APPLIED

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Stress-Intensity Factors for t i e Tension

of an Eccentrically Cracked Strip
b, b —
M. ISIDA 1
e
Consider the tension of an infinite strip with a transverse crack — I —• T
located eccentrically from the center line. W e denote the uniform
" T "

BT
_J
tensile stress at infinity by T, plate width by 2b, crack length by
21, and distances of the crack center from both straight edges and
the plate center line by bh b2, and e, respectively. W e take the
axes x, y as shown in Fig. 1 and define the following dimensionless
Fig. 1
coordinates and parameters:

e I problem and rewritten in our notations as follows:

X =
b'
L„ = Y, (°<P"DP + PP"Fp),
p=o
H = V = (D (4)
b'
Mn = Y +
p=0
z = X + iy, f = £ + = -
where the coefficients ap", flp", yp", and Sp" are given in forms of
J
infinite integrals.
The plate is assumed to be in a state of generalized plane stress, On the other hand, the stress-free conditions for the crack edge
and the Airy's stress function may be expressed in terms of com- were discussed in the author's previous paper and given in the
plex potentials <p(f) and ' / ' ( f ) as follows: following forms [2]:

X = f + Tb2 R e {&.«•) + (2) D u = ia„2«X2»+2 + Y <>L°- +

p=0

where the first term in equation (2) corresponds to the uniform

F 2 n = - - C„ 2 "X 2 « +2 Y p +
tensile stress at infinity and ip(£), ^ ( f ) should be determined from p= 0
the boundary conditions. (5)
In the present problem, not only stresses, strains, and rotation
but also the resultant force and displacements must be single- p =0
valued within the plate region. It follows that </?({") and ^ ' ( f )
must be analytic functions and can be expanded in Laurent's
Fln+l = - Y + )c 2j H-l 2 " +1 X 2 " +2 " +4
series convergent in a region bounded by certain two concentric p= 0 J
circles. They are written in the following forms:
where ap", cp" are expressed in linear forms of the expansion co-
efficients of (1 - X
¥>(f) = E + M"nt<"+1)
11 = 0
The unknown coefficients Fn, Mn, Dn, and Ln are calculated
by solving (4) and (5) with the perturbation method, and they are
determined in forms of power series of X.
<A'(f) = - A > r ' - X) nD n^("+1) (3)
71 = 0
Now the stress-intensity factors for crack tip points A and B
are given by the formula
+ £ (n + 2 )L„r»+i
Ka,b= 2 a/2 r V & lim [ V f =F X ¥>'«•)] (6)
r-*±x
where unknown coefficients F„, Mn, Dn, and Ln must be deter-
Using equation (3), together with the obtained series expres-
mined from the boundary conditions.
sions for M„ and F„, the K are given in power series of X, whose
First unknown coefficients in (3) must satisfy some relations
coefficients are also infinite series due to the assumed series ex-
in order that the straight edges may be free from stress. They pansion for <p(£). Those coefficients, however, can be summed
were derived by C. B. Ling [l] 2 in his paper on a circular hole up in closed form, and their values are evaluated exactly by
1 Visiting P r o f e s s o r of M e c h a n i c s , L e h i g h U n i v e r s i t y , Bethlehem, using the expressions for c2p2" and c 2 pn 2 " + 1 in equation (5) [3].
Pa.; on leave from Second Airframe Division, National Aerospace Analysis is performed for 15 values of e, including the extreme
Laboratory, T o k y o , Japan.
2 N u m b e r s in b r a c k e t s d e s i g n a t e R e f e r e n c e s a t e n d of N o t e .
cases when e = 0 and e —»• 1, which are the centrally cracked strip
Manuscript received by A S M E Applied Mechanics Division, June and the cracked semi-infinite plate, respectively; and the stress
17, 1 0 6 5 ; final d r a f t , F e b r u a r y s , 1 9 6 6 . intensity factors are given by the following series:

674 / SEPTEMBER 1966 Transactions of the AS'SVIE

Copyright © 1966 by ASME

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 BRIEF NOTES
TabSe 1 Values of coefficients in correction factors

£ C! C, 04 Os- '
a
> °7 Or Cl Ci,

0 0.591(8 0 0,1(612 0 0.3963 0 0.3367 0 0.2972

0.02 0.5726 0.0339 0.1(1(62 0.0315 0.351(8 0.01(33 0.2917 o.ok6k 0,2k98
o.ok 0.5535 0.0639 0.1(173 0.057k 0.323k 0.0759 0.2606 0.0768 0.2208
0.06 0.5371 0.0903 0.3936 0.0765 0.2998 0.1003 . 0.2k00 o.ioik 0.2035
0.00 0.5231 0.113': 0.37k3 0.0956 0.2623 0.1165 | 0.2,63 0.1172 0.1939
0.1 0.5112" 0.1335 0.3565 0.1099 0.269k 0.1319 jo.2175 0.1281 0.1890
0.2 0.1l7nl 0.1975 0.3155 0.11:65 0.2k26 0.1576 io.2073 0.11(67 0.190k
0.3 0.h635 0.2179 0.3016 0.1571 0.237k 0.1538 ',0.2063 0.11(28 0.1936
o.k 0.1:555 0.2126 0.2922 0.1507 0.2292 0.11(05 jo. 2012 0.1310 0.1660
0.3 O.llilOk 0.1939 0.27511. 0.136k 0.2113 0.1236 0.1632 0.115k 0.1677
0.6 0,1:123 0.1707 0.21(73 0.1192 0.181(1 0.1061 0.157k 0.0989 0.11(29
0.7 0.3701: 0.11:95 0.2106 0.1029 0.1529 0.0905 0.1296 o.oSki 0.1175
0.8 0.3197 0.13U1 0.1735 0.0699 0.12k6 0.0783 9.1063 0.0727 0.0969
0.9 0.2729 0.126k 0.11(1(9 0.061k 0.1051 0.0706 0.0910 0.0656 0.0837
1 0.25 0.12- 0.1328 0.0781 0.0967 0.0671 O.C036 0.0618 0.0766

e C,i c„ c,r 0,1 . cl7 0,1 C„

0 0 0.2713 0 0.2535 0 o.2kok , 0 0.2300 0

0,02 0.0533 0.2219 0.0576 0.2021 0.0627 0.1873 0.0669 0.1756 0.0711
0.0k 0.0676 0.19k8 0.0920 0.177k O.097l( 0.1650 0.1011 0.1556 0.101(6
0.06 0.1099 0.1G10 0,1127 0.1666 0.1167 0.1575 0.1189 0.1512 0.1212
0.08 0.121a 0.17k9 0.1251 0.1636 0.1275 0.1570 0.126k 0.1526 0.1291(
O.l 0.1331 0.1731 0.1325 0.161(k 0.1336 0.159k 0.:133k 0.1567 0.1337
0.2 o.ilihy 0.1017 0.11(13 0.1772 0.1396 0.171(8 0.13-63 0.1735 O.I376

0.3 0.1387 0.185k 0.1355 0.1806 0.1336 0.1776 0.132k 0.1757 0.1318

o.U 0.1266 0.1771 0.1236 0.1715 0.1216 0.1679 0.1205 0.165k •0.1197
o.S 0.1111 0.1565 0.1082 0.1526 0.1063 o.l!>87 0.101(9 0.1L59 o.ioko

0.6 0.0914-9 0.131(3 0.0921 0.1269 0.0902 0,1252 0.0868 0.1225 0.0677
0.7 O.CGOI; 0.110!: 0.0779 0.1060 0.0761 0.1030 0.071(7 0.1007 0.0736
0.8 0.069k 0.0915 0.0672 o.oesi 0.0655 0,0658 0.06k3 0.08k0 0,0632

0.9 0.0626 0.0796 0.0606 0.0770 0.0591 0.0752 0.0579 0.0737 0.0570

1 0.0565 0.0721: 0.0562 0.0697 o.o5kk 0,067' •:.05=c 0.r,oi2 0.0517

K A = T V 7 FA(e, X), K B = T V L Fa(e, A)

FaU, = i + £ c,Xn>
(7)

FB(e,X) = 1 + £ (-1)"C„X"|
11=2

Numerical values of C„(e) are shown in T a b l e 1. C o n v e r g e n c y

of the series in equations (7) is n o t discussed mathematically, b u t
still those series are regarded to have better convergency than
geometrical series of which the c o m m o n ratios are X, since abso-
lute values of Cn have the general trend of decreasing with increas-
ing values of n as shown in T a b l e 1. If it is accepted, the errors
due to truncating the series would be smaller than lOigX 1 9 /(1 —
X)| and, on this basis, equations ( 7 ) are expected to give correct
four-digit values of FA and FB if X ^ 0.7, and correct three and
two-digit values for X = 0.8 and 0.9, respectively. In Fig. 2, FA(e,
X) and FB(e, X) are plotted against X for typical values of e b y solid
and dotted curves, respectively. F A and F B start f r o m the same
curve when e = 0, the case of a central!}' cracked strip. As ec-
centricity e increases with fixed values of X, F A and F B decrease
as shown in the figure, the former gradually and the latter quite
rapidly, and converge to the limiting curves for e —*• 1, corre- ~0 0.2 0.4 0.6
sponding to the case of a cracked semi-infinite plate. Solid
circles in the figure show the values b y the tangent formula [4] Fig. 3 Effect of location of crack of definite length on F A

F^(0, X) = (8) Itagaki of T h e National Aerospace Laboratory, T o k y o , Japan,

for programming the problem for a Burroughs D a t a t r o n 205
computer.
which is actually for a wide plate with an infinite number of co-
linear cracks, b u t often emploj'ed as an approximation for a References
centrally cracked strip, the case of e = 0 in the present problem. 1 C. B. Ling, "Stresses in a Perforated Strip," JOUBNAL OF AP-
T h o s e values are plotted fairly well below the author's exact PLIED M E C H A N I C S , v o l . 2 4 , T R A N S . A S M E , vol. 79, 1957, pp. 365-375.

curve, the discrepancy for X = 0.5 being a b o u t 10 percent, and b y 2 M . Isida, " O n the Stress Function in the Plane P r o b l e m s of an
Elastic B o d y Containing a Free Elliptical H o l e , " Transactions of the
coincidence very close to the curve of F(0.7, X). I n Fig 3, F A
Japan ,Society of Mechanical Engineers, vol. 21, no. 107, 1955, pp.
are also plotted against e for various values of l/b, and this would
502-506.
be convenient to k n o w the effect of the location of a crack of 3 M . Isida, " O n the Tension of a Strip W i t h a Central Elliptical
definite length on the stress-intensity factor. Hole," Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, vol.
21, no. 107, 1955, pp. 507-518.
4 II. M . Westergaard, "Bearing Pressures and Cracks," JOURNAL
Acknowledgment
OF APPLIED MECHANICS, vol. 6, TRANS. A S M E , vol. 61, 1939, pp.
T h e author wishes to express his sincere thanks to M r . Y . A-49-A-53.

Journal of Applied Mechanics SEPTEMBER 1 96 6 / 675

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