23. a. 102/104 = 102 = 10  103

24. a. (2  103)/(8  105) = 0.25  108 = 2.50  107

25. a. (102)3 = 1.0  106 b. (104)1/2 = 10.0  103

26. a. (2  102)2 = 4  104

e. (1  104)3(102)/106 = (1012)(102)/106 = 1010/106 = 1.0  1016

f. (16  106)1/2(105)5(2  102) = (4  103)(1025)(2  102) = 8  1020 = 800.0  1018

29. Scientific: a. 2.05 × 101

Engineering: a. 20.46 × 100

30. Scientific a. 5.0 × 102

Engineering: a. 50.0 × 103

31. a. 6  104 = 0.06  10+6 = 0.06 × 10+6

b. 0.4  103 = 400  106 = 400 × 106

c. 50  105 = 5000  103 = 5  106 = 0.005  109 = 0.005 × 109

d. 12  107 = 0.0012  103 = 1.2  106 = 1200  109 = 1200 × 109

32. a. 0.05  100 s = 50  103 s = 50 ms

b. 2000  106 s = 2  103 s = 2 ms

c. 0.04  103 s = 40  106 s = 40 s

d. 8400  1012 s  0.0084  106 s = 0.0084 s

e. 100  103  103 m = 0.1  103 m = 0.1 km

 5280 ft  12 in.   1 m 

60 mi 5280 ft 12 in. 1m 1h 1 min

1000 m   39.37 in.   1 ft   1 mi 

5 min 1 mile  5,280 ft  1056 ft  14 ft 

 264.172 gallons   8 pints 

47. (42 + 6/5)/3 = 14.4

49. MODE = DEGREES: cos 21.87 = 0.928

50. MODE = DEGREES: tan1(3/4) = 36.87

51. 400 /(6 2

53. 1.20  1012

54. 6.667  106 + 0.5  106 = 7.17  106

Q1Q2 (9  109 )(1 C)(2 C)

Q1Q2 (9  109 )(1 C)2 C 

Q1Q2 (9  109 )(1 C)(2 C)

kQ 2 F1r12 kQ 2 k  F1r12  r12

kQ1Q2 kQ1Q2 (9  109 )(20  106 ) 2

9. W = VQ = (60 V)(8 mC) = 0.48 J

W 120  J  6.242  1018 electrons 

12. a. W = QV = (1 × 1012 electrons)(40 V) = 40 × 1012 eV

15. Q = It = (40 mA)(0.8)(60 s) = 1.92 C

16. Q = It = (250 mA)(1.2)(60 s) = 18.0 C

22. a. Q = It = (2 mA)(0.01 s) = 2  1011 C

b. Q = It = (100 A)(1.5 ns) = 1.5  1013 C

23. Q = It = (200  103 A)(30 s) = 6 C

27. Ah = (0.8 A)(75 h) = 60.0 Ah

I2/I1 = 1.5 or 50 % more starting current available at 60 Ah

30. 0.75(18 Ah) = 13.5 Ah   250 mA

31. (18 Ah  15.5 Ah)/18 Ah × 100% = 13.89%

 39.37 in  1000 mils 

 1 in.  1000 mils 

2. a. ACM = (30 mils)2 = 900 CM

b. 0.016 in. = 16 mils, ACM = (16 mils)2 = 256 CM