Another Lesson-3 Contemporary

Final Coverage: Lessons 8-15
Lesson 8: Intercontinental Drift: Culture, Media and Globalization
Exercises/ Drill:
1. Trending You Tube Sensation
Direction: Search for an act or artist that became or is currently internationally
trending and prominent. Students must download and present the video of the act in
class prior to their oral presentation. In their report, they must answer the following
questions.
1. Where did the act/ artist originate from?
T-Series was founded on 11 July 1983, by Gulshan Kumar, at the time a
fruit juice seller in the Daryaganj neighbourhood of Delhi.
In which countries di the act/artist became well-known? in India
became the most-viewed YouTube channel in January 2017 (world wide)
2. How did the act/artist become popular/
It began as a cheap destination for pirated Bollywood songs. In 1984 T-
Series released its first ORIGINAL soundtrack. In 1990 T-Series gained
massive popularity with the release of the soundtrack of a very
successful romantic film Aashiqui. The word Aashiqui means
ROMANCE
T-Series joined YouTube on 13 March 2006, but only started uploading
videos in late 2010. Under this channel, T-Series primarily shows music
videos and film trailers. By July 2013, it had crossed 1 billion views,
becoming the second Indian YouTube channel to cross the milestone
after Rajshri Productions.
3. Why do you think the act/ artist became famous?

I think they keep on uploading until they ganied viewers and maybe they keep on
inviting others to subscribes their channel and then they serve it as their
marketing as their viewers getting higher. It will be popular if it was the most
watched in the youtube. One more thing T-series is a music and film
production company in India that uploads daily Bollywood music videos
to its channel, so its all about music and fil, most viewers must entertained their
channel because of their creativity in their music and film. And I think they were
unique in their ideas, because as I watch their upload video in youtube it seems
that they were so high tech and it was so unexpectable in indian country, I was
amazed and that’s why the viewers still like it cauz they keep on upgrading their
performance in youtube.
Page 6 of CBT/MCD’s Module in Contemporary World – CapSU Main

Name:__________________________________ Course/year/ Section:_________________
Work Sheet # in GE 102 Contemporary World
Test I. Direction: Choose the correct answer from the given options. Write your answer before
the number.
1. Which of the following media includes books, magazines, and newspaper?
A. Digital Media C. Broadcast media
B. Print media D. internet media
2. According to Marshall Mcluhan, Media Theorist, television was turning the world
into a__________ because as more and more people sat down in front of their
television sets and listened to the same stories, their perception of the word would
contract.
A. Global Imagination C. Tribal Imagination
B. Global Village D. Tribal Village
3. Which of the following media cover thee-mail, social media, internet sites, and
internet-based video and audio?
A. Digital media C. Broadcast media
B. Print media D. Internet media
4. They are the hired armies of social media to manipulate public opinion through
intimidation and spreading fake news.
A. Splinternet C. cyber warrior
B. Trolls D. cyberbalkanization
5. Which of the following media involve radio, film and television?
B. Print media D. internet media
6. Which of the following media cover the internet and mass communication?
B. Print media D. Internet media
7. It is the segregation of the internet into smaller groups with similar interests, to a
degree that they show a narrow-minded approach to outsiders or those with
contradictory views.
A. Splinternet C. Internet
B. Cyberbalkanization D. media
8. It is a phenomenon of driving out the poor residents in favor of newer and
wealthier residents.
A. Splinternet C. gentrification
B. Cyberbalkanization D. global village
9. He theorized that populations will continue to grow until growth is topped or
reversed by disease, famine, war, or calamity.
A. Karl Marx C. Adam Smith
B. Thomas Malthus D. David Ricardo
10. It is defined by the United Nations as a city which has a population of 10 million or
more people.
A. Urban C. World City
B. City D. Megacities

Discussion: Lesson 9 – The Globalization of Religion
Exercises/ Drill:
Direction: Create a pie chart that will represent the distribution of religions practiced all over the
world. You may use different colors to show the different percentages allotted for each religion.
Use the space provided below to indicate the proportion of each religion included in your chart.
Religions of the World
Roman Catholics______%
Evaluation:
Direction: Choose the correct answer from the given options. Write your answer before the
number.
1. Which of the following statement of a globalist is NOT true?
A. Globalist abide human- made laws
B. Globalist sees his/her work contributing to the nation and global economic system

C. Globalist is concerned with spreading holy ideas globally
D. Globalist give values the ends and means to open up further the economies of the
world
2. The following statement are femi9nist perspective to the issue of reproductive rights
EXCEPT:
A. Government ignores other equally important causes like unequal distribution of
wealth, lack of public safety nets, education and gender equality programs
B. Government has a very little evidence that point out to overpopulation as the culprit
behind poverty and ecological devastation
C. Women should receive family planning counselling on abortion, nature of human
sexuality and main element of responsible parenthood.
D. Any form of population control does not empower women
3. Which of the following statement of religion is NOT true?
A. Religion is concerned with sacred other than material wealth
B. Religion is concerned with spreading holy ideas globally
C. Religion assumes that there is “ the possibility” of communication between humans
and transcendent.
D. Religion is largely focus on the realms of markets.
4. It is an association of different Protestant congregations that has criticized economic
globalization because of its negative effects.
A. World Council of Churches
B. World Believers Organization
C. World Council of Movements
D. World Churches Organization
5. The following are the added criteria of Economic Intelligence Unit to measure the
economic competitiveness of a city EXCEPT one.
A. Size of the market and the middle class C. Industrial Revolution
B. Potential for growth D. None of the option given
6. It is created for high-yielding varieties of rice and other cereals along with the
development of new methods of cultivation.
A. Green Revolution C. Industrial Revolution
B. Popular Revolution D. Global Revolution
7. The following are the disadvantages of social media EXCEPT one:
A. People pace themselves in when they are online.
B. I t invites users to listen or read opinions and challenge their viewpoints that make
them
More partisan and closed-minded.
C. Social media has been used by people who are aware that social media bubbles a
herd mentality
D. Social media enabled users to be consumers and producers of information
simultaneously.
8. The following are three essential factors of religious fundamental movements EXCEPT
one.
A. It is strongly founded on religious ideology.
B. Fundamentalism serves as a stronghold against the invasive cultural dramatic
changes brought about by globalization’
C. It is a self- protective mechanism which seeks to preserve or re-establish former
social order and return to the traditional sources of religious authority.
D. It is explicit that science has influenced mostly the death of religion in modern
secular society.
9. The kind of philosophy advocating the use of reason rather than relying on the
supernatural and religious order began, together with similar developments in other
fields, gave birth to the Age of_______
A. Age of Enlightenment C. Age of Discovery and
exploration

B. Age of Colonization D. Age of Scientific
Revolution
10. The Catholic Church leader________, likewise condemned globalization’s “throw-
away culture” that is “ fatally destined to suffocate hope and increase risks and threats.”
A. Pope Francis I C. Pope Leo VI
B. Pope John Paul II D. Pope Benedict XIII
Discussion: Lesson 10- The Global City

Objectives:
Exercises/ Drill:
Activity: Tara Na Biyahe Tayo!
Direction: Every student will be assigned a global city to discuss and research on. They shall
present an imagined group educational tour in the global city showing pictures of the places they
“visited” in the fictional tour. Their reports should include answers to the following guide
questions:
1. How would you describe your city?
Cebu is a place where you can feel people’s warmth. Since it is located in the center
of the Philippines, you can find people from every part of the Philippines. I know
people from Manila and they’re living here in Cebu now. I asked them why they
moved and they answered Cebu is much cleaner and more peaceful than Manila
which is true because I’ve been there myself.
Regarding the cost of living, it is cheaper compared to Manila. You can have a
complete meal for only 30 pesos and the jeepney’s minimum fare is 7 pesos (more if
you go to far places tho).
If you want to have fun, there are also a lot of tourist attractions from historical sites,
beaches and a lot more!
The food is also delicious and you can find an eatery or restaurant in every corner
which is good because you’ll never go hungry (as long as you have money).
It is the second most popular city in the Philippines so you can find jobs in every
industry you like especially in BPO (Business Process Outsourcing), IT and others.
Overall, Cebu is a great place to live. You can do A LOT of things, so you’ll never get
bored.
Also, here’s a picture of a famous tourist spot in the city ;)

2. What is your city best known for?
Cebu City (also known as Cebu) is the oldest city in the Philippines, located in the Province of
Cebu. It is often called the "Queen City of the South". Cebu is the main center of Christianity in
the Philippines. ... Cebu has recently become the favorite tourist spot of the country. So in general
Cebu is known as Queen of the South with a population of 3M (approximately) . And

Cebu is viewed as small Hong Kong in the future, there are many investors and tourist
also that coming in.
Cebu is progressing. Among some part of the Visayas region, Cebu is really known and
regarded as rich among others.
3. What makes your city a global city?

By a variety of measures, Cebu is remarkably representative of the rest of the globe.
Cebu City is the second Philippine city to be given the UNESCO citation
4. What are the challenge/s these cities are facing?
Cebu is now drowning from traffic congestion and garbage that even if
collected are not sent to what can be acceptably called a sanitary landfill.
Many related problems exist too, like the noise and air and water pollution as
Cebu becomes overcrowded with people and cars and other things that come
with the rapid urbanization of Metro Cebu.
Evaluation:
Essay:
1. Enumerate and explain the criteria for what constitute a global city according to a
Sociologist Saskia Sassen.
According to the Britannica Encyclopedia, a global city is an urban center that
enjoys competitive advantages and that serves as a hub within a globalized economic
system. The term was first used by a sociologist named Saskia Sassen in 1884, she
primarily used economics as the main criteria for determining which of the cities all
over the world is to be labeled as such. In her research in the said period, she was
able to identify three cities considered as centers of capitalism and global financial
transactions: London, Tokyo, and New York. In support to this selection, Manuel
Castells stated that:
“ London because it is the world’s leading financial market as far as transactions
are concerned and also constitutes a crucial airport node and is one of the ends of
the economic backbone that crosses Europe; New York for being the main receiver of
capital flows and service exporter; and Tokyo for being the greatest capital lender
and the headquarters of the most important banks in the world, as well as an
international center in the economy of services, education, advertising and design.”
2. Say something about the challenges of global cities.

the first of these challenges is the significant rise in the city population as people
flock towards cities trying their luck to improve their financial status. However, not
all who migrates to cities are rewarded for many end up contributing to the slum
populace. Globalization creates a rush of high paying jobs within global cities
creating a chain reaction demanding low income employment to attend to their
growing needs. These low income jobs comprise of domestic helpers, maids, cooks,
food attendants. Thus implying that flocking to global cities does necessarily mean a
good life for everyone.
With the significant rise in the population, several other issues spring out which
leads us to the next challenge which is food and water shortage. Researches reveal
that 2.5 billion individuals have no access to clean water and sanitation. Many people
still go hungry as food is unevenly distributed all over the world bringing into
question global food security.

Lastly, the problem about climate change and rising temperatures. Cities are
considered as the greatest contributor of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change
affects more people than others for some are more equipped to handle the effects of
climate change.
The 5 biggest challenges cities will face in the future

October 30, 2018 by World Economic Forum 2 Comments
Innovation and imagination: The keys to a sustainable urban future (UN Environment, 2018)
This article is brought to you thanks to the strategic cooperation of The European
Sting with the World Economic Forum.
Author: Chan Heng Chee, Chairman, Lee Kuan Yew Centre for Innovative Cities, Singapore
University of Technology and Design (SUTD) & Harvey Neo, Consultant, Lee Kuan Yew
Centre for Innovative Cities, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD)
The UN estimates that 55% of the global population lives in urban areas – a figure that is
projected to rise to 68% by 2050. With few exceptions, cities are expected to become bigger and
more numerous.
As urbanization speeds up, particularly in Asian and African countries, here are five of the biggest
challenges confronting the future of cities:
1. Environmental threats
Rapid urbanization, which strains basic infrastructure, coupled with more frequent and extreme
weather events linked to global climate change is exacerbating the impact of environmental
threats. Common environmental threats include flooding, tropical cyclones (to which coastal cities
are particularly vulnerable), heat waves and epidemics.
Owing to the physical and population density of cities, such threats often result in both
devastating financial loss and deaths. Making cities more resilient against these environmental
threats is one of the biggest challenges faced by city authorities and requires urgent attention.
2. Resources
Cities need resources such as water, food and energy to be viable. Urban sprawl reduces
available water catchment areas, agricultural lands and increases demand for energy. While
better application of technology can boost agricultural productivity and ensure more efficient
transmission of electricity, many cities will continue to struggle to provide these resources to an
ever-growing urban population.
Beyond these basic requirements, haphazard growth will see the reduction of green spaces
within cities, negatively affecting liveability. As fresh water becomes scarce and fertile lands
diminish, food prices may escalate, hitting the poorest hardest.
3. Inequality
When it comes to both the provision of basic resources and resilience against environmental
threats, the forecast is uneven for different groups of urban inhabitants. As the number of urban
super-rich grows, many cities will also see increased numbers of urban poor.

The widening gap between the haves and have-nots will be accentuated in the megacities of the
future. Such inequalities, when left unchecked, will destabilize society and upend any benefits of
urban development. There is a critical need for policy-makers to ensure that the fruits of progress
are shared equitably.
4. Technology
Technology will be increasingly used in the development and running of cities of the future. Smart
planning used in Singapore can harness solar energy for use in housing estates and create man-
made wetlands for ecological balance. Smart mobility technology can alleviate traffic gridlocks
which plague many cities.
The use of environmental technologies which can cool buildings more efficiently or run vehicles
that are less polluting will also lead to better future cities. Installing sensors in the homes of
ageing seniors living alone can connect them to the community and summon help when they are
unwell or hurt.

However, technology can exclude urban inhabitants who cannot afford it or lack the capability
required for its adoption. As future cities become more digitized, care must be exercised to
prevent the emergence of a new form of social divide rooted in the technological.
5. Governance
Future cities offer immense possibilities to enrich the lives of their inhabitants even as the
challenges are stark. To make the best out of inevitable urbanization, good governance is
imperative. Cities will increase in size and their populations become more diverse. Governing
these cities will, therefore, be progressively complex and require the most dedicated of minds.
Seoul, capital of South Korea
Image: Chan Heng Chee
Increasingly, cities around the world are learning about the best governance and planning
practices from one another, even as they remain accountable to their respective national
governments. The broad goals of urban governance should address issues of equity, liveability
and sustainability in cities of the future.

Discussion: Lesson 11: Global Demography
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
 Explain demographic transition as it affects global population.
The UNICEF estimates the all around the world, an estimate of 353,000 babies are born each
year. That’s an approximate of 4.3 babies being born in every second. Ten years from now, you
might be contributing to the world’s increasing population yourself. You may have started your
own family of procreation and even built a private townhouse. Future plans that may further fuel
your desire to do well in school and earn a degree or two. Married couples in several highly
developed countries opt to have one or two children as they focus most of their energy saving
money to provide for their kids need. Having less number of children would ensure that most, if
not, all of their needs are satisfactorily met. An ideal number to progenies may have also come
into your mind as prices of basic commodities seem to increase steadily for the past years.
Demography, basically looks into different elements of population like size, mortality rates,
income, incidence of diseases, and fertility rates for these have a direct relationship with the
quality of the society’s complex make up. Are there consequences if global demography is not
checked and controlled? Is having a majority of old population beneficial for the society? Is an
increased influx of migrants a sign of a booming economy? These are but a few of the questions
that we intend to shed light on with this chapter.
History of man is speckled with stories of people migrating from one place to the next either
in search for food, escape raiders, conquest or for pleasure. Possibly in this point in your life,
some of you may have plans of pursuing a career abroad attracted by the sight and sounds of the
city life. Perhaps, you may have lured by friends and families who have successfully rooted
themselves in a foreign land. Such is the nature of man- to be mobile. Demography is the study
of population based on elements like age, race and sex. With the migration and unrestrained
increase in the population, the natural order of things gets upset, and changes have to be made in
order to offset these imbalances. For example, if people flock to the cities, more food, basic
commodities and employment are required to accommodate these migrants. If the growing
population is kept underfed, undernourished afflicted with sickness, the future manpower of the
society may not be as effective. Lawmakers and policy makers alike consider the demography of
their nation when drafting bills, acts and ordinances to be executed for the maximum benefit of
the people.
Countries all over the world experience the entry of foreigners at an unprecedented rate.
Surveys show that more than 160 million individuals live out of their country of origin. Factors
accounting for this transition can range from simple employment opportunities to fight from
human rights abuses and political repression. Motivations for migration have been categorized
into either the Push Factor or Pull factors.
Push Factor
Survival for themselves, or for their family, is one of most obvious motives which explain
migration. Escape either from man-made disasters, civil war and decline of economic
opportunities threatening them of starvation can be prime motivators. They leave their land in
order to secure safety for themselves because their communities can no longer sustain life for its
people. To put it simply, push factor refers to causes that drive droves of people to abandon their
residences.
Pull Factor

In highly industrialized countries, fertility levels still continue to decline posing a possible
collapse in the population in the times to come. European countries suffer an aging population
meaning fewer people are able to work given the circumstances. Immigration, or the movement
of people in the country, may help ease the labor deficiency but not enough to solve this
persistent problem. Nonetheless, it serves as a gateway for employment seekers to benefit from it.
In the contrary, continents like Africa and parts of Asia with high fertility rates create
rapidly emerging communities unable to cope with the demands of the population like
employment, health services, and education. People opt to leave these densely populated areas
and take their chances elsewhere.
Global Demographic Issues

The following are listed as the leading global demographic issues facing the world today.
They become problems because they are the outright consequence of globalization and
uncontrolled economic growth and decline.
a. Uneven population growth worldwide
Because of the lack of population growth control mechanisms, education and freedom to
decide for themselves, some developing countries’ population like Niger and Tanzania
tend to grow an alarming rate. Africa has one of the highest incidents of birth rates with an
average of 6.49 children per mother. It has been projected that Africa’s overall population
would have exceeded Europe’s in 2050.
Many of developing countries in Asia rely on agriculture, as the major driving force of the
economy thus having more number of children is necessary to maintain farm operation. On
the contrary, residents of high income and developed countries tend to limit their progenies
to one or two. Aside from the abundant supply and selection of birth control methods,
parents in this part of the world tend to focus their attention to saving enough money for
future needs such as medical expenses, insurances, matriculation and retirement funds to
mention a few. Meaning having more than two children can become too expensive.
To put it simply, there is a converse relationship between the economic level of a country
and its population. In poor countries, birth rates lean towards being high while in rich
countries, birth rates tend to decline. Though some policy makers put forward solutions
like one child policy, legalization of abortion and other sterilization process to restrain
population, differences in belief and cultural practices make it impossible to come up with
a single answer.
b. Demographic Pressures on the Environment.

Demographers and researches alike agree in saying that the existing and still growing
number of people in the world surpasses the maximum number of inhabitants that the
planet can actually sustain. Naturally, people need resources in order to survive. Resources
that only nature and the environment could provide. Man, millennia’s ago discovered
agriculture which enabled him to exploit the land towards his own benefit. Being able to
produce food for himself eventually resulted to the increase in population. Nowadays,
technology even furthered such developments in agriculture including livestock raising,
creating a variety of produce, increasing the yield and producing food for consumption.
However, nature has its limits and over exploiting it can have catastrophic consequences.
With the substantial use of fertilizers and other detrimental chemicals with the goal of
increasing food production, land and water resources become polluted giving rise to a
great number of global concerns. Nature is unable to heal herself because of the relentless
desire of man to satisfy his needs and wants.

c. Slum Urbanization
Whilst globalization stirs the flow of financial capital generating income and wealth, not
all individuals are given a fair share in these riches. Wealth tends to accumulate on the
upper strata of the social hierarchy benefitting a specific social class of the society making
upward mobility impossible and widening the gap of social inequality. So what happens
when people move into cities and they don’t find jobs to support themselves, they become
an addition to the people living in slum areas. These shantytown are common sight in areas
like Manila, and places in India.
d. Spread of Disease
Generation and spread of diseases and other terminal illnesses, like HIV/AIDS, also hasten
keeping pace with globalization. However, international aids and programs have been
organized in order to extend help and contain the further circulate and create an epidemic.
Additional Readings:
1. Global Demography- The Contemporary World by Claudio & Abinales, pp. 96-107 and by
P. Aldama, pp. 18-19.
Process Questions:
1. Do you believe in the Neo-Malthusian argument? Why or why not?
2. How can technology and interventions in development offset the pressures of
population growth?
3. Under what circumstances is rapid population growth beneficial to societies?
4. What do you think is the effect of a high dependency ratio in developed countries? In
developing countries?
5. Is the heightened flow of people a unique feature of the current global era?
6. Has globalization facilitated or obstructed greater labor migration?
Exercises/Drill:
Learning Activity: Family Trees
Create two family trees based on interviews with each of your parents. Try to trace your
family connections as far back as you can. Expand lateral connections as well. The “ higher” you
go vertically the better. Unless you are the child of a single parent, please remember that you
have to trace the lines of two families – your mother’s and father’s.
If you are a family of migrants, determine if your family moved from the provinces to the
big cities( Metro Mla. Or Metro Cebu). If they migrated to the cities, ask them when the family
moved, and why the left the provinces for the cities. Report on the reasons why your family
moved, the job opportunities opened to them and to which they applied, the problems they
encountered, and the ways in which they tried to resolve these problems.
Evaluation:
1. What is demography?
Demography is the study of population based on elements like age, race and sex. With
the migration and unrestrained increase in the population, the natural order of things
gets upset, and changes have to be made in order to offset these imbalances.
2. Compare and contrast the two factors of migration using the Venn diagram.
Migration depends on two factors - push and pull. By its very nature there
are no pull factors in forced migration.
Push factors - in this case it would be a government or organisation actively

encouraging, often violently, people to leave the area or country in

question. The factors of it are many and varied. Is the government or NGO
powerful - does it have the support of an armed forces or local law
enforcement? Does it use financial methods, such as the threat of lawsuits,
or does it physically attack those who refuse to move? Is there some kind of
local resistance to counterbalance the forced migration -is it a group of
NIMBYs or is it an army? Finally do people want to move - are they paid for
instantly leaving the area or is there no alternative e.g. a hurricane that
people are being violently evacuated from is coming
Pull Factors Push Factors
More jobs Economic push factors tend to be the

Better jobs exact reversal
Higher wages of the pull factors:
The promise of a “better life” Overpopulation
Principles of religious tolerance Few jobs
Attractive environments, such as mountains, Low wages

seasides and warm climates Intolerance towards a certain cultural group
Active religious persecution
Natural disasters

Discussion: Lesson 12: Global Migration
Objectives:
 Demonstrate an understanding of the global migration;

 Discuss the causes and effects of global migration;
 Analyze the political, economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the
global movements of people
 Display first- hand knowledge of the experiences of OFWs
This lesson will discuss about the impact of global migration in each country as well as its
causes and effects. The lesson will emphasize that global migration has always been and will be
forever part of globalization. That there is nothing wrong nor evil of it, but it will however give
us a cheaper picture of the phenomena and will give us a better understanding of its occurrence
and effects.
Migration
Migration means crossing the boundary of s political or administrative unit for a certain
minimum period (Boyle et.al. 1982, chapter 2). It is classified as either internal migration which
refers to a movement from one area (province, district or municipality) to another within one
country or international migration which means crossing the frontiers which separate one of the
world’s approximately 200 states from another. Many scholars argue that internal and
international migration are part of the same process, and should be analyzed together (SKeldon
1997, 9-10).
Migration is thus both a result a cause of development. Development leads to migration,
because economic and educational improvements make people capable of seeking better
opportunities elsewhere. It simply means that people from different walks of life, either for
purposes of business opportunities, family affairs or even unwanted reasons, are experiencing
migration as agents of cultural or political change. As history will tell us, migration has already
been a practice ever since the world began.
One of the reason of migration is disparity in levels of income, employment and social well-
being between differing areas. With a family to feed or a responsibility to earn, the individual is
keen to exert the effort to look for better jobs with better pay. Thus in his search for a greener
pasture, he becomes motivated to relocate himself whatever it might cause him. In his search, he
will find himself in a certain neighborhood that has been the center of immigrant settlement, with
significant business openings, services and convenience which are not usually of worship, ethic
groupings and socio cultural linkages, thus no new immigrant is left out because he can easily
blend in. A new perspective set in where women are likewise given the same opportunities as that
of men thus female migration is accommodated as they moved in independently or as heads of
households.
For better understanding, the migrants come now with different criterion.( Stephen Castles, 2000)
1. Temporary labor migrants- they are popularly known as overseas contract workers who
migrate for a limited period in order to work and send remittances to their families left at
home.
2. Highly skilled and business migrants- they are the people with special skills and
qualification who seek employment through international labor markets for scarce skills.
3. Irregular migrants (also known as undocumented or illegal migrants)- people who enter a
country, usually in search of employment, without the necessary documents and permits.
4. Refugees- is a person residing outside his or her country of nationality, who is unable or
unwilling to return because of a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion( UN
Convention relating to the Status of Refugees)
5. Asylum-seekers- people who move across borders in search of protection
6. Forced migration- this includes not only refugees and asylum-seekers but also people
forced to move by environmental catastrophes or development projects.
7. Family members (also known as family reunion or family reunification migrants)-
migrants to join people who have already entered an immigration country under one of the
above categories.
8. Return migrants- people who return to their countries of origin after a period of stay in
another country.
Migration may assist or hinders development

Remittances is considered one of the many massive contributions to the national accounts of
many emigration countries. Through the money that they are sending, the government earns a
bulk that helps finance the development investment of the country. Emigrants are given the
opportunity to travel abroad and to be able to learn other people’s culture, history and
environment. They became adaptive with the place where they are in and were able to obtain
additional knowledge and insights which cannot be learn thru the books but only by interactions.
Countries are mandated to observe international cooperation to help ensure orderly migration and
to heighten the involvement of migration to development.
One of the main disadvantages brought by migration is the “brain drain”. Brain drain is a
problem for many poor countries losing skilled workers to richer countries. The most skilled and
most talented workers of a certain less developed country are bound to look for better job
opportunities or employment in a developed countries considering work guarantee and better life
conditions for himself and that of his family. However, the country where he came from is to
settle with those who are left as its workforce but cannot do anything because it has no remedy to
the situation. It is to add further that the regulation of emigration from less-developed countries is
often ineffective thus allows exploitative employment and abuses. Many of the emigrants has
stories to tell when it deals with abuses, cruelty and violence. Crimes like women and children
trafficking, smuggling, drug related cases and other forms of crimes are being charged to them or
they became victims of such. For these reasons, the government must create and have strong teeth
for its implementation of policies and laws that prevent abuses or exploitation of their citizens
while they are abroad. If the government will be able to implement the policies and laws, it will
guarantee the safety and well-being of its citizens. In addition to these, the government must
provide assistance in cases of death, illness, accidents and other similar cases of same nature to its
citizens. It is in a way to show the gratitude of the government as to the help these emigrants are
doing for the economic growth of the country.
May of the emigrants who finds good paying employment abroad still wishes to come home
to be with their families. The money acquired or have been saved from work abroad is used as an
investment for new business or enterprise. However, many countries do not have policies to assist
returning migrants to start anew in their own country. Usually, they are left n their own on how to
manage their own affairs. Some become successful but majority suffer from a major setback.
They will settle in finding a job but face difficulty in finding a job commensurate with the skills
they have acquired abroad. Thus will eventually decide to go back abroad and leave again their
families. To avoid such chain, the government should institutionalize plan of action that will
benefit the returning emigrants, for them to be given better options in staying in their country than
going back abroad.
1. Global Migration- The Contemporary World by Claudio & Abinales, pp.105- 117 and
from P. Aldama , pp.19-21.
Process Questions:

1. Why are migrants most beneficial for receiving countries?
2. What are the benefits and detriments of economies dependent on migrant remittances?
3. Why is migrant integration a challenging issue for states?
4. How do migrants prompt xenophobia and racism in receiving countries?
Exercises/ Drill:
Activity: OFW Interview
Direction: Watch a documentary about a life of an OFW:
The Unsung Heroes: The struggle and Sacrifices of OFWs
( https:// Steemit .com) or
A Salutr to all the OFWs: Our Modern day Heroes-Kwentong OFWs
( https: www.kwentongofw.com)
Each student will be asked to interview a former or current OFW (face- to-face or on line).
In class they will share what they learned from these interviews about transnationalism and the
factors that affect global migrations. Their interview should answer the following questions:
1. State the reasons why the OFW decided to leave the country.
She need to leave because her salaries is not enough to sustain their needsand the salaries
are so much higher in many other countries. And there are more opportunities of
available jobs.
2. What are the problems encountered in the country they went to?
The greatest challenge to them is their own selfishness. These OFWs earn great amounts
and push their careers forward to wonderful individual achievements but their failure to
see how they only work for foreign countries leaves our dear Philippines behind. Their
selfishness is the greatest challenge because they will return home to a country left to rot
because of their own self-importance.
Some of the challenges faced by Filipino migrant/expatriate workers are common to
anyone who works overseas: lack of security if lacking permanent residence, sometimes
disadvantageous foreign exchange rates when sending money back home, vulnerability to
abuse by employers.
However I believe the greatest challenge faced by Filipino migrant and expatriate
workers is financial innumeracy, coupled with a dependent culture among the worker's
family members back in the Philippines. This is why we all hear of the stories of the
OFW who put all their siblings (and nephews.. and nieces..) through school, then end up
with no savings at all when they are no longer employable.
3. What are the benefits they obtained in the country they went to?
4. What are the significant differences as well as the similarities with the country they went
to and our country?
The places
5. If they are given the choice, would they still leave the country? Why and why not?
As I ask tita gen, yes, they still want to leave for a vacation purposes only but if for a work? It’s a
no, because it is good to be here in your own country where you lived for so long since when you
were born and most especially much better to be here together with your fam, you can bond any
time, you will see each other unlimited and you can celebrates and have fuc with them.
Evaluation:
Essay:
1. What is migration?

It means to go from one country, region, or place to another. It can apply to
people, animals, plants, and even computer environments.
When it comes to Human migration, it is the movement by people from one place to
another with the intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily in a new location.
Usually involving a permanent move to a different country.
Migration means crossing the boundary of s political or administrative unit for a certain
minimum period (Boyle et.al. 1982, chapter 2). It is classified as either internal
migration which refers to a movement from one area (province, district or municipality)
to another within one country or international migration which means crossing the
frontiers which separate one of the world’s approximately 200 states from another. Many
scholars argue that internal and international migration are part of the same process, and
should be analyzed together (SKeldon 1997, 9-10).
2. What is the difference between emigration and immigration?
Immigration is the act of coming in to live from a foreign country.
Emigration is the act of going away and settling permanently in a foreign

country.
Immigration and emigration usually refer to the same process, but from
opposing perspectives. Emigration is moving away from a certain place and
immigration is moving into a certain place. Just For example, if a person
moves from the Philippines to Canada, she is emigrating from the US and
immigrating into Canada. The difference between the terms is the perspective
(or location) of the observer or the person describing the process
3. What are the different criteria of migrants?

4. Has globalization facilitated or obstructed greater labor migration?

Discussion: Lesson13: Sustainable Development
Objectives:
 Differentiate stability from sustainability

 Articulate models of global sustainable development
The lesson will discuss on the different goals to obtain sustained development which is a
mandate to all member states to be attained by 2030. Sustainable development may simply means
search for progress in quality of life, development of services, enough provision of supply and
goods. However, a sustained development may be reach only if there is permanence to its status
of development but with no unmanageable economic movement, high inflation and most
importantly the destruction of our environment that causes climate change and similar
catastrophes.
Stability from Sustainability
The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) describes stability as “avoiding large swings in
economic activity high inflation, and excessive volatility in exchange rates and financial markets.
This definition refers to the indexes, which describe the economy in short-term categories. The
excessive highs and lows should be avoided. Extreme bubbles of economic activity must be
calmed down before they burst.
Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted
definition is from our Common Future also known as the Brundtland Report: “ Sustainable
development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs.” The Brundtland Report (World Commission on
Environment and Development, 1987) was prepared for the United Nations in 1987. In other
words, it is about responsible use of resources.
We have now reach the time where we are no longer free to expand and exploit resources. It
is no longer an earth which can deliver unlimited goods and can adopt unlimited pollution. We
could no longer enjoy the unchanged patterns of consumption. Nowadays, the food production,
domestic policy and energy policy alongside problems on environmental issues is in an alarming
state.
The solution was found increased productivity of agriculture to guarantee food production
and consumption. The strong countries take responsibility and established themselves as powerful
factors in domestic and energy policy, and take global actions against climate change. But their
effectiveness is not very high, among them particularly are the developing economies. The rich
countries can always shift its unclean production abroad to other, usually poorer countries
without sacrificing their usual mode of enjoyment and consumption of goods and services.
Sustainability has now been a major problem not only by the developing countries but even
by the developed countries. The issue now is how to come up with solutions that will guarantee
sustainability and stability.
Sebastian Plociennik states the solutions might be depending on the kind of economic
governance implemented. However, it must take into considerations the following: Firstly, the
issue of what is an “efficient market” needs some new clarification. Secondly, we must accept the
fact that there are might be different institutional ways to efficient economic systems, but it does
not necessarily mean that some of them are a priori more efficient, stable and better for
sustainability, than the others. Thirdly, a redesign needs a wider look at what is economic growth
and what kind of growth is compatible with the idea of sustainability. He stated further that
“markets are the most substantial, constructional element of economies. However, nowadays we
are dealing with biases which make understanding their functional puzzling. As a consequence,
there are difficulties with efficient economic policy and, obviously with providing stability and
sustainability.

Sustainability is the foundation for todays’ leading global framework of international
cooperation- the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable Development
Goals ( SDGs).
Each of the 17 SDGs has specific targets to be achieved by 2030. The goals and targets are
universal, meaning they apply to all countries around the world, not just poor countries. Reaching
the goals requires action on all fronts- the governments, businesses, civil society and people
everywhere all have a role to play. Sustainable development is an approach to economic planning
that attempts to foster economic growth while preserving the quality of the environment for
future generations. Despite its enormous popularity in the last two decades of the 20 th century, the
concept of sustainable development proved difficult to apply in many cases, primarily because
the results of long-term sustainability analyses depend on the particular resources focused upon.
The sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more
sustainable future for all. They address the global challenges we face, including those related to
poverty, inequality, climate, environmental degradation, prosperity, and peace and justice. The
Goals interconnect and in order to leave no one behind, it is important that we achieve each Goal
and target by 2030.
Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Preamble
The Agenda is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. It also seeks to strengthen
universal peace in larger freedom. We recognize that eradicating poverty in all its forms and
dimensions, including extreme poverty, is the greatest global challenge and an indispensable
requirement for sustainable development. All countries and all stakeholders, acting in
collaborative partnership, will implement this plan. We are resolve to free the human race from
the tyranny of poverty and want and to heal and secure our planet. We are determined to take the
bold and transformative steps which are urgently needed to shift the world on to a sustainable and
resilient path. As we embark on this collective journey, we pledge that no one will be left behind.
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets which we are announcing today
demonstrate the scale and ambition of this new universal Agenda. They seek to build on the
Millennium Development Goals and complete what they did not achieve. They seek to realize the
human rights of all and to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls.
They are integrated and indivisible and balance the three dimensions of sustainable development:
the economic, social and environmental. The goals and targets will stimulate action over the next
15 years in areas of critical importance for humanity and the planet.
17 Sustainable Development Goals
Goal 1: End Poverty
Economic growth must be inclusive to provide sustainable jobs and promote equality
Goal 2: Zero Hunger
The food and agriculture sector offers key solutions for development, and is central for hunger
and poverty eradication.
Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being
Ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being for all at all ages is essential to sustainable
development
Goal 4. Quality Education
Obtaining a quality education is the foundation to improving people’s lives and sustainable
development
Goal 5: Gender Equality
Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful,
prosperous and sustainable world.
Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
Clean accessible water for all is an essential part of the world we want to live in.
Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

Goal 10: Reduce Inequalities
Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
Goal 13: Climate Action
Goal 14: Life Below Water
Goal 15: Life on Land
Goal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
Goal 17: Partnership with the Goals
Poverty is more than the lack of income and resources to ensure a sustainable livelihood. Its
manifestations include hunger and malnutrition, limited access to education and other basic
services, social discrimination and exclusion as well as the lack of participation in decision-
making. Economic growth must be inclusive to provide sustainable jobs and promote equality.
It is time to rethink how we grow, share and consume our food. If done right, agriculture,
forestry and fisheries can provide nutritious food for all and generate decent incomes, while
supporting people- centered rural development and protecting the environment.
Right now, our soils, freshwater, oceans, forests and biodiversity are being rapidly degraded.
Climate change is putting even more pressure on the resources we depend on, increasing risks
associated with disasters such as droughts and floods. Many rural women and men can no longer
make ends meet on their land, forcing t hem to migrate to cities in search of opportunities.
A profound change of the global food and agriculture system is needed if we are to nourish
today’s 79 million hungry and the additional 2 billion expected by 2050.
1. Environmental Crisis and Sustainable Development - The Contemporary World by
Claudio & Abinales pp.- 117-123 and by P. ALdama, pp.26-29.
Process Questions:
1. How do poor countries balance their need for development with the necessity to protect the
environment?
2. How do you define sustainable development?
3. What are the major environmental problems you are exposed to? Are these problems
global?
Exercises/ Drill:
1. What is industrial revolution?
The Industrial Revolution transformed economies that had been based on
agriculture and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry,
mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system. New machines, new power
sources, and new ways of organizing work made existing industries more
productive and efficient.
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes
in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This
transition included going from hand production methods to machines,
new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved
efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, the development
of machine tools and the rise of the factory system. Textiles were the dominant
industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output
and capital invested; the textile industry was also the first to use modern
production methods.
The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every
aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income
and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth.
2. What do you mean by cycle of efficiency?

Cycle Efficiency, often-abbreviated CE, is a ratio that measures the effectiveness
and productivity of the production process by comparing the value added time with the
total production time.
3. What is meant by sustainable development?
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable development, in the dictionary, is economic development that is
conducted without depletion of natural resources. However, it applies to and can be
incorporated into everything we do. It’s application spans from growing food,
sourcing product materials, operating a business, to building societal infrastructure
and how we live individually and/or as a society.
Example: Environmental sustainability is the rates of renewable resource harvest,

pollution creation, and non-renewable resource depletion that can be continued
indefinitely. We’re consuming more natural resources than nature itself can
reproduce, some of which are non-renewable. We are also causing irreparable
damage to our environment due to our high level of consumption.
Evaluation:
1. What is the difference between stability and sustainability?
For me the main difference is that sustainability is more about “can go on like
that for unlimited time” (in contrast to eventually running out of resources, for
example), where as stability is more about “robust against disturbances” - like a
stable government.
2. Enumerate the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.

3. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets which we are announcing today
demonstrate the scale and ambition of this new universal Agenda. They seek to build on
the Millennium Development Goals and complete what they did not achieve. They seek to
realize the human rights of all and to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all
women and girls. They are integrated and indivisible and balance the three dimensions of
sustainable development: the economic, social and environmental. The goals and targets
will stimulate action over the next 15 years in areas of critical importance for humanity
and the planet.
4. 17 Sustainable Development Goals
5. Goal 1: End Poverty
6. Economic growth must be inclusive to provide sustainable jobs and promote equality
7. Goal 2: Zero Hunger
8. The food and agriculture sector offers key solutions for development, and is central for
hunger and poverty eradication.
9. Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being
10. Ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being for all at all ages is essential to
sustainable development
11. Goal 4. Quality Education
12. Obtaining a quality education is the foundation to improving people’s lives and sustainable
development
13. Goal 5: Gender Equality
14. Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a
peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world.
15. Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
16. Clean accessible water for all is an essential part of the world we want to live in.
17. Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
18. Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

19. Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
20. Goal 10: Reduce Inequalities
21. Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
22. Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
23. Goal 13: Climate Action
24. Goal 14: Life Below Water
25. Goal 15: Life on Land
26. Goal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
27. Goal 17: Partnership with the Goals
Discussion: Lesson 14: Global Food Security
Objectives:
 Define global food security and its elements.

 Analyze how climate change and other factors distresses global food
security.
According to the website of World Population Projections, the planet’s occupants would
have reached 7,714, 576, 923 by the year 2019. With an estimated 1.07% growth in population
from 2018, another grave issue is threatening the human populace- hunger. In the Philippines,
news about price increases in basic food commodity is plaguing the nation affecting each and
every one of its inhabitants. Images of how common Filipinos folks make ends meet are frequent
topics covered by the media and flashed in our daily television screens. The pagpag phenomenon,
wherein a number of extremely poor groups “recycle” food scraps and use it for personal
consumption or for enterprise is part of these marginalized groups’ lives. For many, this kind of
lifestyle seem to unbearable, but for some it is a reality.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, “food security exists when all people,
at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet
their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.” Basing on FAO’s
definition, food security is not only about filling the stomach with food, but an important element
of it involves having nutritionally adequate and safe foods. Consequently, researches conducted
by the State of Food Security in the world reveals that Asia has the largest number of people
going hungry each day. In keeping with Malthusian principle, the steady growth of global
population challenges world leaders and scientists alike on how to produce solutions to meeting
human food and nutritional needs while sustaining the finite resources of the world.

In this chapter we will look into the different facets of global food security, how different
organizations work together and address this issue on a world wide scale.
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) states that household food security
occurs when all of the members of the unit have access to enough food for an active and healthy
lifestyle. This entails that nutritionally acceptable and safe foods are readily made available and
acquiring these are made through socially accepted methods and not attained through food
scavenging, stealing and the like. To
put it simply, a family is food secure when they are able to pay for and obtain nutritious foods
hence they do not have to live in fear of starvation and hunger. The definition strongly urges
people to shy away from the consumption of emergency food supplies such as instant noodles
unless totally deemed necessary like during calamities and other natural disasters.
A number of researches spearheaded by international food security organizations show that
statistically speaking, almost 900 million people all over the globe do not have enough to eat
meaning one in every four people experience hunger and starvation. With the growing number of
people experiencing food insecurity, this matter is no longer deemed as a developed-developing
world issue- it is everyone’s concern. We are all affected.
Elements of Food Security
In accordance with the recommendation of the World Health Organization, there are three
important elements involved in food security. The first is about the availability of food, this
element demands having adequate supply of quality food on a steady and reliable basis.
Moreover, this component concerns itself with providing measures and procedures to ensure a
continuous and undisrupted food supply in spite of risk factors involving war, drought, economic
instability, and disease outbreaks involving both livestock and crop production. These foods can
be made available through domestic production or importation from foreign land which is
usually resorted to by communities incapable of producing their own supply due to several
constraints like lack of fertile soil, climate disruption and inadequacy of man power to engage in
agricultural labor. Further collaboration of food security agencies also included an additional
parameter in this element. They strongly propose that the people are given a wide selection or
options of healthy and safe foods to choose from. And by doing so, both the peoples’ dietary
needs and food preferences are satisfactorily met.
Studies show that there is a direct relationship between poverty and food insecurity. This
brings us to the second aspect of food security which is access to food. In a highly
commercialized world, almost every commodity comes with a price tag separating the population
between the haves and the have-nots. To become food secure means having enough resources to
enable families to obtain proper foods leading to a healthy diet. Family units with enough
financial stability and resources stay clear of the threat to poverty guaranteeing their access to
available to available food in the market. Poor families however often become the victims of
habitual hunger and are considered as the most vulnerable group during food security and famine.
Factors contributing financial constraints resulting to inadequate access to food may include
unemployment, underemployment, or lack of income generating opportunities. It is such an
intermingling of several factors that no single remedy is enough to solve this problem.
When financial resources isn’t enough to access nutritious food required for a healthy
lifestyle, the tendency is for people to cut costs and opt for a less nutritive selection of food such
as instant noodles, canned sardines to get them by for a day. A very familiar scenario that is
common to many Filipino struggling to feed members of their own household with a limited
budget. This now leads us to the third aspect of food security which is food utilization, safety
and sanitation. Food utilization signifies the proper use of food taking into consideration the
body’s needed vitamins and minerals. Nutrition education increases the awareness of the people
with regards to the poorer selection of food items to be included in the daily meal plan. Alongside
this, access to sanitation and safe water supply is required in the preparation of a healthy and
nutritious meal for the family. Contaminated water and neglect for safe practices in the prepping
of food leads to gastrointestinal infections, diseases, and in some cases food poisoning.

Consuming less nutritious and unsafe food items become a part everyday living for many, they
unknowingly put their health at risk of contracting diseases such as high blood pressure, cancer,
and diabetes to mention a few.
However, with the growing awareness and realization that the world’s resources is finite and
milking it dry to the bones will be detrimental for our race, another aspect of food security comes
into play. This element looks into the element of environmental stability which basically
concerns itself with the status of our ecology. Pressures are rising all over the world as finite
resources become smaller by the hour posing problems to the production of food. Ultimately, it
boils down to measures being planned and implemented by the international organizations go
mitigate the causes and effects of pollution, climate change and overpopulation to our food
supply.
Challenges to Global Food Security
Food security is a huge problem that concerns each and every one of us. Today, we might be
confident that we won’t get affected by food shortages experienced by other countries. But
knows? Nowadays, anything is possible. The most unthinkable circumstances are quickly
becoming part of our reality. Food availability is not exempted from among these possibilities. In
a results in a study conducted in 2013 by the FAO, reveals that Sub-Saharan Africa has the
largest prevalence of hungry people. Another study made by the WHO in 2012 shows that the one
in every six children is suffering from malnutrition and are underweight. These are but a few of
the numerous contemporary issues plaguing the world today. In this section, we will look into
some of the factors that contribute largely to issues pertaining to world hunger and food
insecurity.
A. Global Water Crisis
B. Climate Change
C. Land Degradation
D. Greedy land Deals
1. Food security- The Contemporary World by P. Aldama, pp. 27-29.
2. Factors that contribute largely to issues pertaining to world hunger and food insecurity –
The Worktext in the Contemporary World by Cherly Menoza et, al. p. 106
Process Questions:
1. What is meant by Global food security?
2. What do you mean by Haves and Have Not? Classify countries in the world into each
categories in a tabular manner.
3. What is the difference between developed and developing countries?
4. What are the different models and agenda pushed by different organizations to address
the issue of global food security?
Food that human beings consume comprises grain, fruits, roots, animal products
and marine food. Out of these essential items grain has to be harvested. The
harvesting process takes time. Each harvest produces a quantity of grain. This
grain has to meet the needs of the consumers until the next harvest is delivered.
Therefore it has to be stored during the period between harvests. This is essentiaĺy
the idea of food security. Fruits and roots are seasonal products and if there is
continuous demand for either item, storage is necessary. Animal and fish products
are available in continuous supply. But these products may have to be stored for a
short period of time between slaughter or catch and consumption. One animal
product, milk, has consumer needs similar to that of grain. Milk products like
butter cheese etc however are consumer goods that take time to produce from
milk. So the products have to be stored to maintain continuous supply. Bradly
speaking storing food items to secure a conitnuous supply round the year is the
essential charaxteristic of “food security".

5. The idea of consuming leeser quantities of grain on a daily basis than the quantity
available on that day to ensure continuous supply from harvest to harvest can be
extended. The entire quantity that is produced in one harvest is not consumed
fully when the next harvest is delivered. A surplus stock is continuously stored to
ensure that in the event of lesser production in one harvest due to weather
fluctuations or natural calamities, there is still supply in the consumer's market.
The quantity of this buffer stock is determined by the size of the population and
its per capita consumption in a given time period. The time period whose
estimated demand is to be stored is a policy matter.
6. “Food security" policies are in place in most developed and many developing
nations. In today's world of multinational trade, many countries with excess grain
production store adequate grain not only for their own demands but also for the
demand in other countries. Thus food security has become an international issue.
The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) is an United Nations body that
plans for global food security and advises individual nations on how to implement
adequate food security for their domestic needs.
Exercises/ Drill:
1. What is food security according to Food and Agriculture Organization?
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, “food security exists when all
people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious
food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.”
Basing on FAO’s definition, food security is not only about filling the stomach with
food, but an important element of it involves having nutritionally adequate and safe
foods. Consequently, researches conducted by the State of Food Security in the world
reveals that Asia has the largest number of people going hungry each day. In keeping
with Malthusian principle, the steady growth of global population challenges world
leaders and scientists alike on how to produce solutions to meeting human food and
nutritional needs while sustaining the finite resources of the world.
2. Enumerate and discuss the factors that contribute largely to issues pertaining to world
hunger and food insecurity.
We all know that the general cause for hunger is insufficient food resources.
However, there could be some other noteworthy reasons worth considering:
1. War and Conflict – It’s no coincidence that many of the world’s “conflict
hot spots” are also the regions most ravaged by hunger. Imagine how
difficult it is for a community stressed by violence, crumbling infrastructure,
and fleeing refugees to support stable food systems. In many cases, a
family whose life has been interrupted by war will see a drop in income and
access to arable land. War and conflict drastically impact food supply and
security.
2. Weather and Climate Change – Natural disasters leave dramatic impact
on the production of arable land. Between droughts, floods, and tropical
storms, weather can be unpredictable and devastating. Although a natural
disaster may strike quickly, its long-term damage can be unimaginable. In
many developing countries, farmers depend on one small plot of land. If
this land is destroyed by natural disaster, their source of food and
livelihood is washed away with it.
3. Agricultural Practices – In recent years, farmers have seen an increase in
deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, and drought. Combined with
overgrazing, over-cropping, and deforestation, the impact of poor

agricultural practices can destroy arable land. By improving farming
practices and increasing access to quality infrastructure, we can make huge
strides in eliminating hunger.
4. Population Growth – As the populations of countries rise, so too does
the demand for food. Population growth has hit developing countries
especially hard. Compounded with rising food prices, it’s becoming
increasingly more difficult to match food production rates with population
growth rates.
5. Poverty – Like hunger, poverty is often a cyclical, structural crisis. In most
cases, poverty and hunger go hand-in-hand. As a family sinks into poverty,
they are forced to stretch their meager income. As more money is spent on
food, less money is available to spend on health care, savings, and
education. Farmers may find themselves unable to purchase seeds, tools, or
farming equipment. Poverty is a cause of hunger, but it is an effect as well.
Discussion: Lesson 15: Global Citizenship

Objectives:
 Articulate a personal definition of Global Citizenship

 Appreciate the ethnical obligations of global citizenship.
From the beginning of this work text the most fundamental ideas of globalization has been
used as guides in order to point out what this phenomenon is all about. By this time you might
have already concocted your own definition of globalization. Understanding that peoples of the
world are chained together by infinite transactions and interconnectivities in a way suggests an
implied responsibility to look out for one another. The much debated climate change and its
fallouts are now a staggering reality. Its effects excuses no one- not even people from the so-
called highly industrialized countries. A few too many debates have already been done to identify
the culprits for this massive destruction. We need not add to the long list of endless rebuttals for
what we are in dire need of our actions and solutions that would turn things around.
A global citizen is an individual who is aware of and firmly understands the interdependent
system of societies and their relative position in that arena. According to Jerome S. Bruner,
“Education must be not only a transmission of culture but also a provider of alternative views of
the world and a strengthener of skills to implore them.” This means that young individuals, such
as yourself, are beseeched to enrich and deepen your knowledge, skills, talents, and values to
better arm yourself as you go about exploring the world beyond the borders of the place you call
home. Being citizens of the world entails rejoicing and celebration of the diversity of cultures and
this includes the arts, music, literature and language to mention a few.
A global citizen is a person who recognizes being part of an unfolding global community
and that individual conduct and behavior act as the building blocks of a community’s culture.
Nowadays, forces of globalization such as the internet, politics, and religion guide individuals to
identify themselves as global citizens living in a world system. With technology, transportation
and mass media, our ability to establish linkages and connect with people in distant places is
enforced and magnified. We feel empathy and sorrow for victims of humanitarian catastrophes,
civil conflicts and famine in other countries halfway across the world. We are educated on how
elevated the problem is with regards to the oceans of pollution we have collectively spawned.
Deep seated emotions like anger surface amidst terror attacks as images of defenseless children
fill our television screens.
A sense of belongingness that was first attributed to our countrymen begins to extend
allowing the entry of non-nationals into our hearts and minds.
Why is Global Citizenship Education Needed?

The continual advancements in technology coupled with the unceasing foreign relations and
exchanges occurring at an incessant rate bridges together nation-states across. All our lives we
have been exposed to the different facets of globalization. We are all actors playing a role in a
world littered with disaster ridden communities, politically indifferent nations, famine and
sickening cultural separation.
Global citizenship works on the premise that when united, we can make a difference and rid
the world of discrimination, social injustice, food insecurity, and environmental degradation.
Building global citizenship awareness encourages young individuals to become active agents of
positive world changes. As citizens of the world, we must instill in ourselves a deep value and
respect of human diversity thus becoming sentinels against social unjustness and inequality.
Learning is brought into the on-going contemporary world where solutions to real issues
threatening our very existence are conjures, implored, and executed. This in turn challenges
ignorance and intolerance and therefore accentuates our role as a world citizen.

Understanding that each has a responsibility in the local, national and global community,
individuals realize that their opinions and voices, no matter how small, if put into action can
create a ripple effect that can influence the rest of the world to strive for change.
1. Global Citizenship- The Contemporary World by P. Aldama, pp. 73-76
Process Questions:
1. What is global citizenship according to Caecilla Johanna Van Peski?
2. What are the three approaches to global economic resistance and say something about it.
Exercises/ Drill:
1. Activity: Local- Global Issues
Direction: As part of an interdependent and interconnected global society, one of our
duty is to become aware of the atrocities that is plaguing the world. Global issues are not
found beyond our nation’s borders- it is here. Make a draft of a proposal on how to solve
an existing global problem like pollution, poverty, and food insecurity within your
community.
I don’t think anybody has a clue how to solve world poverty. There’s so many
variables involved. To name a few: overpopulation, corruption, insufficient resources,
underdevelopment, apathy, ignorance, violent conflicts, refugees, global warming,
patriarchy and the obscenely lopsided distribution of wealth around the world.
I envision a day in the distant future when mankind’s population decreases because
of the massive death toll of the 22nd century, due to global warming, resource wars,
famines, droughts and mass migrations from uninhabitable desert areas. Due to
generations of global suffering, without respite, religions will be all but abandoned.
We’ll have nowhere to turn, but to science and technology, to usher in a revival of
humanity. It will be our, last, best, hope.
We will have learned our lesson. It will take a global government to level the playing
field and ensure the wealthy aren’t too wealthy. Everybody will play by the same
rules, all designed to eliminate the problems leading up to the catastrophic 22nd
century. Clean energy will be mandatory. Populations will be distributed based on
local sustainability. A simple income tax system will distribute wealth sensibly by
scaling tax rates to income. National borders will only be violable by majority
agreement of both sides. Thanks to technological advances, education and health
care will be free everywhere.
A minimum standard of living, at the subsistence level, will be maintained for those
unable or unwilling to be productive members of society. These will be the “poor
people”. Poverty is relative. It will always be with us. All we can hope to do is provide
a safety net that allows a dignified existence to the poorest of the poor.
Evaluation:
1. Articulate a personal definition of global citizenship.
For me, I define global citizenship more loosely than national, state, and county
citizenship, but definitely an obligation.
As a citizen of the United States, I encourage my nation to participate in global initiatives
with the goals of making the world a healthier, safer, and more equitable place. I vote for
candidates who see the necessity for such initiatives. When possible, I support businesses

which act responsibly on a global level. I also personally support some global charitable
initiatives. Without a recognition of the need for international reciprocity, empathy, and
altruism these goals cannot be achieved. In this sense, I consider myself a global citizen,
and a good one at that.
I think the concept of a "global citizen" is more controversial than it should be because
some misunderstand it as a pledging of loyalty to to an authority above one's nation. No
doubt it could be used that way, and I think it is by some. Perhaps this is a reaction to the
problems caused by extreme nationalism.
However, in the sense we all reside on one planet, global citizen is an accurate term. For
those who wish to practice reciprocity, empathy, and altruism toward other humans, it
presents certain responsibilities. However, this is not incompatible with being a good
citizen of one's nation or locality, which citizenships often come with more defined
responsibilities and priviliges, which I would not want to abandon.
By way of explanation:
The United States issued my passport, protects my safety and rights, and collects taxes
from me. If I break a federal law, they will prosecute me. If my country required my
service, I would render it.
The state in which I live issues my driver's license, protects my rights and safety, and
collects taxes from me. If I break a state law they will prosecute me. If my state required
my service, I would render it.
The county in which I live assigns a place where I vote, protects my rights and safety, and
collects taxes for me. If I break a local law they will prosecute me. If my county required
my service, I would render it.
I live on earth, and the nations of the earth and the UN have little direct influence on my
immediate rights. However, if I break an International law, an International court may
prosecute me, as the courts in other nations might do so in if I break a law there. If I am
imprisoned unjustly in another country, I would expect my country to work toward
securing my rights and protecting me. If my country needed my service to support an
action by the UN or a cooperative action with other countries, I would render it.
Being a good global citizen is neither incompatible with my duties as a citizen of my

nation, state, and county, nor does it affect my loyalty to them.
References:
1. Prince K. R. Aldama - The Contemporary World
2. Cheryl C. Menoza, et al. -Worktext in the Contemporary World
3. Lisandro E. Claudio & Patricio N. Abinales- The Contemporary World

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Final Coverage: Lessons 8-15

Lesson 8: Intercontinental Drift: Culture, Media and Globalization

3. Why do you think the act/ artist became famous?

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Discussion: Lesson 10- The Global City

Also, here’s a picture of a famous tourist spot in the city ;)

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3. What makes your city a global city?

4. What are the challenge/s these cities are facing?

2. Say something about the challenges of global cities.

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The 5 biggest challenges cities will face in the future

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Seoul, capital of South Korea

Image: Chan Heng Chee

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 Explain demographic transition as it affects global population.

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Global Demographic Issues

b. Demographic Pressures on the Environment.

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Push factors - in this case it would be a government or organisation actively

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Pull Factors Push Factors

More jobs Economic push factors tend to be the

Higher wages of the pull factors:

The promise of a “better life” Overpopulation

Principles of religious tolerance Few jobs

Attractive environments, such as mountains, Low wages

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 Demonstrate an understanding of the global migration;

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Migration may assist or hinders development

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Usually involving a permanent move to a different country.

2. What is the difference between emigration and immigration?

Immigration is the act of coming in to live from a foreign country.

Emigration is the act of going away and settling permanently in a foreign

3. What are the different criteria of migrants?

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 Differentiate stability from sustainability

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Example: Environmental sustainability is the rates of renewable resource harvest,

2. Enumerate the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.

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Discussion: Lesson 14: Global Food Security

 Define global food security and its elements.

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Discussion: Lesson 15: Global Citizenship

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 Articulate a personal definition of Global Citizenship

Why is Global Citizenship Education Needed?

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Being a good global citizen is neither incompatible with my duties as a citizen of my