JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCH 303 – THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
CARL GUSTAV JUNG – ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
TOPIC OUTLINE
1 Overview of Analytical Psychology
2 Biography of Carl Jung
3 Levels of Psyche
4 Dynamics of Personality
5 Psychological Types
6 Development of Personality
7 Jung’s Methods of Investigation
8 Critique of Jung
9 Concept of Humanity
OVERVIEW OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
 Analytical Psychology - rests on the assumption that
occult phenomenon can and do influence the lives of
everyone.
 Each of us is motivated not only by repressed
experiences but also by certain emotionally toned
emotional experiences inherited from our ancestors.
 Collective Unconscious - includes those elements
that we have never experienced individually but
which have come down to us from our ancestors
o Some elements become highly developed =
known as ARCHETYPES.
o SELF-REALIZATION - most inclusive
archetype.
- Achieved when one attains a balance
between opposing forces.
- People are both introverted and
extraverted; rational and irrational;
male and female; conscious and
unconscious; and pushed by past events
while being pulled by future
expectations.
BIOGRAPHY OF CARL JUNG
 July 26, 1875; Switzerland
 Johann Paul Jung (minister) & Emilie Preiswerk
(daughter of theologian); both were youngest of
13 children.
o Father was a sentimental idealist with
strong doubts about his religious faith.
o Jung saw MOTHER as having two
separate dispositions = (1) realistic,
practical and warmhearted ; (20
unstable mystical, clairvoyant, archaic
and ruthless.
- Jung related more to the mystical
side of the mother.
 Both religion and medicine was influential to
Jung.
 4th birthday – moved to Basel; recall his earliest
dreams during this time.
 HS years - became aware of two aspect of his
self
o No 1 and no. 2 personalities
o At first he saw both personalities as
parts of his own personal world, but
during adolescence he became aware
of the No. 2 personality of something
other than himself.
o Found in In Memories, Dreams,
Reflections
 16th and19th years  No. 1 personality emerged
as more dominant.
o No. 1 personality was extraverted and
in tune to the objective world, whereas
his No.2 personality was introverted
and directed inward toward his
subjective world.
 ARCHEOLOGY was his first choice of profession.
 Freud & Jung:
o On their first meeting they developed
strong mutual respect and affection for
one another, talking during their first
meeting for 13 hours straight.
o Freud believed that Jung was the ideal
person to be his successor.
o Regarded Jung as a man of great
intellect.
o Freud selected Jung to be the first
president of the Psychoanalytic
Association.
o Tension began to simmer between
them and intensified even more when
the two started to interpret each
other’s dreams.
- Jung claimed that Freud was
unwilling to reveal details of his
personal life which he need in
order to interpret Freud’s dreams.
- Freud was unable to interpret
Jung’s dreams (according to Jung),
especially one that seemed to
contain rich material from Jung’s
collective unconscious.
o Upon returning from the US< personal
as well as theoretical differences
became more intense as their
friendship cooled.
 o 1913 – both terminated their personal
correspondence ; the next year, Jung
resigned from the Psychoanalytic
Association.
o December 1913 – 1917 - Jung
underwent a thorough analysis of his
unconscious psyche.
- “Creative illness”
- By using dream interpretation and
active imagination, Jung eventually
was able to create his own theory
of personality.
LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE
 Based on the assumption that the mind, or psyche
has both a conscious and an unconscious level.
 The most IMPORTANT portion of the unconscious
springs not from personal experiences but from
the distant past of human existence - COLLECTIVE
UNCONSCIOUS.
 Of lesser important as the CONSCIOUS and
PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS.
CONSCIOUS  Are those that are sensed by the
ego, whereas unconscious have no
relationship with the ego.
o The EGO is more
restrictive for Jung.
- It is the center of
consciousness, but
not the core of
personality.
 Ego is NOT THE WHOLE OF
PERSONALITY but must be
completed by the more
comprehensive Self.
 In a psychologically healthy
person, the ego undertakes a
secondary position to the
unconscious self.
o An overemphasis on
expanding one’s
conscious psyche can
lead to psychological
imbalance.
 Healthy individuals are in contact
with their conscious world, but
they also allow themselves to
experience their unconscious self
– essential to achieve
INDIVIDUALISM.
PERSONAL  Embraces all repressed,
CONSCIOUSNESS forgotten, or subliminally
perceived experiences of one
particular individual.
o Repressed infantile
memories and impulses,
forgotten events, and
experiences originally
perceived below the
threshold of
consciousness.
 Formed by our INDIVIDUAL
EXPERIENCES and is therefore
UNIQUE to us.
o Some memories can be
recalled easily, some with
difficulty, others’ beyond
the reach of
consciousness.
 COMPLEXES – term used to refer
to the contents of our personal
unconscious.
o an emotionally toned
conglomeration of
associated ideas.
o largely personal, but may
also be derived from
humanity’s collective
experience.
COLLECTIVE  has roots in the ancestral past of
UNCONSCIOUS the entire species.
o represents Jung’s most
controversial, and
perhaps the most
distinctive concept.
 the contents of the collective
unconscious are inherited and
pass from one generation to the
next as psychic potential.
o e.g universal concepts
such as God, mother,
water earth.
o transmitted through
generations so that
people across time have
been influenced by their
primitive ancestors’
primordial experiences.
 contents are more or less the
same for people in all cultures.
 do not lie dormant but are active
and influence a person’s
thoughts, emotions and actions.
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  Responsible for people’s many
myths, legends and religious
beliefs.
o E.g. “big dreams” – filled
with significant for
people of every time and
place.
 Refers to the humans’ innate
tendency to react in a particular
way whenever their experiences
stimulate a biologically inherited
response tendency.
o E.g. mother reacting
with love and tenderness
to her newborn infant.
 Humans, like other animals, come
into the world with INHERITED
PREDISPOSITIONS to act or react
in certain ways if their present
experiences touch on these
biologically based predispositions.
 At first, they are “forms without
content” – or simply the
possibility of a certain type of
perception and action.
o With more repetition,
these forms begin to
develop some content
and to emerge as
relatively autonomous
“archetypes”.
ARCHETYPES  Ancient or archaic images that
derive from the collective
unconscious.
 Emotionally toned collections of
associated images.
 Archetypes are generalized and
derive from the contents of the
collective unconscious.
 Are different from INSTINCTS  an
unconscious physical impulse
toward action.
o The archetype’s psychic
counterpart.
o Both archetypes are
unconsciously
determined, and both
can help shape
personality.
 Have a biological bases but
originate through the repeated
experiences of humans’ early
ancestors.
o Potential for countless
numbers of archetypes
exist within each person.
o When a personal
experience corresponds
to the latent primordial
image, then the
archetype becomes
activated.
 The archetype cannot be directly
represented, but when activated,
it expresses itself through several
modes, primarily dreams,
fantasies and delusions.
 Dreams are the main source of
archetypal materials.
o Dreams produce motifs
that could not have been
known to the dreamer
through personal
experience
 Jung place primary emphasis on
the collective unconscious and
used personal experiences to
round the total personality.
THE DIFFERENT ARCHETYPES
 PERSONA
o The side of personality that PEOPLE SHOW TO
THE WORLD.
o Originated from experiences in theatre.
o Jung believed that people should project a
particular ROLE, one that society dictates to
each person.
- One should not confuse public face with
our complete self.
o If we identify too closely without persona, we
remain conscious of our individuality and are
blocked from attaining self-realization.
- we remain dependent on society’s
expectations of us.
o we must strike a balance between the
demands of the society and what we truly are.
 SHADOW
o darkness and repression, represents those
qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but
attempt to hide from ourselves and others.
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o Consists of morally objectionable tendencies
as well as a number of constructive and
creative qualities that we, nevertheless, are
reluctant to face.
o To be whole, we must continually strive to
know our shadow and this quest is the FIRST
TEST OF COURAGE.
- To come to grips with the darkness within
ourselves is to achieve the “realization of
the shadow”.
o People who never realize their shadow may,
nevertheless, come under its power and lead
tragic lives (e.g. constantly running into bad
luck).
 ANIMA
o Humans are psychologically bisexual and
possess both a masculine and a feminine side.
o The feminine side of men originates in the
collective unconscious as an archetype and
remains extremely resistant to consciousness.
o To master the projections of the anima, men
must overcome intellectual barriers, delve into
the far recesses of their unconscious, and
realize the feminine side of their personality.
o Originated from early men’s experiences with
women – mothers, sisters, and lovers – that
combined to form a generalized picture of a
woman.
- Every man has a predetermined concept
of a woman that shapes and molds all his
relationships with individual women.
o A man may be INCLINED TO PROJECT his anima
onto his wife or lover and tend to see her not
as she really is but as his personal and
collective unconscious have determined her.
o The anima need not appear in dreams as a
woman, but can be presented by a feeling or
mood.
o Anima influences the FEELING SIDE in man and
is the explanation for certain irrational feelings
and moods.
- he either ignores the irrationality of his
feelings or tried to explain them in a very
rational masculine manner.
 ANIMUS
o the symbolic of thinking and reasoning.
- Capable of INFLUENCING the thinking of
a woman, yet it does not actually belong
to her.
- In every female-male relationship, the
woman runs the risk of projecting her
distant ancestors’ experiences with
fathers.
o For females, her personal experiences with
men, buried in her personal unconscious,
enter into her relationships with men.
o Animus is responsible for thinking and
opinion in women just as the anima
produces feelings of moods in men.
o The explanation for the irrational thinking
and illogical opinions often attributed to
women.
- If a woman is dominated by her animus,
no logical or emotional appeal can shake
her from her prefabricated beliefs.
 GREAT MOTHER
o Derivatives of the anima and the animus.
o The pre-existing concept of mother is always
associated with both POSITIVE and
NEGATIVE FEELINGS.
o Represents TWO OPPOSING FORCES
- Fertility and nourishment
- Power and destruction
- She is capable of producing and
sustaining life – but she may also devour
or neglect her offspring.
- Both nurturing and destructive.
o Jung believed that our view of a personal
loving and terrible mother is largely
overrated.
o Fertility and nourishment dimension 
symbolized by tree, garden, plowed field,
sea, heaven, home, country, church.
o Power and destruction  symbolized as god-
mother, the Mother of God, Mother Nature,
Mother Earth, a stepmother or a witch.
- E.g. Cinderella
o Fertility and power COMBINE to form the
concept of REBIRTH.
- Represented by processes such as
reincarnation, baptism, resurrection,
and individuation or self-realization.
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 WISE OLD MAN
o Symbolizes humans’ pre-existing knowledge
of the mysteries of life.
- Ex. Wizard of Oz
o A man or woman dominated by the wise old
man archetype may gather a large following
of disciples by using verbiage that sounds
profound but that really makes little sense
because the collective unconscious cannot
directly impart its wisdom to an individual.
- The DANGER TO SOCIETY comes when
people become swayed by the pseudo
knowledge of a powerful prophet and
mistake nonsense for real wisdom.
o Personified in dreams as father, grandfather,
teacher, philosopher, guru, doctor or priest.
- May appear in fairy tales as king, sage,
magician, who comes to the aid of the
troubled protagonist.
o the wise old man is also symbolized by LIFE
ITSELF.
- stories of young people leaving home,
venturing out to the world, experiencing
the trials and sorrows of life, and in the
end acquiring wisdom.
 HERO
o a powerful person, sometimes part god, who
fights against great odds to conquer or
vanquish evil in the form of dragons,
monsters, serpents or demons.
- in the END, the hero is often UNDONE by
some seemingly insignificant person or
event.
- e.g. Achilles, Superman.
o an immortal person cannot be a hero.
o when the hero conquers the villain, he or she
frees us from feelings of impotence and
misery, at the same time serving as our
model for the ideal personality.
- in conquering the villain, the hero is
symbolically overcoming the darkness off
pre-human consciousness.
 SELF
o Jung believed that each person possesses an
inherited tendency to move toward
GROWTH, PERFECTION and COMPLETION.
- This innate disposition is known as the
SELF
o Most comprehensive of all archetypes.
The archetype of archetypes
- Because it PULLS TOGETHER the other
archetypes and unites them in the
process of SELF REALIZATION.
- It processes conscious and personal
unconscious components, but is mostly
formed by collective unconscious
images.
o Symbolized by a person’s ideas of
perfection, completion and wholeness.
- Ultimate symbol is the MANDALA
(circle within a square, square within a
circle, or any concentric figure)
- Represents the strivings of the
collective unconscious for unity,
balance and wholeness.
o Includes both personal and collective
unconscious images and thus should not be
confused with the ego, which represents
consciousness only.
- For most people the persona is more
conscious than the shadow, and the
shadow may be more accessible to
consciousness than either the anima
and the animus.
o Many people have an overabundance of
consciousness and thus lack the “soul
spark” of personality.
- They fail to realize the richness and
vitality of their personal unconscious
and especially of their collective
unconscious.
o Although the self is almost never perfectly
balanced, each person has in the collective
unconscious a concept of the perfect
unified self.
- The mandala represents the perfect
self, the archetype of order, unity and
totality.
 Symbol of perfection
 Sometimes signifies divinity
o The essential is to differentiate oneself from
these unconscious contents by personifying
them, and the same time to bring them into
relationship with consciousness.
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 DYNAMICS PERSONALITY
CAUSALITY AND TELEOLOGY
 Human behavior is shaped by both causal and
teleological forces and that causal explanations
must be balanced with teleological ones.
o CAUSALITY – present events have their
origin in previous experiences.
o TELEOLOGY – present events are motivated
by goals and aspirations for the future that
direct a person’s destiny.
 Some dreams can help a person make decisions
about the future, just as dreams of making
discoveries in the sciences.
PROGRESSION AND REGRESSION
 To achieve self-realization, people must adapt not
only to their outside environment but to their
inner world as well.
o PROGRESSION - Adaptation to the outside
world involves the FORWARD FLOW of
psychic energy.
o REGRESSION - Adaptation to the inner
world relies on a BACKWARD FLOW of
psychic energy.
 Both progression and regression are essential if
people are to achieve individual growth or self-
realization.
o Progression inclines a person to react
consistently to a given setoff environmental
conditions, whereas regression is a
necessary backward step in the successful
attainment of a goal.
PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
 Various psychological types that grow out of a
union between two basic attitudes – introversion
and extroversion – and four separate functions –
thinking, feeling, sensing and intuiting.
 Turned in to their inner world with
all its biases, fantasies, dreams and
individualized perceptions.
o Perceive the external world
but the do so selectively and
with their own subjective
view.
EXTRAVERSION  Distinguished by the turning
OUTWARD of psychic energy so that
a person is oriented toward the
OBJECTIVE and away from the
subjective.
 Extroverts are more influenced by
their surroundings.
o Focused on the objective
attitude.
o Pragmatic and well-rooted in
the realities of everyday life.
 People are neither completely
introverted nor completely
extraverted.
 Psychologically healthy people
attain a balance of the two
attitudes, feeling equally
comfortable with their internal and
external world.
FUNCTIONS
 introversion and extraversion can combine with any
one or more of four functions, forming eight possible
orientations or types.
o sensing – tells people that something exists
o thinking – enables them to recognize its
meaning
o feeling – tells them its value or worth
o intuition – allows them to know about it
knowing how they know
THINKING  logical intellectual activity that
produces a chain of ideas.

ATTITUDES  EXTRAVERTED THINKING

 Predisposition to act or react in a characteristic - they rely heavily on
function. concrete thoughts, but
 Each person has both an introverted and extroverted they may also use abstract
attitude, although one may be conscious while the ideas if these ideas have
other is unconscious. been transmitted to them
from without
INTROVERSION  Turning INWARD of psychic energy - not all objective thinking,
with an orientation toward the however, is productive.
SUBJECTIVE.

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 - some individual
interpretation, ideas are
merely previously known
facts with no originality or
creativity.
 INTROVERTED THINKING
- react to external stimuli,
but their interpretation of
an event is colored more
by the internal meaning
they bring with them than
by the objective facts
themselves.
- when carried to the
extreme, introverted
thinking results in
unproductive mystical
thoughts that are so
individualized that they are
useless to any other
person.
FEELING  The process of evaluating an idea or
event.
 related to valuing
 the feeling function should be
distinguished from emotion.
o feeling is the evaluation of
every conscious activity,
even those valued as
indifferent.
o these evaluations have NO
EMOTIONAL CONTENT, but
they are capable of
becoming emotions if their
intensity increases to the
point of stimulating
physiological changes
within the person.
o emotions, are not limited
to feelings
 EXTRAVERTED FEELING
- use objective data to make
evaluations.
- guided by EXTERNAL
VALUES and widely
accepted forms of
judgement.
- likely to be at ease in social
situations.
- usually well liked because
of their sociability.
- may appear artificial,
shallow, and unreliable.
- often become business
people or politicians
because these professions
demand and reward the
making of value judgments
based on objective
information.
 INTROVERTED FEELING
- base their value judgments
primarily on subjective
perceptions rather than
objective facts.
- e.g. critics of art
- have an individualized
conscience, a taciturn
demeanor, unfathomable
psyche.
- ignore traditional opinions
and beliefs.
- nearly complete
indifference to the
objective world.
SENSING  function that receives physical
stimuli and transmits them to
perceptual consciousness.
 the individual’s perception of
sensory impulses.
o perceptions are not
dependent on logical
thinking or feeling but exist
as absolute, elementary
facts.
 EXTRAVERSION SENSING
- perceive external stimuli
objectively, in much the
same way that these
stimuli exist in reality.
- essential I such
occupations as proof-
reader, house painter,
wine taster, or any other
job demanding sensory
discriminations.
 INTROVERSION SENSING
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 - largely influenced by their
subjective sensations of
sight, sound, taste, touch,
etc.
- e.g. Portrait artists
- they are able to give a
subjective interpretation to
objective phenomena yet
are able to communicate
meaning to others.
- in its extreme form, it may
result in hallucinations or
esoteric and
incomprehensible speech.
INTUITING  perception beyond the workings of
consciousness.
 based on the perception of
absolute elementary facts.
o different from sensing
because it is more creative,
often adding or subtracting
elements from conscious
sensation.
 EXTRAVERTED INTUITIVE PEOPLE
- oriented toward facts in
the external world.
- merely perceive them
subliminally.
- suppress many of their
sensations and are guided
by hunches and guesses
contrary to sensory data.
- inhibit distracting sensory
data and concentrate on
unconscious solutions to
objective problems.
- may create things that fill
a need few people
realized existed
 INTROVERTED INTUITIVE PEOPLE
- unconscious perception
of facts that are basically
subjective and have little
or no resemblance to
external reality.
- Subjective intuitive
perceptions are often
remarkably strong and
capable of motivating
decisions of monumental
magnitude.
- E.g. mystics, prophets,
surrealistic artists,
religious fanatics.
- Introverted intuitive
people may not clearly
understand their own
motivations, yet they are
deeply moved by them.
 The four functions usually appear in
a hierarchy, with one occupying a
SUPERIOR POSITION, another a
SECONDARY POSITION, and the
other two inferior positions.
 most people cultivate only one
function.
o approach a function
relying on the one
dominant or superior
function.
DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY
 personality develops through a series of stages that
culminate in individuation or SELFREALIZATION.
 emphasized the second half of life (after 35-40 y.o.)
o time when a person has the opportunity to
bring together the various aspects of
personality and to attain self-realization.
o however, the opportunity for degeneration or
rigid reactions is also present at that time.
o middle-aged people’s ability in achieving
balance between the poles of the various
opposing processes.
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
o four general periods: CHILDHOOD, YOUTH, MIDDLE
LIFE, OLD AGE.
 CHILDHOOD
1. Anarchic
- characterized by chaotic and sporadic
consciousness.
- “islands of consciousness” may exist 
but little or no connection between the
islands.
- Experiences come in primitive images
and can’t be verbalized.
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 2. Monarchic
- development of the EGO and by the
beginning of logical and verbal
thinking.
- Children see themselves objectively
and often refer to themselves in the
third person.
- Although the ego is perceived as an
object, it is not yet aware of itself as
perceiver.
3. Dualistic
- ego is DIVIDED into the objective and
subjective.
- Children refer to themselves in the
first person and aware of their
existence as separate individuals.
 YOUTH
 Period from puberty until middle life.
 At this stage people strive to gain PSYCHIC
and PHYSICAL INDEPENDENCE from their
parents, find a mate, raise a family, and
make a place in the world.
 a period of increased activity, maturing
sexuality, growing consciousness, and
recognition that the problem-free era of
childhood is gone forever.
 the major difficulty facing youth is to
OVERCOME THE NATURAL TENDENCY to
CLING TO THE NARROW CONSCIOUSNESS
OF CHILDHOOD (CONSERVATIVE
PRINCIPLE).
 MIDDLE LIFE
 according to Jung, this period is a time of
TREMENDOUS POTENTIAL.
 if middle-aged people retain the social and
moral values of their early life, the become
RIGID and FANATICAL in trying to hold on to
their physical attractiveness and agility.
 people who have lived youth by neither
childish nor middle-aged values are well
prepared to advance to middle life and to
live fully during that stage.
o capable of giving up the
extraverted goals of youth and
moving in the introverted direction
of EXPANDED CONSCIOUSNESS.
o they must look forward to the future
with HOPE and ANTICIPATION,
surrender the lifestyle of youth, and
discover new meaning in middle life.
 OLD AGE
 people experience a diminution of
consciousness.
 if people fear life during the early years, then
they will most certainly fear death during the
later ones.
 Jung believed that DEATH IS THE GOAL OF
LIFE and that life can be fulfilling only when
death in seen in this light.
o “Ordinarily we cling to our past and
remain stuck in the illusion of
youthfulness. Being old is highly
unpopular”
 Most of Jung’s patients were middle aged or
older, and many of them suffered from a
backward orientation, clinging desperately to
goals and lifestyles of the past and going
through the motions of life aimlessly.
o Jung helped his patients through
helping them establish new goals and
finding meaning in living by first
finding meaning in death.
SELF-REALIZATION
o Also called INDIVIDUATION.
o The process of integrating the opposite poles into a
single homogenous individual.
- “coming to selfhood” – means the person has
all psychological components functioning in
unity, with no psychic processes atrophying
o People who have achieved this are able to:
- Minimize their persona
- Recognize their anima and animus
- Acquired a workable balance between
introversion and extraversion.
o Self-realization is extremely rare and is achieved only
by people who are able to assimilate their
unconscious into their total personality.
- Demands the courage to face the evil nature of
one’s shadow and even greater fortitude to
accept one’s feminine or masculine side.
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 - Achieved by someone who is able to remove
their ego as the dominant concern of personality
and replace it with the self.
o The self-realized person must allow the unconscious
self to become the core of personality.
o Self-realized persons are able to contend with both
their external and their external worlds.
- The live in the real world and make necessary
concessions to it.
JUNG’S METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
 Jung strongly believed that the study of personality
was not the prerogative of any single discipline and
that the whole person could be understood only by
pursuing knowledge wherever it existed.
 Jung asserted that the psyche could not be
understood by the intellect alone but must be
grasped by the total person.
o “not everything I bring forth is written out of
my head, but much of it comes from the heart
also.”
WORD  The basic purpose in Jungian
ASSOCIATION Psychology is to UNCOVER
TEST FEELING-TONED COMPLEXES.
o A complex is an
individualized,
emotionally toned
conglomeration of
images grouped around
a central core.
 100 stimulus words were chosen
and arranged to elicit an
emotional reaction.
o Patient is to respond to
each stimulus word with
the first word that came
to mind.
o Reactions that indicate
that the word has
touched a complex:
restricted breathing,
changes in the electrical
conductivity of the skin,
delayed reactions,
multiple responses,
disregard of instructions,
inability to pronounce a
common word.
o Blushing, stammering,
laughing, coughing,
sighing, clearing the
throat, crying, excessive
body movement, and
repetition of the stimulus
word.
DREAM  Premise: Dreams have meaning
ANALYSIS and that they should be taken
seriously
o Dreams spring from the
depths of the
unconscious and that
their latent meaning is
expressed in symbolic
form.
 People used symbols to represent
a variety of concepts – not merely
sexual ones – to comprehend the
“innumerable things beyond the
range of human understanding”.
o Dreams are our
unconscious and
spontaneous attempt to
know the unknowable, to
comprehend a reality
that can only be
expressed symbolically.
 The purpose is to uncover
elements from the personal and
collective unconscious and to
integrate them into consciousness
in order to facilitate the process
of self-realization.
o Dreams are often
compensatory.
o If a person’s life is
incomplete in a certain
area, then that person’s
unconscious self will
strive to complete that
condition through the
dream process.
 Jung felt that certain dreams
offered proof for the existence of
the collective unconscious.
o big dreams - those with
special meaning for all
people)
o typical dreams - common
to most people including
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 archetypal figures,
objects and events.
o earliest dreams
remembered – can be
traced back to 3 or 4 y.o.
This contain certain
mythological and
symbolic images and
motifs that could not
have reasonable been
experienced by the
individual child.
ACTIVE  requires a person to being with
IMAGINATION any impression – a dream image,
vision, picture or fantasy – and to
concentrate until the impression
begins to “move”.
 the purpose is to REVEAL
ARCHETYPAL IMAGES EMERGING
FROM THE UNCONSCIOUS.
o useful for people who
want to become better
acquainted with their
collective and personal
unconscious and who are
willing to overcome the
resistance that ordinarily
blocks open
communication with the
unconscious.
 the advantage over dream
analysis is that its images are
produced during a conscious
state of mind.
o the feeling tone is
specific
o person has little difficulty
reproducing the vision or
remembering the mood
PSYCHOTHERAPY  four basic approaches to therapy
(representing four developmental
stages in the history of
psychotherapy):
(1) confession of a pathogenic
secret
o cathartic method
practiced by Josef
Breuer
o effective for patients
who have a need to
share their secrets –
catharsis is effective
(2) interpretation, explanation,
and elucidation.
o giving insight to the
causes of their
neuroses
(3) the education of patients as
social beings
(4) transformation
o therapist must first
be transformed into
a healthy human
being, preferably by
undergoing
psychotherapy.
o when
transformation is
achieved and the
patient has an
established
philosophy in life,
then the therapist is
able to help the
patient move
toward
individuation.
o employed with
patients who are in
their second half of
life and who are
concerned with the
realization of their
inner self, with
moral and religious
problems, and with
finding a unifying
philosophy in life.
 Jung was quite eclectic in his
theory and practice of
psychotherapy.
o Treatment varied
according to the age,
stage of development,
and particular problem
of the patient.
 The ultimate purpose of Jungian
therapy is to help neurotic
patients become healthy and
encourage them to work
independently toward self-
realization.
o Admitted the
importance of
TRANSFERENCE (and
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 countertransference)
particularly during the
first three stages of
therapy

CRITIQUE OF JUNG

1. Generate research – Moderate

- Attitude, Functions
- Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
- has great number of investigations
2. Falsifiability – Difficult to falsify / verify
3. Organize Knowledge (what is known about
human behaviour) – Moderate
4. Practice Guide to Action – Low
5. Internally consistent – Low
6. Parsimonious – Low

CONCEPT OF HUMANITY

 Complex beings with many opposing poles

 Neither pessimistic nor optimistic
 Neither deterministic nor purposive
 But motivated partly by conscious, personal
unconscious and collective unconscious
 Both Causal and Teleological
 Strongly on Biological (collective unconscious)
 High on Similarities; low on differences
 A person who has achieved self-realization has reached
middle life and has lived successfully through the stages
of childhood and youth

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