TRANSMISSION LINE 1

Instructed by: Miss. R T Gunasekara

Name :- D.K.Pathirana
Index No :- 080332P
Group :- EE9
Date of Per. :- 24/01/2011
Instructed by :- R.T.Gunasekara
 OBSEVATION SHEET

Name :- D.K.Pathirana
Index No :- 080332P
Group :- EE9
Date of Per. :- 24/01/2011
Instructed by :- R.T.Gunasekara

Observations

Open circuit test,

Vs =74V

Ws = 10W

Is = 0.9A

Short circuit test,

Vs = 5.2V

Ws = 5W

Is = 1.1A
EXPREIMENT: Transmission Line 1

OBJECTIVES: To determine the general parameters of a transmission line from

1. Open circuit test

2. Short circuit test

APPARATUS:
Transmission Line model
Variac (0-230V, 8A) 1 No
Wattmeter 1 No
Rheostat (100Ω, 8A) 1 No
Capacitor (4μF) 1 No
A. C. Voltmeter (0-150V) 2 Nos
A. C. Ammeterers (0-5A) 2 Nos

TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

Three phase, 50Hz, 25km long transmission line.
Constants per phase
r = 0.3Ω/km
l = 2mH/km
c = 0.256μF/km and g is negligible

Scale factors:
Voltage scale: 1000:1
Current scale: 200:1
THEORY

Think that this is a part of a transmission line

Vx Vr
X
Ix Ir
A B

δx
 A- Sending end
B- Receving end
Vx- Voltage at X distance from the receiving end
Ix- Current at X distance from the receiving end
Δv- Voltage drop across δx distance
δI- Current though δx section
Impedance per unit length(z) = r+ jωL
Admittance per unit length(y) = g + jωC

δV = Iz δx

δI = yV δx

then,

Differentiating (1) and (2) w.r.t x we get,

Substituting from (1) and (2)

Therefore,

Differentiating (3) w.r.t x

From (1) and (4),

Equating coefficients,

Characteristic impedance

Then,

When x= 0, from (3) and (4)

Substituting above result

From (9) and (10),

Substituting in (3) and (4)

 So,

In matrix form
CALCULATIONS:

Finding ABCD parameters theoretically

R = (0.3x25)/5

= 1.5Ω

L = (2x25)/5

= 10mH

C = (0.256x25)/0.2

= 32μF

Characteristic impedance

Propagation constant

Using equation (11) and (12),

A =cosh(γx) =cosh( = 1.0185

B=

C=

D = A =1.0185
Finding ABCD parameters practically,

For open circuit test, Ir =0;

Then

So,

From short circuit test; Vr = 0;

So,
Now we know that;

A=D

and also AD-BC = 1

from above we can proof that A = D =

so;

A= D=

A = D =1.0145 -1.413

So,
DISCUSSION

Capacitors that we used, haven’t have the represent value. So it may cause some
errors. Reading errors also can be occurred. The instruments that we used are not 100% accurate.
Used transmission line model was a very old one which would not work very accurately, Since we
are scaling the transmission line there will be some errors due to scaling factor, Per unit values would
not constant along the line. Due to these errors practical and theoretical values can be differ.

Some of things must be considered in the design and operation of a transmission line is
the determination of voltage drop, line losses and efficiency of transmission. These values are greatly
influenced by the line constants, resistance, impedance and capacitance of the transmission. For
instance, the voltage drop in the line depends upon the values of above three line constants. In any
four terminal network, where the net work should be passive i.e. containing no source of e.m.f., and
linear i.e. impedances independent of current flowing, and bilateral i.e. impedances independent of
direction of current flowing, the input voltage and input current can be expressed in terms of output
voltage and output current. Incidentally, a transmission line is a four-terminal network; two input
terminals where enters the network and two output terminals where power leaves the network, and
the conditions for a network are fully met in transmission lines. Due to smaller length and lower
voltage in these lines, the effect of line capacitance is small and hence can be neglected. Therefore
the line is considered to have series impedance i.e. only resistance and inductance of the line are
taken into account. There are two methods to represent medium lines. they are Nominal T-model and
Nominal model. In this transmission line the whole line to neutral capacitance is assumed to be
concentrated at the middle point of line and the half the line resistance and reactance are lumped on
either side. Here the lengths of lines are more than 150km and the voltage used is higher than 100kV.
In this case, the line constants i.e. resistance, inductance and capacitance are considered uniformly
distributed and line to neutral capacitance is divided into two halves; one half being concentrated at
the load end and the other half at the sending end.

By doing this experiment we identified the four parameters governing the characteristics of a
transmission line. They are Line resistance, Line inductance, Line capacitance, Line conductance.
And also we knew how to find those parameters theoretically and practically. In designing a
transmission line it’s very important to keep the voltage drop at a minimum and to achieve maximum
possible efficiency.