THE HIP

Sacrum Surface bone Markings

Surface Markings Description

The most anterior-superior portion of the sacrum,

Sacral promontory also the reference point for nutation and
counternutation

Foramen that serves as the passageway of the ventral

Ventral sacral foramina rami of spinal nerve roots that forms the sacral
plexus.

Body of the sacrum This is where the piriformis muscles originate.

Lateral Mass (sacral alae) These are the transverse processes of the sacrum.

the structure on the posterior surface deep to the

spinal tubercles of the sacrum. This connects to the
Sacral canal
sacral hiatus which form a tunnel that houses the
spinal nerve roots.
These marks the remnants of fused spinous and
transverse processed of the sacrum. These are also
Spinal and Lateral tubercles
attachment sites of ligaments that stabilize the sacrum
and innominate bones.

The foramen where sacral plexus passthrough,

Dorsal Sacral foramina
specifically the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.

This is the processes on each side of the sacral hiatus.

Sacral Cornu This serves as an attachment site of ligaments that
connects the coccyx to the sacrum.

The inferior end of the tunnel created by the sacral

Sacral Hiatus
canal
 Innominate Surface bone Markings

Surface Markings Description

These lines are the landmarks for identifying the

Posterior, Anterior & Inferior Gluteal Lines surfaces where the gluteal muscles originate from the
ilium.

It is the continues end of the ilium crest to the

Posterior-superior Iliac Spine (PSIS) posterior surface of the ilium.

The prominence below the posterior-superior iliac

Posterior-inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
Anterior-superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
spine that makes the superior boarder of the greater
sciatic notch.
The spine of the ilium located at the anterior side of
the ilium which is a very important landmark for
assessing the alignment of the pelvis. On anatomic
position, this would be aligned horizontally to the
PSIS

Anterior-inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS) The prominence just inferior to the ASIS

The highest point of the innominate bone (pelvis). It

Iliac Crest
is said that located at the level of 4th lumbar (L4)

Rough surface just 5cm posterior to the ASIS, along

Iliac Tubercle
the iliac crest

Large surface that houses the origin of the iliacus

Iliac Fossa
muscle

The articular surface of the sacroiliac joint located

Auricular Surface
medially of the ilium.

Imaginary line that makes up from ilium to the pubis.

Arcuate Line
It is the boundary between the true and false pelvis.

The sharp projection on the posterior aspect of the

Ischial Spine ischium. It is the separator between the greater and
lesser sciatic notch.

A stout below the acetabulum that serves as the

Ischial Tuberosity origin of hamstring muscles and a part of adductor
magnus
 L shaped thicker part of the ischium which will
Body of Ischium
continue to form the ischial ramus

The angle of Ischium that connects to the inferior

Ischial Ramus
pubic ramus

IT contributes the remaining 20% to the acetabulum.

Body of Pubis
It is located on the anteroinferior portion of the pelvis

It serves as the upper border of the pubic crest. And

Pubic Crest
the site of attachment for rectus abdominus muscle.

It is the site of origin for the most adductor muscles

Superior and Inferior Pubic Ramus
of the lower extremities.

Located at the upper surface of the superior ramus. It

Pectineal Line is used as landmark for the origin of pectineus
muscle.

It is the most medial and superior portion of the

Pubic Tubercle superior pubic ramus. It serves as the attachment for
inguinal ligament.

Acetabulum
 Innervation of the HIP Muscles
Muscles that Innervated by the Femoral Nerve:
 Iliacus
 Quadriceps
 Pectineus
 Sartorius

Muscles that Innervated by the Obturator Nerve:

 Obturator Externus
 Adductor Brevis
 Adductor longus
 Ant. Of Adductor Magnus

Muscles that Innervated by the Superior Gluteal Nerve:

 Gluteus Medius
 Gluteus Minimus
 Tensor Facia Lata

Muscles that Innervated by the Inferior Gluteal Nerve:

 Gluteus Maximus

Muscles that Innervated by the Sciatic Nerve (largest nerve of lower extremity):
In the Thigh:
 Semimembranosus
 Semitendinosus
 Biceps Femoris
 Post. Of Adductor Magnus

Muscles that Have individual Innervation supply

 Psoas Major Small Branches of Lumbar Plexus L1-L4
 Piriformis Spinal Nerves L5 – S2
 Obturator Internus Spinal N erves S1-S3
 Quadratus Femoris Spinal Nerves L5-S1
THE KNEE
Muscles that Act on the Knee: