From 40:37

 Student: In the simplest you can think of, define what is an electrical circuit is. For me, for what I’ve learned,
Electric circuit is an interconnection of different electrical components, we have different electrical components
namely as active and passive that consists of battery, resistor, conductor, capacitor, inductor and generator. Also,
it consists of closed loop system, circuit is a closed where electrons flow in the wire so as long as there is a wire
electron can move.
 Prof: Second question, given a battery and a light bulb, how you would connect these two devices together with
the wire so as to energize the light bulb. Explain your answer.
 Student: to energize the light bulb, all we need to do is to connect the wire to the positive terminal and negative
terminal into the light bulb. In addition, by connecting it through wires it allows the electrons to flow.

 Light bulbs have a very simple structure. At the base, they have two metal contacts, which connect to the ends of

an electrical circuit. The metal contacts are attached to two stiff wires, which are attached to a thin metal filament.
The filament sits in the middle of the bulb, held up by a glass mount. The wires and the filament are housed in a
glass bulb, which is filled with an inert gas, such as argon.

When the bulb is hooked up to a power supply, an electric current flows from one contact to the other, through the
wires and the filament. Electric current in a solid conductor is the mass movement of free electrons (electrons that
are not tightly bound to an atom) from a negatively charged area to a positively charged area.

 Prof: Ok, expand more the idea of the flow of electrons.

 Student: Since our source of current or flow is the battery, In real life situation, the negative will produced an
electron then back in the positive terminal, for a given such time until battery will be completely consumed.

 Electron flow is what we think of as electrical current.  We are familiar with two types of electron flow, Direct
Current, or DC, and Alternating Current, or AC.  Direct Current is the kind of electrical flow we get from batteries
and solar cells, when electrons travel in only one direction.  On the other hand, AC is the kind of electrical flow we
get from a typical electrical outlet in a home.  AC is when the electrons flow in two directions, from the positive to
the negative terminal and from the negative to the positive terminal, 'alternating' between the two directions.
(Your lights will light up regardless of the direction of the electron flow.)

 Prof: Do you think Mr. Viilasenor answer is right?

 Student: Yes sir, first, so we have the wire, part of it or the other end of the wire will be connected to the positive
terminal and negative terminal of the battery, it will be both attached at the bottom part of the light bulb stem then
from there electrons will flow so light bulb will now be energized.
 Prof: Next question, instruct me on how to do the electrical schematic diagram of a circuit where a battery
provides electrical energy to light bulb.

 Student: To represent the battery, make a long horizontal line which represent the positive terminal and shorter
horizontal under of it to represent the negative terminal. To represent the wire, we can draw a box connected to
the symbol of the battery then on the right side of the wire in between line of it, to represent the load which is the
light bulb, draw a shape like a combination of circle and triangle and put a dot in the center of it.

 Prof: Addition question, how could a battery, a light bulb and some lengths of metal wire be used as a conductivity
tester, to test the ability of different objects to conduct electricity?

 Student: The two open wires should have a contact to the object that needs to be test.

 Prof: For example this battery and you have a book, so how you will connect the wire, the battery and the light
bulb to the book?

 Student: So for example, from positive terminal will go through the filament of the light bulb then it will come out
on the other side, then, we will connect it to the book so when it came out, it should connected to the positive
terminal.

 Prof: So how you will know if the book is conductive or not?

 Circuits move electrical current and allow us to power devices like light bulbs. A circuit always needs a power
source and a conductive material that the current can flow through in order to power a device. In the case of the
conductivity tester, the battery is the power source, the wires are the conductive material that the current flows
through, and the light bulb is the device that is being powered. Circuits need to be complete in order to work. After
building your circuit, there was a gap between the two loose wires. In order to complete the circuit and make the
bulb light up, another conductive material needs to act as a bridge between the two loose wires. A conductor is a
material that permits the flow of energy. Materials that don’t permit the flow of energy are called insulators. Since
only conductors will allow the current to flow through the circuit to light the bulb, the tester you made can figure
out which materials are conductors and which are insulators!

 Student: it depends, so for example, our aimed is to lighten up the bulb or to start something then we will know if it
is functioning or not then from there we will know if it is conductive or not.
 Prof: For us to know if one thing is conductive, for example, so when we connect it to this book, when it didn’t light
up means there is no conductivity. Another example is the glass, we all knew that this is not a conductor so when
it didn’t light up means there is a less conductivity. Then another, when we connect this wire to a human then it
light up means there is conductivity.

 Prof: Next question, what do the symbols with questions marks next to them refer to? In the circuit shown, would
be the light bulb be energized?

 Student: At first, yes sir, we can see on the left side it is possible for the current to flow while on the other is not.
So the electricity after the passing through to the load, it will end up into another cell then it will go to the ground,
so it will not be energized because there is no flow of electricity will be happening.

 Prof: so your answer is it will not energized?

 Student: Yes sir.

 Prof: Ok so let me answer this question. These symbols over here is actually what we called ground or sometimes
can be called as Earth. If you noticed in our power lines and then here, we have three wires, sometimes you can
see a bird here and we know for a fact that the power lines is actually high voltage. Those birds despite the
energy flowing through these wires, they do not die. The reason for it is because they are directly connected to
the ground. Another example, at your home you will noticed to your meter that there is only one insulated wire and
the other one is bare. In reality, it used only one wire to make the current flow in your house although the return
path of that is found on the bare wire.

 Prof: Yes it is correct that when the birds are not touching the ground or anything in contact with the ground, so
the electricity will stay in the power line. But if a bird with large wings touches a power line and a tree or power
pole at the same time, it gives electricity a path to the ground and could be shocked.

 Prof: Another example, here’s our power supply where this is the positive and here is the negative terminal and
here is the return path. Now let’s look into perspective that involves generating plans. So let’s say this generating
plan is located in Bulacan and Ms. Sales house is located in Cavite, so now although there are three wires, those
wires only going in this path and it is all the portion of the positive. So now, when it reached to Ms. Sales house
what will happen is only one positive flow will enter to her house and the other one is what we called ground. It will
cost much when it will be back again to the generating plan because we will have to get another set of wires and
then when it comes to electricity, the ground will actually become a complete path because it will look like, of
course, the Earth is massive so it means it is connected because there are unidentified conductivity under it
although for sure it has water content and some minerals that has conductivity in electricity. So now, pertaining to
this circuit when it has this kind of symbol means it will energize or light up as long as it is both grounded.

 Prof: Next question, what exactly, is a short circuit? What does it mean if a circuit becomes shorted? How does it
differ from an open circuit?


 Prof: So for example we have here a load, we can call it a resistor and this is the voltage then the conventional
current flowing from positive terminal passing through resistor going to the negative terminal. So the ohms law
states that the current is directly proportional to the voltage but inversely proportional to the resistor.

 Prof: When the resistance is zero it is a closed circuit. According to Ohm’s law, the I is equal to V over R. For
example I is equal to 12 and R is approaching to zero then from there we can get a 120000 amperes. So when
there is too much amount current flowing here then there is a possibility that the wire will be burn because the
current here actually can emits heat, when there is a heat means it can cause burn to any materials. That is why
when you connect the two wires containing positive and negative into the battery, there is a spark means the
current is coming out from here (battery) then that is what we called a short circuit. On the other hand, when we
have too much resistance we called it open circuit. For example we have R= infinity and V=12V , then the result
would be almost nothing because it will be equal to 0.0000… something, so it will be considered as open circuit.

 Prof: Last question for this exercises, lest us examine this schematic diagram, we have now this component which
is the switch, it can make or break a circuit. For now, to make a current flow, we should close this one (the switch
part).Then another we have to connect these to terminals or the battery will be connected to switch. You can draw
he schematic diagram, like this
 Prof: Calculate the amount of charge represented by four million protons. The unit of charge is coulomb and 1
coulomb is equal to 1.602x10 -19 coulomb per proton. So if you have four million protons we just multiply to get the
charge. Four million protons multiplied with 1.602x10 -19 coulomb per proton, then the charge will be equal to?
 Student: 6.408x10-13 Coulomb
 Prof: If we have a series connected resistor, for example we have two resistors (R 1 and R2) connected in series for
you to calculate the Req you just need to add the value of the two resistors (R eq = R1 + R2). However, if we have
parallel connected resistance, the formula for this is R equivalent is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the
resistance Req = 1/ [(1/R1) + (1/R2)] or you can write this as R eq = (R1 R2) / (R1 + R2). So we have two principals
when regard in measuring the quantities for the series connected resistance, we have what you call the Voltage
Divider Principle when source is connected in two resistance (R 1,R2) and we want to know the individual voltage
of this R1 and R2. What we are going to do is to get the V1 that is equal to the voltage total multiplied the
measured resistance which is the R 1 plus the sum of the two resistances V 1= VT (R1/(R1+R2)), same goes to the
V2. Since it is connected in series, the current all over the circuit is equal to each other. But for the parallel
connected resistance we will have the Current Divider Principle, let us consider this circuit that have a voltage
source and have two resistances that is connected in parallel, the voltage absorbed in the resistor 1 is the same
as the voltage source and same with the voltage 2 that absorbed the equal amount of the voltage from the voltage
source. It means that if the resistors are in parallel the voltage is equal all throughout the circuit. In the current
divider principal, a current is passing through the resistor 1 and 2 and to calculate the current 1 (I 1) we will just get
the total current times the opposite resistance all over the sum of two resistance I 1=IT(R2/(R1+R2)) same goes with
I2. We actually have two laws, the Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) which states that the summation of voltage is
equal to zero across a loop.

 Prof: Let us now go to the next Law, Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) is also the same with the first law but it is the
summation of the current is equal to zero or summation of current entering a node is equal to the summation of
current leaving the node.

 Kirchhoff’s Current Law, often shortened to KCL, states that “The algebraic sum of all currents entering and
exiting a node must equal zero.”
This law is used to describe how a charge enters and leaves a wire junction point or node on a wire.
 Prof: Before proceeding in the discussion of KCL, I need to first discuss the nodes, branches and loops. Nodes is
actually the connection of two or more branches while branches are passive or active component (ex. 5
ohms,10V). So let us consider this node and we have a current over here I 1, I2, I3, I4 and I5, so the current law
states that the equation of the current entering a node is equal to the current leaving the node. I 1 + I2 + I5 = I3 + I4 or
I1 + I2 + I5 - I3 - I4=0

 Prof: Let us now consider this problem.

 Prof: Let us consider first the formula for KCL. So our KCL already have an arrow, i 1 is equal to i2 + i3 and we have
now an equation 1. Then we will perform now the KVL, we consider this as loop 1, and the another loop as loop 2.
Considering the loop 1, 30 minus V1 minus V2 is equal to zero and we know that Ohms Law states that V is equal
to I multiplied by R, so we can now substitute. We can get 30 minus V 1 which is equal to i 1 times our resistance 8
ohms, then minus V2 which is equal to i2 times 3 ohms all equal to zero [30-i 1(8)-i2(3)=0] eq2. Let us now consider
the loop 2, V2 minus V3 is equal to zero and the current flowing here is i 2 times 3 ohms minus i 3 times 6 ohms
which is equal to zero [ i2(3)-i3(6)=0 ] eq3. What are we going to do is to look for the common quantity so that we
could substitute it into the equation 1. For the equation 2, it will become i 1 is equal to 30 minus i2 times 3 ohms all
over 8 [ i1=(30-i2(3))/8 ]. For the equation 3, minus i 3 is equal to i2 times 3 ohms all over 6 ohms [ i 3= (i2(3))/6 ].
Then substituting this values this will become 30 minus i 2 times 3 ohms all over 8 minus i 2 minus i2 over 2 is equal
to zero. So can you compute for the values of i 1,i2,i3 using the equation or formula?
 Student: i2 is equal to 2 A.
 Prof: Now we already have i2, we can compute for i1 and i3.
 Student: i1 is equal to 3 A and i3 is equal to 1 A.
 Prof: Since we already have the values of i 1,i2,i3, what are the other values we need to get? The voltage, and the
voltage is equal to I times R. So our V 1 is equal to i1 times 8 which can give us 24 volts, V 2 is equal to i2 times 3
 ohms therefore it absorbs 6 volts, and V 3 is equal to i3 times 6 ohms which is equal to 6 volts. Let’s now consider
the next problem, we now have two voltage source.

 Prof: By KCL we have the i1 which is equal to i2 plus i3 and then we have the V1 which is equals to i1 times 2, V2 is
equal i2 times 8 and our V3 is equal to i3 times 4. Since we have the voltages we will now perform the KVL, we
have the loop 1, loop 2. Again we have 5 volts minus V 1 minus V2 is equal to zero. So substituting the voltage, 5
volts minus i1 times 2 ohms minus i 2 times 8 ohms is equal to zero. At loop 2 we have the V 2 minus V3 plus 3 volts
equal to zero. Substituting the voltages we will have, 8i 2 minus 4i3 plus 3 volts is equal to zero. Then we will
isolate i2 that will give i1 is equal to 5 minus 8i2 all over 2 and i3 is equal to 8i2 plus 3 all over 4. So substituting the
equations to the first equation, we can now obtain the values for i 2, so what is the answer for i2?
 Student: 0.25 A
 Prof: i2 is equal to 0.25 A, what about the i1,i3 ? What are the values of i1,i3 ?
 Student: i1 is equal to 1.5A, i3 is equal to 1.25A
 Prof: We can now compute for the voltages: V 2 is equal to 0.25 times 8 which gives us an answer of 2 volts, V 1 is
equal to 1.5 times 2 which is equal to 3, and V 3 is equal to 1.25 times 4 which is equal to 5, so we now satisfy the
current and the voltage. In a Delta to Wye circuit, when you want to convert the Delta to Wye you just need to
consider this, R1 is the product of the resistance parallel to it which is equal to R b times Rc all over the sum of the
three resistors (a,b,and c). When it comes to R 2 you need to consider the R b and Ra, when it comes to R3, Ra and
Rb. When Wye to Delta you will consider what is in front of it, for example R a what’s in front of it is R1, R2 is infront
of Rb and R3 is in front of Rc.

References:

HARRIS, T.
How Light Bulbs Work
In-text: (Harris, 2021)
Your Bibliography: Harris, T. (2021). How Light Bulbs Work. Retrieved 20 September 2021, from
https://home.howstuffworks.com/light-bulb1.htm

WHAT'S ELECTRON FLOW?

In-text: ("What's electron flow?", 2021)
Your Bibliography: What's electron flow?. (2021). Retrieved 20 September 2021, from
https://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/power/2-whats-electron-flow.html

ANON
In-text: (2021)
Your Bibliography: (2021). Retrieved 20 September 2021, from https://www.mdsci.org/wp-
content/uploads/2018/05/Conductivity-Tester.pdf

ROBBINS, M.
Open Circuit and Short Circuit
In-text: (robbins, 2021)
Your Bibliography: robbins, m. (2021). Open Circuit and Short Circuit. Retrieved 20 September 2021, from
https://ultimateelectronicsbook.com/open-circuit-and-short-circuit/

ANON
In-text: (2021)
Your Bibliography: (2021). Retrieved 20 September 2021, from https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-
current/chpt-6/kirchhoffs-current-law-kcl/