Solidarity Continuation

"La Solidaridad was printed in Barcelona from February 15 to October 31, 1889, then in
Madrid, until its last issue on November 15, 1895.

From December 15, 1889 until its last issue, M. H. Del Pilar became the editor, replacing
Lopez Jaena

• The Contributors of La Solidaridad were mostly Filipinos like:

1. M. H. Del Pilar (Plaridel);
2. 2. Dr. Jose Rizal (Dimas Alang, Laong Laan);
3. 3. Mariano Ponce (Naning. Kalipulako, or Tigbalang);
4. 4. Antonio Luna (Tagalog)
5. 5. Some Foreigners also contributed their articles, like Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt
and Dr. Morayta.

FREEMASONRY
Many Filipino propagandist turned Masons because they need the help of the masons in
Spain and other countries in their fight for reforms. This organization called FREEMASONRY

The first filpino Masonic Lodge called Revolucion was founded by Lopez Jaena in
Barcelona

This fodge was recognized by the Grande Oriental Espanol headed by Morayta in April
1889. Revolucion did not last long

The following month, Lodge Solidaridad was organized in Madrid by M. H. Del pilar with
the help of Julio Llorente.

Lodge Solidaridad eventually prospered that other Filipinos joined it, including Dr. Jose
Rizal, Pedro Serrano Laktaw. Baldomaro Roxas. Galicano Apacible and others

La Liga Filipina (The Philippine League).

JOSE RIZAL wrote the Constitution of La Liga Filipina while living in Hong Kong with the
help of Jose Ma. Basa.

On the night of July 3, 1892, Rizal founded La Liga Filipina at the residence of Doroteo
Ongjungco in Ilaya St., Tondo, Manila, with:

1. Ambrosio Salvador - President:

2. Deodato Arellano - Secretary;
3. Bonifacio Arevalo - treasurer;
4. Agustin De la Rosa - Fiscal, and
5. Among those present were Pedro serrano, Domingo Franco, lose A. Ramos, Moises
Salvador, Apolinario Mabini Faustino Villaruel and Andres Bonifacio
The League's Objectives & Motto.
Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One like All) - served as an avowal of their ideals. Based in its
Constitution,
The OBJECTIVES OF LA LIGA were:
1) The unification of the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogenous
body,
2) Protection in cases of want and necessity;
3) Defense against violence and injustice;
4) Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce;
5) The study and implementations and reforms.

The Goals of La Liga

The Goals of La Liga were to be carried out by the Supreme Council The Provincial Council,
and the Popular Council.
Each member of the league had to pay ten centavos as monthly dues. The members ought to
chose a Symbolic name,

The situation alarmed the Spanish authorities

On July 6, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested by Governor Despujol and subsequently
imprisoned at Fort Santiago.

The following day, the Governor General ordered the deportation of Rizal to L Dapitan,
Zamboanga del Norte as punishment for his allegedly subversive materials.

Unit VI - The Filipino Nationalism

TOPIC 5. Bonifacio and The Katipunan.

THE KATIPUNAN
Some of the members of the Liga Filipina found out that peaceful agitation for reforms was
not enough.

This time, they opted for the country's freedom more than anything else. Andres Bonifacio
was one of them.

The radical ones led by Bonifacio believed that the welfare of the people could not be
achieved by requests for reforms but an armed revolution

Their goal was transformed from assimilation to separation and then Independence.
The Revolutionary Society
On the night of July 7, 1892, Bonifacio and his friends met secretly at Deodato Arellano's
house at No, 72, Azcarraga, St., (now Claro M. Recto) near Elcano Street in Tondo, Manila,

They decided to form a revolutionary society, modeled in part on Masonic Order called
Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Respected
Society of the Sons of People)otherwise known as K.K.K. or Katipunan, dedicated to National
Independence through armed revolution

It was agreed that the members be recruited by means of the Triangle Method in which an
original members would recruit two members who did not know each other but only knew the
original member who took them in. (Payment of Entrance fee - one real fuerte (25 centavos) and
a monthly due of medio real - (about 12 centavos)

The Triangle Method was abolished in December 1892 after it was found out to be too
cumbersome

New converts were initiated into the Secret Society using rites borrowed from the masonry.
The Neophyte was made to swear to guard the secrets of the society.

Aims of the Katipunan (the KKK had two aims).

1) To unite the Filipinos into one solid nation, and
2) To fight for Philippine independence from Spain.
The Katipunan prepared the country for an armed revolution to regain the country's lost
freedom.

THE KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT

The KATIPUNAN was more than a secret society. It was also a hidden government with a
Constitution The first one was promulgated in 1892 and another Constitution replacing the first
one in 1894.

The Central government of the Katipunan was vested in a Kataastaasang Sanggunian

(Supreme Council) with the officials aforementioned

In each Province, there was a Sanggunion Bayan (Provincial Council), and in each town, a
Sangguniang Balangay Popular Council),

The Judicial power resided in a secret chamber called Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial
Council). The courts passed judgment on members who disobeyed the secret rules of the society

Grades of Membership in the Katipunan.

There were three (3) Grades of Memberships in the Katipunan.

1. First Grade called Katipon (associate), wore a black mask at the Katipunan meetings. His
Password was Anak ng Bayan (Sons of People)

2. The Second Grade called Kawal (Soldier), wore a green mask. His password was GOM-BUR-ZA.

3. The Third Grade called Bayani (Patriot), wore red mask. His password was Rizal, the honorary
President of the Katipunan.
Officers of the Supreme Council

During the first election, the following officers of the Supreme Council were chosen:
Deodato Arellano - President
Andres Bonifacio Ladislao Diwa - Comptroller Fiscal
Teodoro Plata - Secretary
Valentin Diaz - Treasurer

There were also woman members of the Katipunan, but they were not required to sign with
their own blood

The Katipunan, (Continuation).

To be admitted at the woman section. One had to be a wife, daughter. sister of a Katipunero
to ensure the secrecy of the of the movement.

Among the women members were: Gregoria de Jesus, Bonifacio's wife was called the
Lakambini of the Katipunan; Benita Rodriguez, the wife of Katipunan Restituto Javier and Josefa
and Trinidad, sisters of Dr. Jose Rizal.

The women's chapter of the Katipunan was born during the Presidency of Roman Basa
(second President) in July 1893.

Josefa Rizal was elected President of the woman's chapter called La Semilla.

Bonifacio deposed Arellano as President in a meeting in February 1893 because of the

latter's inaction. Roman Basa was as ineffective as Arelleno, that he called a meeting of the
Society and readily deposed Basa. Bonifacio himself was elected Supremo (President).

Upon his request, Benita Rodriguez, with the help of Gregoria De Jesus, made a flag, which
consisted of a red rectangular piece of cloth with three white K's arranged horizontally at the
center,

This was the first official flag of the society; however some members had their flag with
three K's arranged in the form of a triangle.

Others had one K at the center of the red flag.

Knowing the importance of Primer to teach the members of the Society its ideals, Emilio
Jacinto prepared one, which he called Kartilya, a word adopted from the Spanish Cartilla, which
at that time meant a primer for grade school students.

Former UP President Rafael Palma, a revolutionary patriot, noted that Apolinario Mabini
wrote the original statutes of the Katipunan's Kartilya and Emilio Jacinto translated it into
Tagalog for the Benefit of the unschooled members of the Katipunan.

The Kartilya consisted of thirteen teachings which the members of the Society were
expected to observed
The Katipunan
Bonifacio wrote a decalogue or ten commandments titled Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga
Anak ng Bayan (Duties to be observed by the Sons of the Country) to lay the guidelines for good
citizenship.
The rules include:
1) Love of God, love of country, and one's fellowmen,
2) Diligence in work;
3) Sharing one's means with the poor)
4) Punishment of Scoundrel's and traitors, and
5) The guarding of the mandates and aims of the K.K.K.

Under Emilio Jacinto's supervision, two patriotic printers, Faustino Duque and Ulpiano
Fernandez, printed the KALAYAAN, the organ of the Katipunan, to disseminate the ideals of the
society.

KALAYAAN had its first and only issue in January 1896, which carried a false masthead
stating that it was being printed in Yokohama with Marcelo H. Del Pilar as editor. This was to
deceive the Spanish authorities and evade arrest.

Publised in the Kalayan was an essay titled "Ang Dapat mabatid ng Mga Tagalog"What the
Filipino should know) attributed to Bonifacio.

This Composition dealt with the three Questions asked of Katipunan applicants:
a) What were the conditions in the Philippines before Spanish conquest?
b) What is the condition of the country today?
c) What will be the Philippines tomorrow?

Copies of the Kalayaan reached members and possible recruits through the efforts of
Macario Sakay and Pio del Pilar as distributors.

The katipuneros were tirelessly recruiting members in Nueva Ecija, Bulacan and Cavite. The
society grew and began to spread into the non-tagalog provinces.

On April 10. 1895, Bonifacio and his companions including Emilio Jacinto, Restituto Javier
and Guillermo Masangkay entered the Pamitinan Cave (Cave of Bernardo Carpio) on Mt. Tipus in
the Mountain ranges of San Mateo, Montalban.

They held a secret session leading to the initiation rites of new recruits. After session,
Aurelio Tolentino picked up a piece of charcoal and wrote on the cave wall in Spanish, "VIVA LA
INDEPENDENCIA FILIPINA".

In the early part of 1895, Bonifacio became the Supremo (Head of the Supreme Council). He
also occupied this position in the fourth and fifth elections of the Supreme Council, in December
1895 and august 1896 respectively.

On June 15, 1896, Dr PIO VALENZUELA, acting as Bonifacio's emissary, sailed for Dapitan to
get Rizal's support for the armed revolution.

To cover his real mission for the Spanish authorities, he brought with him a blind man
named Raymundo Mata, who was in need of Dr. Rizal's medical services. Rizal did not agree to
the Katipunan's plans of an armed uprising since the people were not ready for it.
The Revolution of 1896
By the middle of 1896, as the Katipunan was busy preparing for the revolution, hints about
its existence reached the Spanish authorities.

On July 5, 1896, Manuel Sityar, the Spanish lieutenant of the Civil Guard stationed at Pasig,
reported the questionable activities of some Filipinos.

The Katipunan was finally discovered on August 19. Teodoro Patino a member of the
Katipunan betrayed the secrecy of it to father Mariano Gil, an Augustinian parish curate. On the
basis of Patino's information, the Spanish authorities acted immediately.

On August 23, Bonifacio, Jacinto and other Katipuneros met at Bahay Toro, Pugadlawin,
Balintawak, north of Manila and gathered at the residence of Melchora Aquino, known as
Tandang Sora.

In the mass meeting held, the Katipuneros tore their Cedulas personales (certificates) and at
the same time shouting. "Long live the Philippines! Long Uve the Katipunan"

This event is recorded in the history as the Cry of Balintawak or Cry of Pugadlawin". which
proclaimed their defiance to the Spanish government.

At Haedane Bato, Mandaluyong. Bonifacio gave his last Manifesto Katipunang Mararahas ng
mga Anak ng Bayan Society of Enraged Sons of the Country regarding the revolution that would
take place in Manila

Bonifacio led his army to attack the polverin (powder depot) in San Juan at the dawn of
Sunday, August 30, 1896. this is now known as the Battle of the Pinaglabanan.

The Spaniard outnumbered the revolutionaries who were not fully armed. Due to heavy
casualties, Bonifacio and his surviving men were forced to retreat to Balara.

A day earlier, August 29, Melchora Aquino was arrested by the Guardia Civil at Pasong putik,
Novaliches and Jailed at Bilibid prison for giving aid to the Katipuneros,

In the afternoon of August 30, Governor General Ramon Blanco, in trying to quell the
Philippine Revolution, issued a decree declaring a state of war in Manila and seven Luzon
provinces. Cavite, Laguna, Batanas, Bulacan, Pampangga, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac and placed them
under Martial Law.

The decree also provided that those who would surrender within 48 hours after the
publication of the decree would be pardoned except the leaders of the Katipunan.

Taking advantage of the amnesty provision some Katipuneros surrendered like Valenzuela,
However, the Spanish authorities only subjected them to torture and make them squeal matters
about the revolution.

On September 12, thirteen were put to death at Plaza de Armas, near the Fort of san Felipe
in Cavite and are now remembered as Los Trece Martires (The Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite).

Meanwhile, Rizal was arrested while in his way to Cuba to serve as doctor for the Spanish
army.
 On November 20, Dr. Jose Rizal appeared before Colonel Francisco Garcia Olive to answer
the charges filed against him.

By December 26, the litigation of Rizal took place before the Military Court. Two (2) days
after, Gov. Camilo Polavieja approved the verdict.

Rizal, convicted of Sedition, Rebellion, and Illicit Associations, was executed by firing squad
at Bagumbayan Field (now Luneta) on December 30, 1896, at 7:03.

Eight (8) Filipino soldiers, with eight (8) Spanish sodiers behind them carried out the
execution.

At the outbreak of revolution, the number of Katipuneros grew. On December 4, 1896, the
Katipunan members of Balangay Dimasalang met at Biga (now Balagtas) in the province of
Bulakan.

They wanted to reinforce their operation against the Spaniards and to conduct an election of
officials under the newly founded Kakarong Republic. Led by General Eusebio Roque (a.k.a.
Maestrong Sebio and Dimabungo) and around 6000 men and women enlisted themselves as
members.

On February 25, 1897 the town of Dasmarinas Cavite was taken by Spanish troops which
was defended by Gen. Flaviano Yengko, Yengko was mortally wounded in action and died on
March 3, 1897 at Imus Military Hospital,

Yengko was the youngest General of the Phil. Revolution, being younger than gen Gregorio
Del Pilar by one year, 2 months and 7 days in the bloody battle of Salitran, Gen Zabela was killed
by Yengkos group.

Rivalry in the Katipunan

In Cavite there were two Katipunan councils -
1. The Magdalo Council - headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo (Emilio Aguinaldo's cousin),
and
2. The Magdiwang Council - with Mariano Alvarez (uncle of Gregoria de Jesus,
Bonifacio's wife) as President.

The Capital of Magdiwang Council was Noveleta, then later transferred to San Francisco de
Malabon (now General trias)

The magdalo's Council had its Capital In Imus.

Emilio Aguinaldo first gained popularity after he had beaten a Sergeant of the Guardia Civil
in a single combat.

He even became more renowned after his successful uprising in Kawit, then in the Battle of
Imus and in the early part of November 1896, he liberated the town of Talisay, Batangas from the
Spanish soldiers Upon Invitation of the Magdiwang in the Province of Cavite, Bonifacio left his
hideout in Morong,

On December 1, 1896, he and his wife together with his two brothers (Ciriaco and Procopio)
General Lucino and twenty soldiers arrived in Cavite ;

The Magdalo Council hosted a general assembly of both factions in Imus on December 31, a
day after Rizal's execution.
 Bonifacio Conducted the meeting. Among the issues discussed were:

1) Establishment of a revolutionary government under the new elected officials, and

2) Uniting the Magdiwang and Magdalo forces under a single command. The Magdalo
faction believed that with the outbreak of revolution, the Katipunan has ceased to be a
secret society and therefor should be replaced by a new one.

The Magdiwang insisted that there was no need to create a revolutionary government
because the Katipunan was actually a government with a Constitution and By Laws recognized by
everyone,

Before the casting of votes had taken place, Bonifacio reminded that whoever should get
elected in any position should be respected. Elected were as follow:

President - Emilio Aguinaldo

Vice President - Mariano Trias

Captain-General - Artemio Ricarte

Director of War - Emiliano Riego de Dios

Director of the Interior - Andres Bonifacio

Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, protested Bonifacio's election saying that his position should be
occupied by a lawyer.

Daniel Tirona suggested a Caviteno lawyer, Jose Del Rosario, for the post.

Bonifacio felt insulted. He demanded Tirona to retract what he had said. But, Tirona, instead
of offering an apology, tried to leave the scene .

This infuriated Bonifacio and made him drew his revolver to shoot Tirona, but Ricarte and
others intervened.

Bonifacio angrily declared the election null and void and left the assembly room with his
bodyguards.

A day after the tejeros assembly, March 23, Bonifacio gathered his followers and drafted a
document called Acta de Tejeros, signed by Bonifacio and 44 other plotters.

The document reiected the Revolutionary Government of Aguinaldo on the following

grounds:
1. The Tejeros assembly lack legality;
2. There was a Magdalo conspiracy to oust Bonifacio from leadership:
3. The election of official was fraudulent and
4. Actual pressure has been brought upon the presidency

Bonifacio, with his wife Gregoria, his two brothers (Ciriaco and Procopio) and loyal
followers fled to Limbon (barrio of Indang).

Upon learning of Bonifacio's presence at Limbon and the alleged crime committed by his
soldiers in Indang, Aguinaldo summoned Colonels Agapito Bengson, Felipe Topacio and Jose
ignacio Paua to go to Limbon with some troops and to arrest Bonifacio and his men. Bonifacio
furiously resisted.

Ciriaco Bonifacio and two soldiers were killed, while Bonifacio himself was wounded in the
left arm and neck.

Bonifacio (in a hammock), Gregoria and the surviving Bonifacio soldiers were taken
prisoners and brought to Naic.

The case of Bonifacio brothers evolved quite rapidly after a Council of War headed by Gen.
Mariano Noriel was created

The Trial began on May 5, with Placido Martinez as defense attorney for Bonifacio and
Teodoro Gonzales for Procopio. - Tragically, the Bonifacio brothers were given the penalty of
death the next day. The charges were treason, conspiracy to assassinate President Aguinaldo, and
bribery.

Pio del Pilar testified in the trial of Bonifacio saying that the latter had been forcing officers
to join him.

As for Severino, de las Alas, it was he who made the false charges that the friars bribed
Bonifacio to established the Katipunan and made the Filipinos into fighting the wars for which
they were poorly armed. Bonifacio also ordered the burning of the convent and church of Indang,
and

The soldiers had taken by force from people carabaos and other animals. He also accused
Bonifacio and his men that they planning to surrender to the Spaniards.

Lieutenant Colonel Pedro Giron, turning state witness, told the council that Bonifacio gave
him initial payment of ten pesos to assassinate Aguinaldo but he refused to follow the order.

On May 10, 1897, General Noriel ordered Major Lazaro Macapagal to release the Bonifacio
brothers from Prison

He gave Macapagal a sealed letter with orders to read its details after reaching their
destination.

The Katipunan in Cavite rose in arms on August 31, 1896. At Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit), the
Magdalo troops led by Candido Tria Tirona attacked the enemy garrison.

The Magdiwang forces on the other hand, pounded the Spaniards in Noveleta

In the morning of September 5, Emilio Aguinaldo and his men assailed the Spanish troops
stationed at Imus under the command of General Eusebio Aguirre.

In This battle, the Spaniards lost hundreds of men, from that time on, Cavitenos recognized
Aguinaldo as man of Distinguished valor and called him General Miong, no longer Captain Miong,

Macapagal took four men with him and open the letter upon the request of Bonifacio

The letter ordered the execution of Andres and his brother Procopio.

Included in the letter was a warning that failure to comply with the order would result to
severe punishment.

Macapagal followed the order and executed them at Mount Nagpatong, Maragondon
(according to National Historical Institute)

Macapagal placed a few twigs on the swallow grave of the two brothers.
The Biak-Na-Bato Republic.

AFTER THE DEATH OF BONIFACIO, THE REVOLUTION WENT FROM BAD TO WORST FOR
THE FILIPINOS.

AGUINALDO LOST ONE BATTLE AFTER ANOTHER.

THE NEW SPANISH GO]]VERNOR GENERAL, FERNANDO PRIMO DE RIVERA, BROUGHT

FRESH REINFORCEMENTS FROM SPAIN.

AGUINALDO MOVED HIS WAR CAMP MANY TIMES AWAY FROM CAVITE

Aguinaldo and his men joined the troops of Gen. Mariano Llanera of Nueva Ecija in
assaulting Spaniards stationed in the Central Luzon provinces.

On November 1, the Revolutionary leaders met and adopted a Constitution titled the
Provisional Constitution of the Philippine Republic.

It declared that the aim of the revolution was the separation of the Philippines from Spanish
monarchy and the formation of the Philippine Independent State.

On the same day, the Biak-na-Bato Republic was also inaugurated and the officials were:
1) Emilio Aguinaldo - President

2) Mariano Trias - Vice President

3) Isabelo Artacho - Secretary of the Interior

4) Antonio Montenegro - Secretary of foreign Affairs

5) Baldomero Aguinaldo - Secretary of the Treasury

6) Emliano Riego de Dios - Secretary of war

This agreement known as the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, resulted to the voluntary exiled of
Aguinaldo and his men to Hong Kong. This pact consist of three documents. The first were signed
on December 14, and the third on December 15, 1897.

On December 25, 1897, Aguinaldo with Pedro Paterno and others went to Lingayen
Pangasinan, from where a Spanish merchant Steamer was to take them to Hong Kong.

Two days after Aguinaldo and 25 others sailed for Hong Kong on board the steamer Uranus,
in compliance with the pact.

General Artemio Ricarte stayed behind at Biak-na-Bato to supervise the surrenders of arms
by the revolutionaries.

The Spanish Government announced the end of the Hostilities on the January 23, 1898. it
proclaimed amnesty two days later; and it gave part of the promised money to the rebels in Hong
Kong.

However, after the peace fact, neither side fully complied with the terms of the Agreement.

The Government never instituted the expected reforms. Likewise, the Filipinos continued
their plan to overthrow the government
 In central Luzon, General Francisco Makabulos of Tarlac establish a provincial revolutionary
government with a Constitution written by him.

The Makabulos Constitution adopted on April 17, 1898, set up this provisional government
in Central Luzon to continue in force until a general government for the Republic was
established.

In Malolos, General Isidro Torres established his camp to continue the revolutionary spirit.

Revolts were also experienced in Bohol, Cebu, Panay and others Island in the Country.

Feliciano Jocson, a pharmacist, incited the patriots in Manila to continue the fight against the
Spaniards.

Aguinaldo and his officer went into exile but did not end the fight to win independence from
Spain.

On a letter written in Hong Kong dated February 19,1898, Mariano Ponce stated that
General Aguinaldo had signed the Pact of Biak-na Bato because under its terms, the Filipino
revolutionist could rest and regain their lost strength and then return to combat with renewed
vigor.

The Spanish American war

The Spanish American war which broke out on April 25, 1898, ended on August 12 of the
same year.

There were many factors that contributed to the US decision to open hostilities against
Spain.

These included the Cuban struggle for Independence, efforts of the American to extend
influence overseas and the sinking of the U.S. warship Maine.

Americas open support for the Cubans revolution and her vast investment in Cubans sugar
industry led her involvement in this Spanish colony.

On April 19, the U.S. Congress passed several resolutions demanding the pull out of Spanish
forces in Cuba. To save her honor, Spain declared war against U.S. on April 24.

The next day, the U.S. Congress declared war on Spain and thus the Spanish American war
began.

The Conclusion of the Spanish - American war, which resulted to the victory of the
Americans paved the way to the end of the Spanish Colonial rule and the rise of the United States
as global power.
Filipino - American Collaboration
At the end of Spanish-American war, General Emilio Aguinaldo was in Singapore where he
had negotiations with the American consul general, Mr. E. Spencer Pratt, regarding the
American's offer to support the Philippines in fighting the Spaniards.

The US would then recognized the Philippine Independence after the defeat of Spain. .

Pratt advised Aguinaldo to meet with Commodore Dewey who was then based in Hong
Kong, if he were to join the latter should he sail from the Philippines.

General Aguinaldo, rushed to HK but missed Commodore Dewey who had already sailed to
Manila to destroy the Spanish Fleet.

The Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898 at 5:40 a.m. and ended at noon. Admiral Patricio
Montojo of the Spanish forces incurred heavy casualties with 160 of his men killed and 210
wounded.

This battle made Dewey instant hero. The Congress promoted him to rear admiral and later
Admiral.

Upon the advice of the Hong Kong Junta, General Aguinaldo left on board the McCulloch
(others McCullough), Dewey dispatch vessel and arrived in Cavite on May 19, 1898.

He reassumed command rebel forces.

His first act upon his return was his proclamation on May 21, urging the people to rise arms
and join the Americans in a common struggle against the Spaniards.

On May 24,1898 General Aguinaldo establish a dictatorial government with him as the
Dictator, upon the advice of Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista.

Aguinaldo established a new government to revoke the authority of the Biak-na-Bato

Republic and unite the revolutionary forces.

At that time, a dictatorship was necessary to carry out the war successfully.

On May 28, the Consultative Assembly instituted by Governor General Basilio Agustin met
for the first time.

But the Filipinos did not like to settle for the projected reforms. They Clamor for total
independence.

The Capture of Manila bay was the principal objective of General Aguinaldo. He and his
group commanded by General Gregorio Del Pilar, Pio Del Pilar, Artemio Ricarte, and Mariano
Noriel, among others, surrounded the city.

This initial success inspired other people to relive the revolutionary spirit.

Dewey's Squadron dominated the bay and thus the Spaniards were trapped within the city
walls.

Aguinaldo's men had cut off the supply of foodstuffs and potable water in the city. The
populace suffered terribly during the siege.

Aguinaldo offered Governor General Agustin terms for an honorable surrendered but the
latter rejected him.
 Dewey demanded the surrendered of Manila on August 7. Consequently, the Spanish
governor general honorably conceded.

UNIT VII - THE BIRTH OF NATION TOPIC

1. The Proclamation of Philippine Independence;
2. The Incredulous Battle of Manila; and
3. The Malolos republic.

Learning Objectives:
• THE LEARNERS can:
1. Examine human weaknesses in the Filipino Heroes struggle for Independence;
2. Explain the factors leading to the Philippine Revolution; and
3. Appreciates the works of the reformists.