 Introduction and classification of welding techniques:

1- INTRODUCTION

Welding is a materials joining process in which two or more parts are

coalesced at their contacting surfaces by a suitable application of heat and/or
pressure. Many welding processes are accomplished by heat alone, with no
pressure applied; others by a combination of heat and pressure;and still others
by pressure alone, with no external heat supplied. In some welding processes a
filler material is added to facilitate coalescence. The assemblage of parts that
are joined by welding is called a weldment.

Welding is most commonly associated with metal parts, but the process is also
used for joining plastics.

Its importance derives from the following:

 Welding provides a permanent joint. The welded parts become a single

entity.
 The welded joint can be stronger than the parent materials if a filler
metal is used that has strength properties superior to those of the
parents, and if proper welding techniques are used.
 Welding is usually the most economical way to join components in terms
of material usage and fabrication costs. Alternative mechanical methods
of assembly require more complex shape alterations (e.g., drilling of
holes) and addition of fasteners (e.g., rivets or bolts). The resulting
mechanical assembly is usually heavier than a corresponding weldment.
 Welding is not restricted to the factory environment. It can be
accomplished ‘‘in the field.’’

2.CLASSIFICATION OF WELDING PROCESSES:

There are many types of welding techniques used to join metals. The
welding processes differ in the manner in which temperature and pressure
are combined and achieved.
The welding process is divided into two major categories:
1. Plastic Welding or Pressure Welding and
2. Fusion Welding or Non-Pressure Welding.

Plastic Welding or Pressure Welding: When the metal piece acquires

plastic state on heating and external pressure is applied is Pressure
Welding Process. The advantage of this process is the base metal does not
melt and hence the original properties are retained with the metals being
 joined.

1 Fusion Welding or Non-Pressure Welding: In case of fusion welding it

can classified low temperature welding and high temperature welding.
When heat is generated to develop low temperature it is called low
temperature welding like soldering and brazing. Other fusion welding
methods are high temperature welding methods. Fusion welding can also
be classified on the basis of method of heat generation like gas welding,
electric arc welding, resistance welding, thermit welding, etc.

TYPES OF WELDING:

Welding process can also be classified as follows:

1. Gas Welding:
 Oxy Acetylene Welding.
 Oxy Hydrogen Welding.
 Pressure Gas Welding

2. Arc Welding:
 Carbon Arc Welding
 Shield Metal Arc Welding
 Submerged Arc Welding
 Metal Inert Gas Welding
 Tungsten Inert Gas Welding
 Electro Slag Welding
 Plasma Arc Welding
3. Resistance Welding:
 Spot welding
 Flash Welding
 Resistance Butt Welding
 Seam Welding

4. Solid State Welding

 Forge Welding
 Cold Welding
 Friction Welding
 Explosive Welding
 Diffusion Welding
 Ultrasonic Welding
5. Thermo-Chemical Welding
 Thermit Welding
 Atomic H2 Welding
6. Radiant Energy Welding
 Electron Beam Welding
 Laser Welding