GROUP B1

GENERAL ANATOMY
SUBMITTED BY:
ESPINO, ROSECELLE
JANDOQUILE, JORGE
MAGUSARA, JIMAIZA
VIADO, LOWELL VYNCH

SUBMITTED TO:
MR. JAY IGASAN, R.N., M.D
Blood Supply in the Forearm
and Hands
 Brachial Vein
Subscapular Artery

Circumflex
Axillary Artery
Humeral Artery

Long Thoracic
Brachial Artery
Nerve

Anterior
Interosseous Artery

Ulnar Artery

Radial Artery
Palmar Arch
Palmar Arch
Common Palmar
Digital Arteries

Proper Palmar
Digital Arteries
Subscapular Artery -  is the largest branch of the axillary artery. It distributes blood to
the muscles of the scapular and shoulder regions.
Axillary Artery -  is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral
aspect of the thorax, the axilla (armpit) and the upper limb.
Brachial Artery is a major blood vessel located in the upper arm and is the main
supplier of blood to the arm and hand. It continues from the axillary artery at the
shoulder and travels down the underside of the arm.
Brachial Veins -  are venae comitantes of the brachial artery in the arm proper. It
returns oxygen-depleted blood to the heart and lungs to collect new blood for
circulation.
Circumflex Humeral Artery -  is situated around the shoulder and upper chest. It
branches off from the axillary artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the armpit,
upper arm, and thorax before winding down and becoming part of the brachial artery.
Long Thoracic Nerve - originates from the C5–C7 roots and descends in the axilla,
posterior to the brachial plexus, to innervate the serratus anterior muscle, which
anchors the scapula to the chest wall. Injuries to the long thoracic nerve cause winging
of the scapula, especially with the arm in anterior abduction.
Anterior Interosseous Artery - supplies the deep layer of the anterior compartment of
the forearm, including the flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, and pronator
quadratus muscles.
Radial Artery -  is a major artery in the human forearm. It is close to the surface of the
underside of the forearm; when the palm of the hand is pointing upwards, so is
the radial artery. The radial artery supplies the arm and hand with oxygenated blood
from the lungs.
Ulnar Artery - is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of
the forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar
arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the radial artery. It is palpable on the
anterior and medial aspect of the wrist.
Palmar Arch - It supplies blood to each of the lumbrical muscles. The superficial and
deep palmar arches serve as a network of arteries inside the palm.
The palmar digital artery is the only type of artery that emerges from the
superficial palmar arch. It then divides to proper palmar digital arteries. The palmar
digital arteries provide blood supply to the lumbrical muscles of the second, third,
fourth, and fifth fingers.
 Trapezius Muscle
Rhomboid Muscle

Deltoid Muscle

Infraspinatus Muscle

Teres Minor Muscle

Teres Major Muscle

Serratus Muscle Triceps

Latissimus Dorsi
Muscle

Muscles of the Back

Trapezius - responsible for moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula (shoulder blade) and extending the head at the
neck.
Deltoid- responsible for moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula (shoulder blade) and extending the head at the
neck.
Latissimus dorsi - responsible for extension, adduction, transverse extension also known as horizontal abduction,
flexion from an extended position and (medial) internal rotation of the shoulder joint
Rhomboid - are upper back muscles that connect between your spine and each of your two shoulder blades. When
they contract, they pull your shoulder blades together.
Triceps - It is the muscle principally responsible for extension of the elbow joint (straightening of the arm).
Teres minor - is a narrow muscle which lies below infraspinatus, above teres major and triceps brachii, and deep to
deltoid.
Teres Major - a medial rotator and adductor of the humerus and assists the latissimus dorsi in drawing the previously
raised humerus downwards and backwards (extension, but not hyper extension).
Infraspinatus - the main function of the infraspinatus is to externally rotate the humerus and stabilize the shoulder
joint.
 Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

Trapezius Muscle Clavicle

Deltoid Muscle Manubrium Sterni

Pectoralis Major Sternal Angle

Muscle
Biceps Body of Sternum
Latissimus
Dorsi Muscle
Xiphoid process
Brachialis

Brachioradialis

Anterior Structures

Sternocleidomastoid - long muscle in the side of the neck that rotate the
head to opposite side.
Manubrium Sterni - is the region extending between the clavicles that serves
to withstand the transmission of forces from the upper appendicular to the
axial skeleton.
Sternal Angle - It is the angle between the manubrium sterni and the body
of sternum.
Xiphoid Process - functions as a vital attachment point for several major
muscles
Brachioradialis - provides the thickness of the upper forearm.
Pectoralis major - used to control the movement of the arm (lateral, vertical,
or rotational motion)
Brachialis - is a muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow joint
 POSTERIOR VIEW OF SCAPULA:
THE 1. Scapular Spine – a prominent plate of
SCAPULA bone which crosses obliquely the medial
four fifths of scapula at its upper part
SCAPULAR SPINE
and separates the supra and infraspinous
fossa
ACROMION
2. Acromion – large bony projection on the
superior end of the scapula. An
SUPRASPINOUS FOSSA important landmark of the skeletal
system and a muscle attachment
essential to the function of the shoulder
INFRASPINOUS FOSSA joint.
3. Supraspinous Fossa – a smooth concavity
above the spine on the dorsal surface of
the scapula that gives origin to the
POSTERIOR VIEW
supraspinatus muscle
4. Infraspinous Fossa – concave depression;
part of scapula bone to which the
ANTERIOR VIEW OF THE SCAPULA: infraspinatus muscle is attached.
1. Acromion – large bony projection
on the superior end of the
scapula. An important landmark ACROMION
of the skeletal system and a
muscle attachment essential to CORACOID PROCESS
the function of the shoulder joint.
2. Coracoid Process – a small hook SUPRASCAPULAR NOTCH
like structure on the lateral edge
of the superior anterior portion of
SUBSCAPULAR FOSSA
the scapula; together with
acromion it serves to stabilize
shoulder joint. GLENOID FOSSA
3. Suprascapular notch – notch in
the superior border of the
scapula just medial to the base of
the coracoid process.
4. Subscapular fossa – on the
coastal surface of the scapula, ANTERIOR VIEW
which provides the origin for the
subscapular muscle.
5. Glenoid fossa – a shallow
depression on a bone into which
another bone fits to form a joint,
especially on the scapula into
which the head of the humerus
fits.
 Olecranon
Process
Trochlear
Notch

Coronoid
Process

Radial Notch

Styloid Process of Ulna

Head

The Ulna
1. Head of ulna – presents an articular surface, part of which, of an oval or semilunar form, is directed
downward, and articulates with the upper surface of the triangular articular disk which separates it
from the wrist-joint.
2. Styloid Process of Ulna – found at distal end of the forearm, and projects from the medial and back
part of the bone; it descends a little lower than the head, and its rounded end affords attachment to
the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist.
3. Radial Notch – arrow, oblong, articular depression on the lateral side of the coronoid process; it
receives the circumferential articular surface of the head of the radius. It is concave from before
backward, and its prominent extremities serve for the attachment of the annular ligament.
4. Coronoid Process – flattened triangular projection above the angle of the jaw where the temporalis
muscle is attached; a projection from the front of the ulna forming part of the articulation of the
elbow.
5. Trochlear Notch – (also semilunar notch, or greater sigmoid cavity) is a large depression in the upper
extremity of the ulna that fits the trochlea of the humerus (the bone directly above the ulna in the
arm) as part of the elbow joint.
6. Olecranon Process – process of the ulna that forms the outer bump of the elbow and fits into the
fossa of the humerus when the arm is extended.
Head
 Proximal End Neck

Radial Tuberosity

Shaft
Ulnar Notch

Dorsal Tubercle
Distal End

Radial Styloid
Process

RADIUS

1. Head of Radius – a cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or fovea for
articulation with the capitulum of the humerus.
2. Neck – located below the head and below it is the radial tuberocity.
3. Radial Tuberocity – an oval eminence on the medial side of the radius distal to the neck
where the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle inserts.
4. Ulnar Notch –  it is in the distal radius, and is narrow, concave, smooth, and articulates with
the head of the ulna forming the distal radioulnar joint.
5. Dorsal Tubercle – bony prominence located at the distal end of the radius, palpable on the
dorsum of the wrist.
6. Radial Styloid Process – a projection of bone on the lateral surface of the distal radius bone.
It extends obliquely downward into a strong, conical projection. The tendon of the
brachioradialis attaches at its base, and the radial collateral ligament of the wrist attaches at
its apex.
 Greater Head
Tuberosity

Anatomical Neck
Lesser Tuberosity

Surgical Neck
Radial Groove
Bicipital
Deltoid Groove
Tuberosity

Coronoid
Deltoid
Fossa
Tuberosity

Radial Fossa
Medial
Epicondyle
Capitulum
Trochlea

HUMERUS:
1. Head of Humerus – articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula bone, and on the other side two
protrusions known as the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle.
2. Greater Tuberocity – prominent area of bone at the top of the humerus and is the attachment for the two
large, powerful rotator cuff muscles - supraspinatus and infraspinatus. It is injured/fractured in a fall by either
landing directly onto the side of your shoulder or landing with your arm outstretched.
3. Surgical neck – constriction below the tubercles of the greater tubercle and lesser tubercle, and above the
Deltoid Tuberosity. It is much more frequently fractured than the anatomical neck of the humerus.
4. Anatomical neck – portion that lies just below the head.
5. Bicipital Groove – (intertubercular groove, sulcus intertubercularis) is a deep groove on the humerus that
separates the greater tubercle from the lesser tubercle
6. Deltoid Tuberocity – rough, triangular area on the anterolateral (front-side) surface of the middle of the
humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches.
7. Radial Fossa – The radial fossa is a slight depression found on the humerus above the front part of the
capitulum. It receives the anterior border of the head of the radius when the forearm is flexed.
8. Capitulum – articulates with the head of the radius
9. Trochlea – a structure resembling or acting like a pulley, such as the groove at the lower end of the humerus
forming part of the elbow joint.
10. Medial epicondyle – secondary growth centre at the elbow, which first appears around age 6 and fuses to the
shaft of the humerus at about age 14-17 years.
11. Coronoid Fossa – Superior to the anterior portion of the trochlea is a small depression
12. Radial groove - broad but shallow oblique depression for the radial nerve and deep brachial artery. It is
located on the center of the lateral border of the humerus bone.
 Radius
Ulna

Lunate
Scaphoid
Trapezium Triquetral and Pisiform

Trapezoid Hamate

Capitate Base of Metacarpal

Shaft of Metacarpal

Head of Metacarpal

Proximal Phalanx

Middle Phalanx

Distal Phalanx

Bones of the Wrist

Proximal Row of Carpals
Scaphoid- resides between the thumb and the bones of the forearm.
Lunate - also known as the semilunar bone.
Triquetrum - located in the wrist on the medial side of the proximal row of the carpus between the lunate and
pisiform bones.
Pisiform - It is the smallest of all the carpal bones.

Distal Row of Carpals

Trapezoid - It is the smallest bone in the distal row of carpal bones that give structure to the palm of the hand.
Trapezium - is an irregular-shaped carpal bone found within the hand and is one of the carpal bones that form the carpal
tunnel and is the most radial of these bones.
Capitate - is the largest of the carpal bones in the human hand. It is in the most central portion of the wrist.
Hamate - is in the distal carpal row, and articulates with the triquetrum, the capitate, and the fourth and fifth metacarpal
bones.

Metacarpals – these are the five bones of the hand.

Phalanges – these are the bones of the fingers.