9/30/2019

Air University Fall 2019 (Ver. 2.0)

Analog & Digital Communications

EE 330
Lecture # 04
Analog Modulation
Frequency and Phase Modulation

Muhammad Tilal
Department of Electrical Engineering
Air University (AU) Islamabad

The theme of this presentation is an inspiration from the one used in S2 Department of Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Previous Lecture
• Amplitude Modulation
• Forms of Amplitude Modulated Waves
– Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSSC)
– Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier(SSSC)

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Session Overview

Topic Frequency Modulation

Frequency Modulation, Resting Frequency, High Frequency,
Low Frequency, Rate of Frequency Shift, Frequency
Deviation, Carrier Swing, Channel Width for Commercial
Concepts
Radio Broadcasts, Modulation Index, Deviation Ratio,
Percent Modulation, FM Sidebands, FM Bandwidth, Noise
Immunity of FM, Comparative Analysis of AM & FM
Recommended
Chapter 05 of [01]
Reading
FM, Frequency Deviation, Carrier Swing, Modulation Index,
Keywords Deviation Ratio, Percent Modulation, Carson’s Rule, Bessel
Funcations

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Frequency Modulation
• Frequency of the carrier wave’ is • Minimum Frequency @ Max -ve
changed according to the Amplitude of Modulating Signal.
modulating signal .
• The modulated signal has three
• The information is carried in the frequencies, namely
changing frequency of the – Highest Frequency (H): Maximum
modulated signal. Frequency of the Modulated Signal
– Lowest Frequency (L): Minimum
frequency of the Modulated Signal
• Frequency of the modulated signal – Center or Resting Frequency (fo): Normal
increases as the amplitude of the Frequency of the Modulated Signal
modulating signal increases and which is equal to the carrier frequency.
vice versa.
• What is the amplitude of the
• Maximum Frequency @ Max. +ve modulating signal at resting
Amplitude of Modulating Signal. frequency?

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Frequency Modulation

Louis E. Frenzel Jr., Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, 4th Edition McGraw Hill Education, ISBN: 978—0-07-337385-0

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Frequency Modulation
• The amount of change in the • For FM broadcasts, the maximum
frequency of the modulated signal allowed frequency deviation on
depends upon the amplitude of the each side of center frequency is
modulating signal. standardized at 75 kHz for
maximum loudness. For TV
• A modulating signal with greater broadcast it is 25 kHz.
amplitude causes a greater change
in frequency and vice versa. • The rate at which the frequency
shift takes place is dependent upon
• Keeping the frequency of the the frequency of the modulating
modulating signal constant, a signal. For a modulating signal of
louder signal causes a greater frequency 1 kHz, the frequency of
change in the frequency. the modulated signal varies 1000
times between its maximum and
minimum values.

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Frequency Deviation and Carrier Swing

• The change/shift in frequency
(caused by the modulating signal)
either above or below the resting
frequency is known as ‘Frequency
Deviation’(Δf) or fd.

• The total variation in frequency

from highest to lowest frequency
is known as ‘Carrier Swing’ (CS).

• Carrier Swing= 2 x Δf

Louis E. Frenzel Jr., Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, 4th Edition McGraw Hill Education, ISBN: 978—0-07-337385-0

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Phase Modulation (PM)

• Phase shift of constant frequency
carrier is varied in accordance
with a modulating signal.

• Positive amplitude of modulating

signal causes phase lag
(equivalent to lowering the
frequency).

• Negative amplitude of
modulating signal causes phase
lead (equivalent to increasing the
frequency).

Louis E. Frenzel Jr., Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, 4th Edition McGraw Hill Education, ISBN: 978—0-07-337385-0

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Phase Modulation (PM)

• PM is dynamic in nature. Output
frequency changes only when the
modulating signal is increasing or
decreasing.

Louis E. Frenzel Jr., Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, 4th Edition McGraw Hill Education, ISBN: 978—0-07-337385-0

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Modulating Signal and Carrier
Deviation

Louis E. Frenzel Jr., Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, 4th Edition McGraw Hill Education, ISBN: 978—0-07-337385-0

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Conversion of PM to FM (Indirect FM)

• To convert PM to FM, the deviations caused by frequency variations of
modulating signal are compensated for by using a low pass RC filter

Louis E. Frenzel Jr., Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, 4th Edition McGraw Hill Education, ISBN: 978—0-07-337385-0

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FM Parameters
• Modulation Index • Percent Modulation (m)
= fd/fm Ratio of actual frequency
deviation to the maximum
• Deviation Ratio allowed frequency deviation
It is the worst case modulation m= Δfactual/Δfmax
index with maximum allowed
frequency deviation and • What m=0 and m=100 correspond
maximum allowed modulating to?
audio frequency
Deviation Ratio = fdmax/fm

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FM Sidebands

Louis E. Frenzel Jr., Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, 4th Edition McGraw Hill Education, ISBN: 978—0-07-337385-0

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Bessel Functions

Louis E. Frenzel Jr., Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, 4th Edition McGraw Hill Education, ISBN: 978—0-07-337385-0

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Bessel Functions

Louis E. Frenzel Jr., Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, 4th Edition McGraw Hill Education, ISBN: 978—0-07-337385-0

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Bessel Functions

Louis E. Frenzel Jr., Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, 4th Edition McGraw Hill Education, ISBN: 978—0-07-337385-0

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Frequency Bands of Commercial FM
Broadcast
• Max. Allowed Deviation= 75kHz
• Total Carrier Swing=2x75= 150kHz
• Guard Band on each Side= 25kHz
• Total Guard Band= 2x25=50kHz
• Total Channel Width= 200kHz.

• For TV sound broadcast, Max.

Allowed Deviation= 25kHz

• Calculate the maximum and

minimum frequencies for a radio
broadcast with the resting
frequency equal to 100MHz.
• Calculate Deviation Ratio for Radio
and audio TV broadcasts?
B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.

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FM Bandwidth
• Carson’s Rule

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.

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Design Problem
• Example
What is the modulation index of an FM carrier having a carrier swing of 100
kHz and a modulating signal of 5 kHz?
Solution:

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Design Problem
• Example:
An FM transmitter has a frequency deviation of 18.75 kHz. Calculate the
percent modulation if it is broadcast
(a) in 88-108MHz Band (b) as a portion of a TV broadcast
Solution:

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Design Problem
• Example:
An FM signal has a resting frequency of 105 MHz and a highest frequency
of 105.03 MHz when modulated by a signal of frequency 5 kHz. Determine
(a) Frequency Deviation (b) Carrier Swing (c) Modulation Index (d) Percent
Modulation (e) Lowest Frequency reached by the FM wave.
Solution:

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Noise Immunity of FM Signals

Louis E. Frenzel Jr., Principles of Electronic Communication Systems,

4th Edition McGraw Hill Education, ISBN: 978—0-07-337385-0

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Noise and Phase Shift

What are Pre-Emphasis and

De-Emphasis Circuits?
Louis E. Frenzel Jr., Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, 4th Edition McGraw Hill Education, ISBN: 978—0-07-337385-0

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Comparative Analysis
AM FM
• Poor sound quality. • Better sound quality because of
lesser interference in frequency.
• Long transmission distances.
• Short transmission distances.

• Cheaper & easier to implement. • Expensive & complex to implement.

• Smaller bandwidth. • Larger bandwidth.

• More simultaneous transmissions • Lesser simultaneous transmissions

possible due to smaller bandwidth. possible.

• Frequency Range: 535-1705 kHz • Frequency Range: 88-108 MHz

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Next Lecture
• Analog to Digital Conversion

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References
[1] Louis E. Frenzel Jr., Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, 4th
Edition McGraw Hill Education, ISBN: 978—0-07-337385-0

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