Type: Kharif  Uses: eating & foreign exchange earnings through export

Main regions: Punjab and Sindh (Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Gujranwala and Larkana)  Optimal Temp: 20 –
30 degrees  Sowing: april, may, june
Weather: warm, dry overall to mature/ripen  Rainfall: quite heavy, around 1270mm min but over 2000
mm is ideal (why is it mm?) . Irrigation becomes necessary to bridge the gap. Almost exclusively, it is
grown on irrigated fields.
Soil: flat land for irrigation/machinery, loamy/clayey soil, (loamy: all three parts of silt, sand and clay),
impervious to retain water more and more (not allowing fluid to pass through.)
HYV: Irri Pak (Irri 6) – increased output and exports
The entire process is for large scale consumption which requires for the area to be as vast as possible 
The plains of Sindh and Punjab thus become ideal locations for rice cultivation
The northern areas are limited to their terraced fields which have small scale outputs at best
Rice seeds are sown into beds/nurseries – meaning they are sown at one place first, taken care of and
then removed and planted somewhere else in a proper field
The first stage becomes to plant the rice seeds in a bed/nursery and nurture it till it is 9 inches high
This is the transplantation  The field onto which it is transplanted is prepared such that it is flooded to a
depth of 30-37 cm  These water levels are maintained on the field till the rice is ripe
Once it is the time to harvest, only then is the water drained off
Threshing is the name of the stage by which the useful part of the crop (the grain) is separated from the
inedible part – in this case, the husk. Animals/machine can both execute this purpose but depends on the
wealth and scale of the farm
After threshing, rice is taken to mills for polishing/packaging and the husk is used as a byproduct for
cardboards and make shift concrete/cement
India, China, US, Pakistan and Brazil
Cotton textile production and apparel manufacturing are Pakistan's largest industries, accounting for
about 65% of the merchandise exports and almost 40% of the employed labour force.
Pakistan exports of cotton was US$3.24 Billion during 2019. Pakistan Exports of cotton was US$2.64
Billion during 2020, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade.
Type: kharif (apr/may – oct/nov)
Uses: clothes, furnishing fabrics, bed linen and industrial fabric  Main regions: Punjab (Multan, RYK,
Bahawalpur) and Sindh (Nawabshah, Nausharo Feroze, Sangarh and Hyderabad)
Weather: overall mild night time weather for the right development of cotton bolls with dry and sunny days
at the time of harvest
Rainfall: ample preferred, 1000 mm, coming in frequently and with sunny periods in between. Irrigation is
a necessity if moisture levels drop 500mm – at the cash crop levels, irrigated fields are the majority in
Pakistan. HOWEVER: rain becomes a necessity
Soil: medium loam, needs supplements in the form of natural manure or chemical fertilizers to keep the
soil as fertile as possible – otherwise crop rotation is handy. LAND needs to be levelled
Human Inputs: machines, automatic picking machine, but human labour equally important, pesticides and
insecticides, irrigation and fertilizers
HYV: Nayyab 78, B-557 and 149 – F
WHAT DOES NOT WORK: Leaf curl virus and frost, rain while picking damages the boll