Katsina Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences VOL. 7 No.

2 September 2018 (ISSN: 2141-0755)

REPRESENTATION OF AN ARBITRARY RING (OR GROUP) AS HEARTY RHOTRIX RING

(OR GROUP): TWO ANALOGOUS CASES TO CAYLEY’S THEOREM
Abdul Mohammed1 and Mustapha Shettima2
1, 2Department of Mathematics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

1Corresponding Author E-mail:abdulmaths@yahoo.com Phone: +2348065519683

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT
This paper presents two results that are analogous to Cayley’s theorem. The first result shows that an arbitrary ring
R is isomorphic to hearty rhotrix ring over the same arbitrary ring R. The second result shows that an arbitrary
group G is isomorphic to the hearty rhotrix group over the same arbitrary group G. The first result can serve as a
useful tool for the study of ring representation theory. Also, the second result can be a very useful tool for studying
representation theory of both finite and infinite groups.

Keywords: Rhotrix, rhotrix ring, hearty rhotrix ring, rhotrix isomorphism

_________________________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION
The initial algebra and analysis of rhotrix commenced from the work of Ajibade (2003), where a set of all
rhotrices of size three having entries from the set 𝑅 of all real numbers was defined as
 a 
 
R3 ( R)   b c d : a, b, c, d , e  R  , (1)
 e 
 
where c was called the heart of any rhotrix in R3 ( R) . Thereafter, a generalized definition of a rhotrix set
was given by Mohammed (2011) as a mathematical rhomboid array of the form:
 r1 
 
 r2 r3 r4 
 ... ... ... ... ... 
 
 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 
 r t 1  ... ... ... r t 1  ... ... ... r t 1  
Rn ( R )  { ri : ri  R}     n \ 2     n \ 2
: ri  R .
  2   2   2  
 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 
 ... ... ... ... ... 
 
 rt 3 rt  2 rt 1  (2)
 rt 
 
where 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑡, 𝑡 = 12 𝑛2 + 1 , 𝑛 ∈ 2𝑍 + + 1, n\2 is the integer division on division of n by 2 and
h( An )  r(t 1) / 2 is called the heart of any rhotrix An  Rn () . Thus, the weight of any rhotrix
An  Rn (R) is given by 𝐴𝑛 = 12 𝑛2 + 1 . The rhotrix set Rn (R) has an infinite cardinality, since R
is infinite. The operations of addition and multiplication defined in (Mohammed, 2011) are recorded
and modified to compact form respectively as follows:
An  Bn  ai  bi  ai  bi  ri

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a1  b1
a2  b2 a3  b3 a4  b4
    
    a t 1   b t 1    
   
 2   2 
    
at 3  bt 3 a t  2  bt  2 at 1  a t 1
at  bt
(3)

An  Bn  ai  bi  ci ,
(4)

Where
ci   h ( A) h ( B ), for i  14 n 2 3

ai h ( B ) bi h ( A), otherwise

 

It was stated in (Mohammed, 2011) that for any two rhotrices 𝐴 and 𝐼, if 𝐴 𝑜 𝐼 = 𝐼 𝑜 𝐴 = 𝐴 then 𝐼 is
called the identity rhotrix. Thus, the rhotrix
a1
a2 a3 a4
    
A    a t 1    
 
 2 
    
a t 3 at  2 at 1
at
(5)

has
0
0 0 0
    
I 0  0 1 0  0
    
0 0 0
0 (6)
as its identity rhotrix. The inverse of the rhotrix A is the rhotrix P satisfying the property that

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Katsina Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences VOL. 7 No. 2 September 2018 (ISSN: 2141-0755)

𝐴 𝑜 𝑃 = 𝑃 𝑜 𝐴 = 𝐼, where 𝑃 was given as

a1
a2 a3 a4
    
1 1
P A      h( A)   
h( A) 2
    
at 3 at 2 at 1
at
(7)
It was mentioned in Mohammed (2007) that the triple (𝑅3 𝑅 , +, ∘) forms the commutative ring of all
rhotrices of size 3 with entries from the ring of all real numbers. A hearty rhotrix set was defined in
(Mohammed, 2007) as
 0 
 
R 3 ( R)   0 c 0 : 0, c  R 
*

 0 
 
and it was mentioned that the triple (𝑅 3 𝑅 , +, ∘) forms „the ring of all real hearty rhotrices of size 3’ , which
∗

is a subring of (𝑅3 𝑅 , +, ∘). Furthermore, the set

 0 
 
R 3 ( Z )   0 c 0 : 0, c  Z 
*

 0 
 
was called the set of all integer hearty rhotrices of the same size and it was established therein that the
triple (𝑅 ∗ 3 𝑍 , +, ∘) forms „the ring of all integer hearty rhotrices of size 3‟, which is a subring of (𝑅3 𝑅 , +, ∘).

This later result motivated Tudunkaya and Makanjuola (2010) to establish that the triple (𝑅∗ 3 𝑍𝑃 , +, ∘)
forms „finite field of all residue integer hearty rhotrices of size 3’, because the rhotrices contain their entries
from finite field of integers modulo prime p, where

 0 
 
R 3 ( Z P )   0 c 0 : 0, c  Z P  .
*

 0 
 
Following this, Usaini and Tudunkaya (2011) presented (𝑅∗ 𝑛 𝑍𝑃 , +, ∘) as „finite field of all residue integer
hearty rhotrices of size 𝑛‟ over finite field 𝑍𝑝 , where
 01 
 
 ... ... ... 
 
R * n ( Z P )   ... ... 0  t 1  c t 1 
 
0  t 3  ... ...
 
: 0, c  Z P  .
  2   2   2  
 ... ... ... 
 0t 
 

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Katsina Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences VOL. 7 No. 2 September 2018 (ISSN: 2141-0755)

Mohammed and Shettima (2017a) showed that the triple (𝑅𝑛 𝑅 , +, ∘) forms „the ring of all real rhotrices of
size n‟. Furthermore, Mohammed and Shettima (2017b) determined a number of subrings of (𝑅𝑛 𝑅 , +, ∘)
in which the triple (𝑅∗ 𝑛 𝑅 , +, ∘) forms „the ring of all real hearty rhotrices of size n‟, a generalization of
(𝑅∗ 3 𝑅 , +, ∘) in (Mohammed, 2007).

It is now worthy of note to say that, while one is carrying out review of articles in rhotrix theory, and it
got to the above stage, one may be inspired to think from observation that „any arbitrary ring (or field)
can be represented as a hearty rhotrix ring (or field)‟. This is what we consider in this article as „an
analogous case of Cayley’s theorem in group theory‟, which says that „any finite group can be represented as a
permutation group‟.

In this paper, we shall show that any arbitrary ring can be represented as a hearty rhotrix ring. To achieve
this goal, it will be shown that any arbitrary ring is isomorphic to the hearty rhotrix ring over the same
arbitrary ring. Next, concrete illustrations of the research result are given in form of corollaries.
Furthermore, as a very important result, it will be shown that „any arbitrary group can be represented as
a hearty rhotrix group over the same arbitrary group.

ISOMORPHISM OF AN ARBITRARY RING TO THE HEARTY RHOTRIX RING OVER THE SAME
ARBITRARY RING
The following result shows that an arbitrary ring of numbers can be represented as a hearty rhotrix ring
over the same arbitrary ring. Implying that, the two rings will be shown to preserve the same algebraic
structure of each another. This is what the theorem1 below really addresses.

Theorem 1 (Analog of Cayley’s theorem in ring theory)

Let (𝑆, +, ⋅) be any arbitrary ring of numbers under the usual operation of addition (+) and
multiplication (⋅) with 𝑆 = 𝑠1 , 𝑠2 , … as underlying set of numbers in tabular form. Then (𝑆, +, ⋅) can be
represented as a hearty rhotrix ring (𝑅𝑛 𝑆 , +,∘) with underlying rhotrix set
 0 0 0 
 
          
Rn ( S )   0 ... s1 ... 0 , 0 ... s2 ... 0 , 0 ... s3 ... 0 ,....
          
 
 0 0 0 
in tabular form over the same arbitrary ring S.
Proof
To establish this result, first; define a mapping 𝜃 from the arbitrary ring 𝑆 to the hearty rhotrix ring 𝑅𝑛 𝑆
and secondly; show that 𝜃 is a bijective homomorphism.
Now, let define the mapping 𝜃 from 𝑆 to 𝑅𝑛 𝑆 in tabular form as follows:
0
  
 ( si )  0 ... si ... 0 , for i  1, 2,3,...
  
0

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Clearly, the mapping is well defined since each element in the ring 𝑆 has an image in the hearty rhotrix
ring 𝑅𝑛 𝑆 . It can be observed that 𝜃 is a homomorphism, since for any 𝑠𝑥 , 𝑠𝑦 ∈ 𝑆,
0
  
 (s x  s y )  0 ... s x  s y ... 0
  
0
0 0
     
 0 ... s x ... 0  0 ... s y ... 0   (s x )   (s y )
     
0 0
and

0
  
 (sx  s y )  0 ... s x s y ... 0
  
0

0 0
     
 0 ... s x ... 0  0 ... s y ... 0   (s x )   (s y )
     
0 0

Furthermore, 𝜃 is an injective homomorphism, because if an element 1 is a unity element in the ring 𝑆

then the kernel is given by
0
  
𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑙 = 1: 𝜃 1 = 0 ... 1 ... 0 ⊂ 𝑆.
  
0
Alternatively, ∀𝑠𝑥 , 𝑠𝑦 ∈ 𝑆, 𝜃 𝑠𝑥 = 𝜃 𝑠𝑦 implies two rhotrices:

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Katsina Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences VOL. 7 No. 2 September 2018 (ISSN: 2141-0755)

0 0
     
0 ... s x ... 0  0 ... s y ... 0 .
     
0 0
Hence, sx  s y .
Also, 𝜃 is a surjective homomorphism and the image is given below.
 0 
 
    
 
Im( )   0 ... si ... 0   ( si )  Rn S   Rn S 
    
 

 0 

That is, each element in 𝑆 has an image in Rn (S ) . So the image of 𝜃 under 𝑆 is the whole of the hearty
rhotrix ring Rn (S ) . Thus,  (S )  Rn (S ) . Hence, 𝜃 is an isomorphism from any arbitrary ring 𝑆 to the
hearty rhotrix ring Rn (S ) . This completes the proof.

Now, we shall provide the following results that may serve as specific cases for the theorem 1 above.

Corollary 1.1
Let (Z, +, ∙) be the ring of all integer numbers under the usual operation of addition (+) and
multiplication (∙) then (Z, +, ∙) is isomorphic to the integer hearty rhotrix ring 𝑅 ∗ 𝑛 Z , +,∘ .
Proof
Let 𝑍 = … , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, … . Putting S=Z and R*n (S )  R*n (Z ) in the above theorem1, the result
is established.

Corollary 1.2
Let (𝑍𝑝 ,+𝑝 , ∙𝑝 ) be the ring of all residue integer numbers modulo prime p. Then (𝑍𝑝 ,+𝑝 , ∙𝑝 ) is isomorphic
to the integer hearty rhotrix ring 𝑅 ∗ 3 𝑍𝑝 , +𝑝 , °𝑝 over 𝑍𝑝 .
Proof
Putting 𝑛 = 3, S=𝑍𝑝 , 𝑅𝑛 𝑆 = 𝑅∗ 3 𝑍𝑝 , += +𝑝 , ∙= ∙𝑝 and ° = °𝑝 in the above theorem1, the result holds.

Corollary 1.3
Let (𝑍𝑝 ,+𝑝 , ∙𝑝 ) be the ring of all residue integer numbers modulo prime p. Then (𝑍𝑝 ,+𝑝 , ∙𝑝 ) is isomorphic
to the residue hearty rhotrix ring 𝑅∗ 𝑛 𝑍𝑝 , +𝑝 , °𝑝 over 𝑍𝑝 .
Proof
Putting 𝑆 = 𝑍𝑝 , 𝑅𝑛 𝑆 = 𝑅∗ 𝑛 𝑍𝑝 , += +𝑝 , ∙ = ∙𝑝 and ° = °𝑝 in the above theorem1, the result holds.

Corollary 1.4
Let (Q, +, ∙) be the ring of all rational numbers under the usual operation of addition (+) and
multiplication (∙) then (Q, +, ∙) is isomorphic to the rational hearty rhotrix ring R*n (Q ) , +,∘ .

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Proof
Putting 𝑆 = 𝑄 and 𝑅𝑛 𝑆 = 𝑅∗ 𝑛 𝑄 , in the theorem1 above, the result is proved.

Corollary 1.5
Let (R, +, ∙) be the ring of all rational numbers under the usual operation of addition (+) and
multiplication (∙) then (R, +, ∙) is isomorphic to the real hearty rhotrix ring 𝑅∗ 𝑛 𝑅 , +,∘ .
Proof
Putting S= Q and 𝑅𝑛 𝑆 = 𝑅∗ 𝑛 𝑅 in the theorem1 above, the result is justified.

Corollary 1.6
Let (C, +, ∙) be the ring of all rational numbers under the usual operation of addition (+) and
multiplication (∙) then (C, +, ∙) is isomorphic to the rational hearty rhotrix ring 𝑅 ∗ 𝑛 C , +,∘ .
Proof
Putting S= Q and Rn (S )  R*n (C ) in the theorem1 above, the result becomes justified.

Corollary 1.7
Let (K, +, ∙) be the Klein 4-ring, then (K, +, ∙) is isomorphic to the hearty rhotrix Klein 4-ring
𝑅 ∗ 𝑛 K , +,∘ , where 𝐾 = {0, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} and
 0 0 0 0 
 
             
R n ( K )   0 ...
*
0 ... 0 , 0 ... a ... 0 , 0 ... b ... 0 , 0 ... c ... 0 .
             
 
 0 0 0 0 
Proof
Putting S= K and Rn (S )  R*n (K ) in the theorem1 above, the result becomes justified.

ISOMORPHISM OF AN ARBITRARY GROUP TO THE HEARTY RHOTRIX GROUP OVER THE

SAME ARBITRARY GROUP
The following result shows that an arbitrary group of numbers can be represented as a hearty rhotrix
group over the same arbitrary group. Implying that, the two groups should be shown to preserve the
same algebraic structure of one another. This is what the theorem 2 below establishes.

Theorem 2
If 𝑆 ∗ , ∙ is the group of units in the ring (S, +, ∙) and 𝑅 ∗ ∗ 𝑛 𝑆 ∗ , ∘ is the group of units in the hearty
rhotrix ring 𝑅∗ 𝑛 S , +,∘ over the ring 𝑆, then there exists an isomorphism 𝑓 from 𝑆 ∗ , ∙ to 𝑅 ∗ ∗ 𝑛 𝑆 ∗ ,
∘ .
Proof
The proof of theorem 1 justified the isomorphism of the rings (S, +, ∙) and 𝑅∗ 𝑛 S , +,∘ . So by the
operation of multiplication in these two later rings, we conclude that the two subsets 𝑆 ∗ , ∙ ⊂(S, +, ∙)
and 𝑅 ∗ ∗ 𝑛 𝑆 ∗ , ∘ ⊂ 𝑅 ∗ 𝑛 S , +,∘ preserve the same algebraic structure. Hence, 𝑆 ∗ , ∙ ≅ 𝑅∗ ∗ 𝑛 S , ∘ .
Corollary 2.1

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If 𝑍 ∗ , ∙ is the group of units in the integer ring (Z, +, ∙) and 𝑅 ∗ ∗ 𝑛 𝑍 ∗ , ∘ is the group of units in the
hearty rhotrix ring 𝑅∗ 𝑛 𝑍 , +,∘ over the ring 𝑍, then there exists an isomorphism 𝑓 from 𝑍 ∗ , ∙ to
𝑅∗ ∗ 𝑛 𝑍 ∗ , ∘ .
Proof
By hypothesis, let:
 0 0 
 
       
𝑍 ∗ = 1, −1 and 𝑅∗ ∗ 𝑛 𝑍 ∗ =  ,
 0 ... 1 ... 0 , 0 ...  1 ... 0 
       
 
 0 0 
such that
0 0
     
f (1)  0 ... 1 ... 0 , f (1)  0 ...  1 ... 0 .
     
0 0
Then f is a homomorphism, since ∀ 1, −1 ∈ 𝑍 ∗ , we have

0 0 0
        
f (1  1)  0 ... (1)(1) ... 0  0 ... 1 ... 0  0 ...  1 ... 0  f (1)  f (1)
        
0 0 0

as an element in 𝑅 ∗ ∗ 𝑛 𝑍 ∗ . Trivially, 𝑓 is a bijective homomorphism, because

0
  
𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑓 = 1: 𝑓 1 = 0 ... 1 ... 0 ⊂ 𝑍∗
  
0
 0 0 
 
       
and Im( f )   0 ... 1 ... 0 ,
*
0 ...  1 ... 0   R* n Z *  
       
 
 0 0 
Hence, we conclude that 𝑍 ∗ ≅ 𝑅∗ ∗ 𝑛 𝑍 ∗ .

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CONCLUSION
Usaini, S. and Tudunkaya, S. M., (2011). “Note
Presentation of two analogous results to on rhotrices and the construction of finite
Cayley‟s theorem has been made. The first result fields”, Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences,
shows that an arbitrary ring R is isomorphic to 30E, 53-59
hearty rhotrix ring over the same arbitrary ring
R. The second result shows that an arbitrary
group G is isomorphic to the hearty rhotrix
group over the same arbitrary group G. The first
result can be a useful idea for teaching, learning
and research in ring representation theory. Also,
the second idea can be a very useful tool for
studying representation theory of both finite
and infinite groups.
REFERENCES

Ajibade, A. O., (2003). “The Concept of Rhotrix

in Mathematical Enrichment”, International
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Technology, 34, 175-79.
Mohammed, A., (2007). “Enrichment exercises
through extension to rhotrices”, International
Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and
Technology, 38, 131 – 136.
Mohammed, A. (2011). “Theoretical
Development and Applications of Rhotrices”,
PhD Thesis at Ahmadu Bello University,
Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrucken,
Germany.
Mohammed, A. and Shettima, M. (2017a). “On
Subrings of Commutative Ring of All Real
Rhotrices of Size Three”, Journal of the
Nigerian Association of Mathematical Physics,
Published by Nigerian Association of
Mathematical Physics, 43, 19-30.
Mohammed, A. and Shettima, M. (2017b).
“Axiomatic Developments for Commutative
Rhotrix Spaces”, Katsina Journal of Natural and
Applied Sciences, Published by Umaru Musa
Yaradua University, 6 (1), 1-10.
Tudunkaya, S. M. and Makanjuola, S. O., (2010).
“Rhotrices and the construction of finite
fields”, Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences,
29E, 225-229.

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