Factors Affecting the Crime Rate of

Baguio City During Lockdowns

Authors:

Abelao Rodrigo Marzan

Abnasan Nuchrist Guineo
Aganon Warren Santiago
Aligan Jethro Gaddan
Anaas Emerlyn Coplanga
Andaya Raquel Galiste
Bagangan Gaway Grail Sulipa
Ventura Janson Quines

jethroaligan006@gmail.com

College of Criminal Justice and Education

February 2021

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Abstract:

This study aims to determine the factors affecting the crime rate in Baguio City
during lockdowns. More so, this study was conceptualized to compare the crime rate of
Baguio City before and during the implementation of lockdowns. Data from the Baguio
City Police Office (BCPO) was obtained and analyzed in order to compare the crime rate
of Baguio City from the year 2016 up to 2021. The findings indicate that the crime rate in
the city of Baguio gradually decreases by 34% in its crime rate upon the implementation
of community quarantines, lockdowns, movement and travel restrictions, and health
protocols needed to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Based on the findings, the
factors that affecting the crime rate in Baguio City are the regulation and limitation of
routine activities, enhanced police-community relation, high police visibility, and
movement and travel restrictions. This study may help our law enforcers and the Local
government unit to formulate new policing mechanisms and crime prevention measures
in reducing the incidents of crime in the city.

Keywords: COVID-19, lockdowns, Baguio City, crime rate, crime incidents,

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1. INTRODUCTION

The spread of the COVID-19 virus has brought us into many changes in our life
wherein it impacts the normal way of living of many people around the world. COVID-
19 pandemic is unquestionably one of the most significant worldwide events in the recent
history, impacting culture, government operations, crime, economics, politics, and social
interactions (Stickle and Felson, 2020). Consequently, the entire countries around the
world ceased or significantly reduced day-to-day travels, eliminating commutes from
home to work, as well as leisure activities, shopping trips, social gatherings, the ability to
dine out, and more (Washington Post-ABC, 2020). Initial evidence suggests that COVID-
19 pandemic is significantly affecting the crime rates of many communities around the
world, thus, allowing for the need of criminological study on why crime rates have fallen
dramatically throughout the course and duration of the pandemic.

In an effort to counter the spread of COVID-19 virus, governments and

communities around the world have implemented local, regional, and national
‘lockdowns,’ in which non-essential activities have been severely curtailed and people
have been ordered to stay at home. Lockdowns are an extreme measure used to enforce
social distancing, and research has shown that they have been effective in slowing the
pandemic (Flaxman et al., 2020; Lau et al.,2020). Because lockdowns have radically and
drastically changed most social aspects of human life, it is widely assumed that they also
have affected other social phenomena. The shift of activity from public to private places
drastically affects the opportunity structures of many crime types. For example, street
robbery is less likely to occur if streets are empty, shoplifting is impossible if shops are
closed, and burglary involves greater risks if homes are always occupied (Estévez-Soto,
2021).
On the other hand, the confinement of people in a household can increase the risk
of other crimes; in particular, diverse forms of domestic violence may be more likely, as
victims cannot escape abusive partners (Estévez-Soto, 2021). It has become easier for the
abusers to enforce control tactics by limiting the access of the victims to phones, internet,
and other people (Bradbury-Jones and Isham, 2020). The potential effects of pandemic-
related lockdowns on crime have generated much academic interest (Estévez-Soto, 2021).

3
 Furthermore, several researchers have made initial examinations into how crime
rates have fallen in the advent of COVID-19 pandemic. The results have been mixed,
especially when comparing broad categories of crime across different cities and with
different methods and periods of study (Stickle and Felson, 2020). One of the earliest
studies with perhaps the most striking result which identified an overall drop in crime in
San Francisco of 43% and Oakland of about 50%, but in the other hands, the domestic
violence incidents show no sign of reduction. Due to the issuance of some of the most
restrictive measures. Such as quarantine measures in different cities across and the orders
of early stay-at-home orders in the US. (Shayegh and Malpede, 2020).

Another early study by (Ashby, 2020) of eight large US cities during the first few
weeks of the crisis (January to March 23rd—before some states and areas implemented
stay-at-home orders) found disparate impacts by crime type and location. For example,
burglary declined in Austin, Los Angeles, Memphis, and San Francisco, but not in
Louisville or Boston. Conversely, serious assaults in public declined in Austin, Los
Angeles, and Louisville, but not in other cities.

Although a drop was observed in the overall crime rates in different states in the
United States also reported an increase of about 21–35% in domestic violence. In
Australia, the domestic abuse rates increased by 5%. Some charities in Australia also
raised concerns about COVID-19 misinformation being used by the offenders to further
control and abuse the victims of domestic violence as stated by Kagi (2020). And
according to Allen-Ebrahimian (2020) reported that China witnessed a three-fold increase
in the cases of domestic violence after imposing quarantine. Even the UK has been facing
concerns due to rising family violence.

In the Philippine setting, the government has undertaken measures to curb the
spread of the virus. This includes travel restrictions, various levels of community
quarantines, and the T3 (test, trace, and treat) program. To fully implement these
measures, President Rodrigo Duterte signed into law Republic Act No. 11469 or the
Bayanihan to Heal as One Act on March 25, 2020. This act declares the pandemic as a
national emergency and authorises the president to exercise emergency powers necessary
to ensure public health and safety (Joaquin and Biana, 2020).
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 Data from the Philippine National Police (PNP) showed that the volume of what
the PNP said was eight focus crimes nationwide had dropped by 45 percent during the
275 days of COVID-19 lockdown enforcement. These include murder, homicide,
physical injury, rape, robbery, theft, motorcycle theft, and car theft. The nation’s police
force said only 27,442 crimes were recorded from March 17, 2020 during the early days
of a strict enhanced community quarantine (ECQ), until Dec. 16, 2020 compared with
49,774 crimes from June 15, 2019 to March 16, 2020, the day before ECQ came into play
in Metro Manila. Comparing figures from pre-lockdown to quarantine implementation,
the PNP said cases of motorcycle theft had the highest decrease with 61 percent, followed
by robbery with 59 percent, theft with 57 percent and theft of motor vehicles with 52
percent. All these are considered as crimes against property. (Marquez, 2020).

PNP records also showed a significant decrease in crimes against persons. It

recorded a 40-percent decline of cases of physical injury from 8,546 before the
lockdowns to 5,111 during community quarantine. This was followed by homicide cases
which declined by 26 percent from 1,276 cases before the lockdown to 942 during
quarantine periods. Police also reported that rape cases fell by 21 percent from 7,274
prior to lockdown to 5,764 during community quarantine. Murder cases fell by 19 percent
from 4,796 prior to the lockdown to 3,889 during the nine-month quarantine (Marquez,
2020).

Additionally, a journal article written by Pesco (2020), stated that PNP issued
reports emphasizing the pandemic’s positive effect on crime rates. Although it has
affected people’s lives negatively on the economic aspect, it affected criminal activities
in a positive manner. Pelenio (2020) reported that from August 30, 2019 to March 16,
2020, there were a total of 34,768 crime cases recorded, whilst from March 17 to October
2, 2020, there were only 18,683. This shows that crime rates dropped up to 46% because
of the lockdown implementation all over the country (PLTGEN Eleazar, 2020). In his
interview, he added that due to community quarantine, police officers were deployed in
every corner of the country to minimize the movement of civilians, becoming one factor
towards the dropping of crime rates.

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 On the other hand, the duration of quarantine and further imposition of lockdowns
increases the vulnerability of women and children to abuse, violence and exploitation as
disclosed by the Philippine Commission on Women (PCW). In reasons of restricted
movement in the communities, suspension of public transportation, victims being locked
down with their perpetrators, lack of communication channels, and lack of information on
where or how to report (Marquez, 2020).

In the Cordillera Administrative Region, the crime statistics particularly since the
start of the ECQ and GCQ showed an estimated 70 percent drop based on previous data
wherein with four cases happening prior to the ECQ, it recorded close to no crimes
committed during the two months old of ECQ (Llanes, 2020).

In the local scenario, the Baguio City Police Office (BCPO) reported a 42 percent
drop in crime volume even after many residents and businesses have returned to normal
activities. Furthermore, 61 crime incidents were recorded in January and February 2021
compared to the 106 crime incidents reported during the same period in 2020. BCPO
records showed that there was a 53 percent drop in index crimes or 25 cases in the first
two months of 2021 from 53 during the same period of 2020. In addition to that, there
was also 32 percent drop in non-index crimes or 36 cases in the first two months of
2021 compared to the 53 cases during the same period last year. Theft remains to be the
most recorded crime incident followed by physical injuries (Comanda, 2021).

These initial reports indicate that crime rates have indeed changed. Among crime
researchers, the featured question of this pandemic will be, “Why have crime rates fallen
so dramatically?” The corollary is, “What can be learned from this experience to leverage
crime reduction in the future?” (Stickle and Felson, 2020). Because of these orders, it has
impacted countries, states, and communities at different times and in different ways, a
naturally occurring, quasi-randomized control experiment has unfolded, allowing the
testing of criminological theories as never before (Stickle and Felson, 2020).

This study aims to conceptualize the crime rate of Baguio City before and during
the implementations of lockdowns and to determine the factors affecting the status of

6
Baguio City. Furthermore, this study explains how the changes in routine activities affect
the crime rate of Baguio City during the Covid-19 lockdowns.

Henceforth, the data and results of the study will provide near-endless research
opportunities to every criminologist in making the effort of promoting the study of crime.
And most importantly, for the benefit of police officers and other law enforcers (POSD,
LGU, BARANGAY TANOD) to have their basis in developing some effective policing
mechanisms on how to reduce the commission of crimes in Baguio City. Then lastly, for
the encouragement of future researchers to dive deeply into the data made available from
the pandemic, and to provide the reason for not only discerning why crime rates fell but
also on how to pragmatically utilize this knowledge after the world emerges from
seclusion.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

This section discusses the logical and systematic presentation of the theories and
concepts that lend support to the topic at hand. The following theories were used to
further understand the factors which affect the crime rates during the pandemic.

Theoretical Framework

Protection Motivation Theory. This theory was originally developed for the health
promotion and disease prevention sector, and describes how individuals are motivated to
react in a protective way towards a perceived threat. It has four key elements: “threat
appraisal”, followed by “coping appraisal”, which comprises “response efficacy” – the
belief that certain processes will mitigate the threat - and “self-efficacy”, an individual’s
idea of their own ability to implement the required actions to mitigate the threat (Westcott
et al., 2017). In this study, crime rates have decrease due to the containment policies of
the government and as well as the individual protective measures of the people to avoid
being infected by COVID-19 virus.

The Routine Activity Theory. This theory states that the occurrence of a crime is likely
if there is a motivated offender and a suitable target, with the simultaneous absence of a
capable guardian. Crime rates depend on the constantly changing lifestyles and behaviors
of the population. Depending on the time and place, three factors that are decisive for
7
Cohen and Felson and are responsible for the occurrence or absence of criminal behavior
vary. Accordingly, the requirement for crime is an offender motivated to commit a crime,
whereby this motivation can be very different (Cohen and Felson, 1979). In relation to
this study, the increase or decrease of crime rates depends on the constantly changing
lifestyles and behavior of the population.

Social Control. A normative system with rules concerning the way people should and
should not behave. This is combined with a formal and informal system to encourage and
promote conformity, while at the same time discouraging and punishing deviance.
Informal social control is exhibited by the family, church, and school, while formal social
control is exhibited by the police and the courts (Akers and Sellers, 2013). Upon the need
to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus, controls and restrains are being
implemented by the government. These controls may be viewed as barriers to crime, thus,
it prevents criminals from further committing crimes and consequently allowing the
decrease in crime rate.

Alcohol Myopia Theory. This proposes that alcohol can reduce our ability to think
straight and narrow our attention. We may miss social and environmental cues that help
us to interpret situations rationally. This means that if someone provokes us when we’re
drunk, we might rise to the bait rather than thinking of the consequences. This can lead to
violent or angry reactions from people who would usually just shrug things off
(drinkaware, 2021).

The way we process information is affected when we've been drinking too. We're
more likely to misinterpret other people's behavior. This could be the reason why
drunken fights start over little more than bumping into someone at a bar. Alcohol also
causes chemical changes in the brain which initially can make us feel relaxed. What is
actually happening is that alcohol is beginning to suppress activity in parts of the brain
associated with inhibition. Any warning signals that may have kicked in are unlikely to
work, and we may find ourselves in confrontational or even dangerous situations
(drinkaware, 2021). Likewise, it explains that prevention of this alcohol abuse would play
a role towards the decrease in crime rate.

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Operational definition of terms:
Index Crimes - are crimes that are serious in nature and which occur with
sufficient frequency and regularity such that they can serve index to the crime situation,
the policy considers only the crimes of murder, homicide, physical injuries (including
frustrated murder and homicide), carnapping, cattle rustling, robbery, theft, and rape as
index crimes (PNP CIRAS).

Non-Index Crimes includes violation of Special Laws and RPC that are not
categorized as index crimes. Excluded herein are Reckless Imprudence, Vehicular
Incidents, and Other Quasi-Offenses under the provision of RPC. Further, Frustrated and
Attempted Stages of Focus Crimes are included under this category omitted from the
Index Crime Category (PNP CIRAS).

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Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

What are the effects Comparative
of Covid-19 crime rate of
pandemic in the Document Baguio City from
crime rate of Analysis the year 2016-
Baguio City before 2021.
= Secondary
and during the Data Analysis The factors
implementation of affecting the crime
lockdowns? rate in Baguio
Interview City during the
lockdowns.
= Thematic
Analysis

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the factors affecting the crime rate in Baguio City
during the lockdowns.

1. What are the effects of Covid-19 pandemic in the crime rate of Baguio City
before and during the implementation of lockdowns?

Ethical Considerations

The researchers assure the confidentiality and privity of all the data that was being
gathered in this study and all other ethical considerations that would ensure the integrity
of this study and the safety of the respondents. As being guided by all the ethical
considerations and protocols of the University of the Cordilleras ethics committee.

Prior to the conduct of the data gathering, consent from the Police officers shall
be voluntary and freely given. No force, threat, or intimidation shall be used in order to
consent the respondent from answering the interview guide and all input of personal
information related to the study shall be optional. Since they are not forced to participate
in the data gathering, hence, they had the right to refuse so; if they did not want to
10
participate the researcher will give respect thereof. Furthermore, collected personal
information and answers from the respondents shall be kept in an organized and safe
place and shall not be disclosed to the public.

Such ethical considerations and protocols are important in order to avoid violating
the rights of the respondents and some certain laws such as the Data Privacy Act of 2012
and other pertinent laws.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

This presents the methodology, population, and locale of the study, data gathering
tools, data gathering procedure, the treatment of data, and the statistical tool that was
utilized in order to satisfy the objective of the study.

Research Design and Methodology

The researchers utilized quantitative - descriptive research method in order to

satisfy the objective of the study. This design is used when the researcher’s concern is to
understand the nature, characteristics, components or aspects of a situation or
phenomenon. Descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically describe a
population, situation or phenomenon (McCombes, 2020). Specifically, the researchers
used document analysis and interviews in addressing the research problem of the study.

Document analysis is utilized in this study by analyzing and comparing the crime
rate of Baguio City from the year 2016-2021. And an interview was conducted in order to
determine the factors affecting the crime rate in Baguio City during the lockdowns. The
design and methodology of the study were chosen by the researchers since it is
appropriate when it comes to describing and determining the factors affecting the crime
rate of Baguio City during the lockdowns.

Population and Locale of the Study

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 The data used for the document analysis in this study were obtained from Baguio
City Police Office (BCPO) through a communication letter requesting the needed data of
the crime statistics of Baguio City.
The population of this study consists of Police officers in Baguio City for they
have the knowledge and experience with regards to the incidents of crime that is being
recorded in Baguio City before the implementation of lockdowns had begun and
throughout the course or duration of the COVID – 19 lockdowns as the main basis in
selection. The researchers prefer to have the City of Baguio as the locale of this study for
the reason that it is more practical for us that most of the researchers of this study are
residents of Baguio City. And not only that, the researchers specifically choose only
Baguio City because other cities have varied crime rates and it limits our time and
capacity to study the crime rate of two or more cities during the lockdowns.

In selecting participants for the study, Cluster Sampling was utilized. Under this
method, researchers divide a population into smaller groups known as clusters. Then
randomly select among these clusters to form a sample. Those who meet the purpose or
objective of the study are those deliberately included by the researcher in this sample
(Garcia, 2015). The inclusion basis for the participants of this study are Police officers
who are assigned in the police stations or offices around here in Baguio City.

Data Gathering Tool

To arrive and gather data needed in this study, the following research instruments
were utilized:

Secondary Data Analysis

Secondary data analysis refers to the analysis of existing data collected by others.
Secondary analysis affords researchers the opportunity to investigate research questions
using large-scale data sets that are often inclusive of under-represented groups while
saving time and resources (Donellan and Lucas, 2013). The data coming from the Baguio
City Police Office (BCPO) is the first hand existing data, upon request of the data,
secondary analysis is utilized in order to address the first research problem of the study.

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Interview Guide

Interview is a method that the researcher will employ in gathering data so the
instrumentation to be used in enabling the conduct of the interview is an interview guide
and it is following the semi-structured format. The interview guide will be prepared, and
it will be based on related literature and journals with regards to how crime rates have
fallen in the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. This interview guide will be pretested
and for its content validity, the adviser of this research will check its completeness and
relevance.

Data Gathering Procedure

Before the researcher proceeded with the gathering of data, a letter was made
addressed to Ma’am Cherry Ann A. Cabarrubias, OIC-Dean of College of Criminal
Justice Education for permission to proceed with the study.

In facilitating the data gathering of crime statistics in answering the research

problem of the study, the researchers utilized secondary data analysis. Wherein, data
were obtained from Baguio City Police Office (BCPO) through a communication letter
requesting a record of the said crime statistics of Baguio City.

In order to reach out the participants for the interview of the study, the researchers
used social media platforms in order to communicate to the participant of the study. Posts
will be uploaded regarding the study along with the link. Aside from posting, the
researchers also send links of Google online forms to the participant’s email or social
messaging account. Attached with the interview guide included the consent form where
the purpose of the study, the confidentiality, and the rights of the participants regarding
the collected data was explained.

After the interview is conducted, the respondents are encouraged to contact the
researchers for questions and clarifications.

Treatment of data

13
 The researcher made use of thematic analysis in presenting the facts of the study.
Thematic analysis is a method of analyzing qualitative data. It is usually applied to a set
of texts, such as interview transcripts. The researcher closely examines the data to
identify common themes – topics, ideas, and patterns of meaning that come up repeatedly
(Caulfield, 2019). This summarized the answers of the participants of the study during
the interview and allowed the researchers to easily compare their findings to other related
literature.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This presents, interprets, and analyze the findings of the data relative to the
specific research problem of the study. These are focused on the following: first, the
comparative crime rate of Baguio City from the years 2016-2019 (before the pandemic)
and the years 2020-2021 (during the pandemic): and then lastly, the factors affecting the
crime rate in Baguio City during the lockdowns.

Comparative Crime Rate of Baguio City from the years 2016-2019 (before the
lockdowns) and the years 2020-2021 (during the lockdowns)

Baguio City since then, tend to experience a decrease in its crime incidents upon
the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus, and as a response thereof, the Philippine
government ordered the implementation of community quarantines, lockdowns, travel
restrictions except for essential workers and other health protocols needed to combat
COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, this study was conceptualized to compare the crime rate of
Baguio City from the year 2016-2019 (pre-lockdowns) to the year 2020-2021 (during the
lockdowns). Table 1. presents the calculated crime rate of Baguio City from the calendar
years 2016-2021. Having adequate information about the past and current events will be a
great contributory factor towards the development of effective proactive policing
(Katzenbach, et al., 2012).

Table 1. Crime Rate of Baguio City from the Years 2016-2021 from the Record of
Baguio City Police Office (BCPO)

Year Total Crime Incidents Population Crime Rate

2016 5275 350,247 1,506.08
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 2017 2112 355,659 593.83
2018 1147 361,155 317.59
2019 1291 366,805 351.96
2020 852 372,680 228. 61
2021 333 (as of July 13, 378, 849 87. 90
2021)

The table presents the summary of the acquired data of crime statistics from
Baguio City Police Office (BCPO). The computed crime rate of the Baguio City from the
years 2016-2021 is based on the total number of crime incidents and the whole
population of the city per year. The data explains that in the year 2020 during the
pandemic, there are 228 crimes committed per 100,000 of the whole population of the
said year in Baguio City.

Table 2. Index Crime of Baguio City Before Lockdowns from the Years 2016-2019
from the Record of Baguio City Police Office (BCPO)

Index Crime Before Lockdowns

CY Murd Homi Phy Inj Rape Robbery Theft Carnap
er cide ping

2016 26 23 586 40 334 1388 58

2017 3 14 284 58 71 326 15
2018 10 16 164 53 43 210 11
2019 4 12 135 53 46 223 14

Table 3. Index Crime of Baguio City During Lockdowns from the Years 2020-2021
from the Record of Baguio City Police Office (BCPO)

Index Crime During Lockdowns

CY Murd Homic Phy Inj Rape Robbery Theft Carnapp

er ide ing

2020 7 6 65 38 21 89 7
2021 1 1 14 20 7 33 5

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 Tables 2 and 3 present index crimes such as Carnapping, Homicide, Murder,
Physical injuries, Rape, Robbery, and Theft have decreased from their commission in the
year 2020 to 2021 during the implementation of lockdowns, based on the data provided
by the BCPO.

Table 4. Non-Index Crime of Baguio City Before Lockdowns from the Years 2016-
2019 from the Record of Baguio City Police Office (BCPO)

Non-Index Crime Before Lockdowns

CY Child Abuse VAWC Special Laws Ordinance

2016 240 563 185 21

2017 154 323 10 16
2018 82 221 150 21
2019 57 168 176 20

Table 5. Non-Index Crime of Baguio City During Lockdowns from the Years 2020-
2021 from the Record of Baguio City Police Office (BCPO)

Non-Index Crime Before Lockdowns

CY Child Abuse VAWC Special Laws Ordinance

2020 36 79 193 32
2021 21 38 99 9

Tables 4 and 5 present non-index crimes such as Child abuse under RA 7610
otherwise known as “Special Protection of Children against Abuse, Exploitation, and
Discrimination Act” and violation of RA 9262 otherwise known as “Anti-Violence
against Women and their Children Act of 2004” have also decreased from their

16
commission. On the other hand, the violence of Special Laws and City Ordinance
increased from their commission.

From the year 2019 to 2020, theft has the biggest decline on the number of crime
incidents that were recorded in the city, from 223 cases in 2019 to only 89 cases in 2020
during the lockdowns (tables 2 and 3, p.15). In support of these findings, Protection
Motivation Theory explains that “Individuals are motivated to react in a self-protective
way towards a perceived health threat”. Thus, it triggers the appraisal of every individual
to a potential threat. These triggers include fear messages that encourage individuals to
take protective measures or to refrain from activities that might harm themselves or
others (Shillair, 2020). Since the government have implemented stay-at-home orders and
movement restrictions for leisure purposes in order contain COVID-19 virus, thus, people
tend to remain in their houses due to the potential threat that they might be infected with
the virus. Then consequently allowing them to occupy and watch for their properties.
Furthermore, would-be criminals will desist from attempting to steal fearing that they
might be caught in the act of taking one’s property and then suddenly might get arrested.
Baguio City as one of the most populous city and a popular tourist destination in the
country is very susceptible to crimes against property such as theft or pick-pocketing.
Theft is one of the most prevalent index crime in Baguio City with an overall total of
2,269 cases from 2016 up to March of 2021. Adding to that, the whole population of
Baguio residents plus an average of 1.3 million tourists arriving per year to visit our city
makes it very challenging on the part of our police force to patrol and monitor the
activities of these such big number of people in the city of Baguio.

Followed by the violation of RA 9262 otherwise known as A-VAWC law, from

169 cases in 2019 to only 79 cases in 2020 (tables 4 and 5, p. 16). Although several
researchers have postulated that the confinement of people in a household can increase
the risk of other crimes; in particular, diverse forms of domestic violence may be more
likely, as victims cannot escape abusive partners. The potential effects of pandemic-
related lockdowns on crime have generated much academic interest (Estévez-Soto, 2021).
However, cases of domestic violence in the city of Baguio have decreased during the
pandemic. Additionally, cases of child abuse and rape in Baguio City have also decreased

17
during the pandemic. Cases of child abuse from 57 cases in 2019 to 36 cases in 2020
during the pandemic and rape from 53 cases in 2019 to 38 cases in 2020 during the
pandemic.

Then lastly, physical injuries from 135 cases in 2019 to 65 cases in 2020 (tables 2
and 3, p.15). In line with these findings, most of the establishments have temporarily
closed during the pandemic like bars, disco houses, and other places for drinking and as
far as the implementation of liquor bans is concerned. There are a number of theories as
to why too much drinking of alcohol may contribute to aggression which might cause
physical injuries. One prominent theory, “Alcohol Myopia” proposes that alcohol can
reduce our ability to think straight and narrow our attention. We may miss social and
environmental cues that help us to interpret situations rationally (drinkaware, 2021). This
means that if someone provokes us when we’re drunk, we might rise to the bait rather
than thinking of the consequences. This can lead to violent or angry reactions from
people who would usually just shrug things off.

However, crimes under the category of non-index crimes such as the special laws
and violation city ordinances have increased from their commission during the
lockdowns. Cases of special laws have increased from 176 cases in 2019 to 193 cases in
2020 during the lockdowns. Followed by violation of city ordinances, from 20 cases in
2019 to 32 cases during the pandemic (tables 4 and 5, p. 16). Then lastly, index crimes
such as murder have also increased from 4 cases in 2019 to 7 cases in 2020 during the
pandemic (tables2 and 3, p. 15).

Figure 2. Crime trend for the Calendar Years 2016-2021.

18
 6000

5275
5000

Total No. Crime Incidents 4000

3000

2000 2112

1147 1291
1000 852
333
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021(as of July
13, 2021)

Year

Figure 2 shows the fluctuation of Baguio City’s crime rate, the significant
difference between the years indicates the gradual decrease of crime rate in Baguio City.
Since then, Baguio City has experienced a low crime rate even before the pandemic. The
Summer Capital of the Philippines' landing No. 6 in a global database firm's list of safest
cities in Southeast Asia was the result of the collective efforts of the locals (Geminiano,
2018). With the emergence of the COVID-19 virus, the city has experienced a more low
crime rate due to the stringent implementation of health protocols needed to combat
COVID-19 virus and of course, and as well as the cooperation of the community.

Table 6. Crime trend per percentage

Year Crime trend percentage

2016 - 2017 59.96% decrease
2017 – 2018 45.69% decrease
2018 – 2019 12.55% increase
2019 – 2020 34.00% decrease during the pandemic

The findings in Table 6 showed that the crime rate of Baguio City in the year 2016 is
higher than in 2017 which has decreased half of its crime rate by 59.96%. This drastic
decrease in the crime rate was also observed at the national level during the first years of
President Duterte’s term (Xuequan, 2019). During the first five months of President
19
Rodrigo Duterte's presidency, the volume of crimes nationwide dropped by 31 percent
(CNN Philippines, 2016). From the year 2017 to 2018 a 45.69% drop in crime rate in
Baguio City had been computed. But in the years 2018 and 2019, the crime rate of
Baguio City has increased by 12.55% in its crime rate, while a significant 34.00% drop
was recorded in the year 2019 before the pandemic and the year 2020 during the
pandemic. See Figure 2. Crime trend for the calendar years 2016-2021.

Figure 3. Crime Volume of Baguio City per Crime Category.

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 3000

Total No. of Crime Incident per Crime Category

2500

2000 Index Crime

Non-Index
Crime
1500
Special Laws

Ordinances
1000
Child Abuse

500 VAWC

0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 (as
of July 13,
2021)
Year

21
 The findings in Figure 3, showed that the volume of index crimes outnumbered
most of the categories of crime in the years 2016 to 2019. Based on the data of recorded
crime incidents from the years 2016 up to 2021, the most commonly recorded index
crimes in Baguio City are theft, physical injuries, robbery, and rape.

The factors affecting the crime rate in Baguio City during the pandemic

In line with the result of the analysis of the data of crime statistics of Baguio City,
discussions of themes are formulated from the interview that was conducted in order to
determine the factors affecting the crime rate in Baguio City during lockdowns. The
following are the factors affecting the crime rate in Baguio City during the lockdowns:

Regulation and Limitation of Routine Activities

Regulating and limiting the routine activities of people is a form of social control,
a normative system with rules concerning the way people should and should not behave.
This is combined with a formal and informal system to encourage and promote
conformity, while at the same time discouraging and punishing deviance. Informal social
control is exhibited by the family, church, and school, while formal social control is
exhibited by the police and the courts (Akers and Sellers, 2013).

Additionally, according to control theorists, people do not engage in crime

because of controls or restraints placed to them. In our current situation, the routine
activities of people in the city are being regulated and controlled due to the containment
policy of the government brought by the COVID-19 virus, thus, allowing them to be
limited with their everyday routine activities, such as going for a walk, shopping, hanging
out with friends at night, and other recreational activities. Furthermore, one of the
participants of the study stated that “Implementation of curfew hours and liquor bans
limits the people roaming around the city without any reason”. By limiting the number of
people roaming around the city through the implementation of curfew hours, liquor bans,
age restrictions for those who will go out and buy for essential needs, and as far as the
implementation of social and physical distancing is concerned allows our police force to
easily monitor the activities of people in the city. These controls, limitations, and
regulation of routine activities may be viewed as barriers to crime that prevent would-be

22
criminals from engaging in crime. As a result therefrom, the number of crime incidents
decreases.

Enhanced Police-Community Relation

Police-community relation refers to the ongoing and changing relationship

between the police and the communities they serve. One of our participant of the study
states that “When people are well informed, they will know on how to react or what to do
if they observe that something is wrong within their home or barangay. Continuous
interaction with every barangay and stakeholders, knowing their concerns, and helping
each other”. Whereas, police-community relations aims to change citizen attitudes and
improve police relationships with citizens. Strong relationships of mutual trust between
police agencies and the communities they serve are critical to maintaining public safety
and effective policing. Police officials rely on the cooperation of community members to
provide information about crime in their neighborhoods, and to work with the police to
devise solutions to crime and disorder problems. Because of the pandemic, the chemistry
and trust between law enforcement and the community deepened through the conduct of
information drive about the crime prevention and how will the barangay officials would
help the law enforcer in informing and knowing the concerns of the people, thus,
prevention of crime is more likely.
High Police Visibility

This explains that the higher the police visibility in a community, the lower
chances of commission of crimes. In this study, it supports that the intensification of
police visibility contributes to decreasing crime incidents within the city. As one of the
participant of the study stated that “Baguio being the prime tourist and educational
center of the North, implementation of consistent police visibility and Bantay Turista are
effective policing mechanisms to maintain”. The law enforcers manage the activities in
the City during the pandemic. The implementation of border control points, mobile
patrols, checkpoints, and random checking of private vehicles by personnel of the
Highway Patrol Group (HPG) who are also expected to deploy in every area under ECQ,
MECQ, GCQ, MGCQ. Thus, making the presence of law enforcement in the city
provides deterrence for the criminals from further committing unlawful acts.
23
Movement and Travel Restrictions

Movement and travel restrictions are the movement of people and goods during
public health emergencies is ineffective in most situations and may divert resources from
other interventions. In measures, it requires substantial investments for what may bear
little benefits. It is more effective to provide prevention recommendation messages to
travelers and to collect health declarations at arrival, with traveler's contact details, to
allow for a proper risk assessment and a possible contact tracing of incoming travelers
(World Health Organization, 2020). Since the COVID-19 virus is an infectious disease
and containment is necessary in order to slow down the spread of the virus, movement
and travel restrictions are necessary. This restriction must be based on a careful risk
assessment, proportionate to the public health risk. The movement of people is limited in
going out to buy essential goods and the implementation of curfew hour and the Bantay
Turista. Travel bans to affected areas or denial of entry to passengers coming from
affected areas are usually not effective in preventing the importation of cases but may
have a significant impact on the society and crime rate.

4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

These initial findings indicate that the crime rate of Baguio City have indeed
decreased upon the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The researchers argue that
the principal reason for the decrease in crime rates is when the government orders stay-at-
home to non-essential workers and the implementation of health protocols and movement
restrictions which impacted the routine activities of entire populations. Therefore, even
the implementation of community quarantines, curfew, lockdowns, police visibility,
liquor bans, travel and movement restrictions, and other health protocols arising from the
effects of the COVID-19 pandemic can serve as a deterrence for criminals from further
committing a crime fearing that they might expose themselves from the virus or by
getting arrested due to the strict implementation of protocols needed in order to combat
COVID-19 virus. As a result, the crime rate decreases, and the only question is how can
we maintain this low crime rate even after the pandemic ends.

24
Recommendations

This study may help the Philippine National Police and the Local Government
Unit to formulate effective policing mechanisms and crime prevention measures in
reducing the incidents of crime.

More so, the PNP shall maintain and sustain to implement such factors
contributing to the decrease of crime rate, crime incident, and crime volume as regular
policing mechanisms and crime prevention measures even after the pandemic ends or
under the “new normal”:

1. The implementation of curfew hours at night except for essential needs can
help in crime prevention of the PNP by reducing the number of people
roaming around the streets, “skinitas”, corners, and other places susceptible
for crimes. In this manner, the police force can easily supervise, manage, and
patrol the activities of people roaming around especially at night where crimes
are more prevalent.
2. Enhanced police visibility is one of the most effective deterrence for criminals
from further committing crimes. Upon the necessity of containing the spread
of COVID-19 virus, an increased number of police officers conducting
checkpoints and patrol operations is being manifested in this time of the
pandemic. In this manner, would-be criminals will desist from attempting to
commit a crime fearing that they might get arrested.
3. The enhanced police-community relation through the conduct of information
drive by the PNP with the community can help in boosting the awareness of
every citizen in the community about crimes and for the citizens of the
community to create self-strategies and self-protections against criminality.

The strict implementation of such factors that contributes to decline in crime rate,
crime incident, crime volume, and the laws and ordinances regarding peace and order, not
to the extent of violating any constitutional rights of every citizen is one of the best
strategies in maintaining the low crime rate of every community in the effort of making

25
the city of Baguio a safe and peaceful community not only for the citizens but also for the
tourists.

Then lastly, for the encouragement of future researchers to dive deeply into the
data made available from the pandemic, and to provide the reason for not only discerning
why crime rates fell but also on how to pragmatically utilize this knowledge after the
world emerges from seclusion.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

No man is an island. This is especially true to any researcher – most especially for
the present researchers. The ideas they express in their research are really traceable to
many people, past and present. While there are indeed some of their original insights in
this research, the majority are really part of what one may call “Human Heritage”.

The researchers wish to express their profound thanks to God for showering
determination to overcome all the landmarks that crossed their way and made everything
possible for the realization of this research. They also wish to express their sincere
appreciation to the following persons who were very instrumental in the completion of
this research:

To the Dean of School of CCJE and the Program Chairman of the same
department, respectively for approving our research proposal.

To the researcher’s research instructor, for her concern and encouragement

towards the success of this research.

26
 To the adviser of the researchers, for her valuable suggestions and patience in
editing and editing this research. For imparting enough knowledge about the study.

To the participants of this research, who devoted their time in answering the
questions despite their busyness at work.

To the members of Baguio City Police Office (BCPO), who did not hesitate to
provide the data that the researcher needed for their crime rate comparison.

To the family of the researchers for their moral, financial and spiritual support and
inspiring words that gave the researchers the courage to make this research a reality.

To all people mentioned above, May God return your love and contribution in
ways He alone can provide.

Last but not the least, GOD, for imploring to us the strength, wisdom, and
perseverance to accomplish this research. Thank you so much.

The researchers,

AR, AN, AW, AJ, AE, AR, BGG,

VJ

7. REFERENCES

Online Sources:

Alvarez, J. et al., (2021). Crime Rate in Zamboanga City: Before and During Quarantine
Period. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social
Sciences, 11(3), 1184-1199.
Ashby, M.P.J., (2020). Initial evidence on the relationship between the coronavirus

pandemic and crime in the United States. Crime Sci 9, 6

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-020-00117-6

David Canter & Donna Youngs (2016) Crime and society, Contemporary Social Science,

11:4, 283-288, DOI: 10.1080/21582041.2016.1259495

Edrada et al, (2020). First COVID-19 infections in the Philippines: a case report
27
Estévez-Soto, P.R., (2021). Crime and COVID-19: effect of changes in routine activities

in Mexico City. Crime Sci 10, 15 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-021-00151-y

Felson, M., Jiang, S. & Xu, Y., (2020). Routine activity effects of the

Covid-19 pandemic on burglary in Detroit, March, 2020. Crime

Sci 9, 10https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-020-00120-x

Joaquin and Biana, (2020). Philippine crimes of dissent: Free speech in the time of

COVID-19. Department of Philosophy, De La Salle University, Philippines

Jones D. J., (2020). The Potential Impacts of Pandemic Policing on Police

Legitimacy: Planning Past the COVID-19 Crisis. Policing: A Journal of Policy

and Practice, paaa026. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paaa026

Shayegh, Soheil and Malpede, Maurizio, (2020). Staying Home Saves Lives, Really!

(April 2, 2020). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3567394 or

http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3567394

Stickle, B., Felson, M., (2020). Crime Rates in a Pandemic: the Largest Criminological

Experiment in History. Am J Crim Just 45, 525–536

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-0 9546-0

Westcott, R., Ronan, K., Bambrick, H. et al., (2017). Expanding protection

motivation theory: investigating an application to animal owners and emergency

responders in bushfire emergencies. BMC Psychol 5, 13
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-017-0182-3

Wilder-Smith and Freedman, (2020). Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and

community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the
novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine, Volume
27, Issue 2

Journal:
28
Oberiri Destiny Apuke, (2017). QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS A

SYNOPSIS APPROACH. An Open Access Journal Vol 6 (10) Ronald L. Akers

and Christine S. Sellers, (2013). Criminological Theories: Introduction,
Evaluation, Application. New York Oxford: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

6. APPENDICES

Appendix “A”

Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

Tel. No.; (+6374) 442-3316, 422-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.; 442-6268
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

June 23, 2021

Dear Participants,

The undersigned is presently conducting a study on “The Factors Affecting the Crime
Rate of Baguio City During the Pandemic”. The study aims to determine the underlying factors
affecting the crime rate of Baguio City during the pandemic. With this, you are encouraged to
answer the questions honestly. The results shall be for research purposes only. Your responses
will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Thank you for your participation.

Respectfully yours,

29
RODRIGO M. ABELAO EMERLYN C. ANAAS
Researcher Researcher

NUCHRIST G. ABNASAN RAQUEL G. ANDAYA

Researcher Researcher

WARREN S. AGANON GAWAY GRAIL S. BAGANGAN

Researcher Researcher

JETHRO G. ALIGAN JANSON Q. VENTURA

Researcher Researcher

Personal Information
Name:
Age:
Residence:
Designation/Unit:
Rank:
Years in the service:

Interview Guide
1. To what extent does the crime rate of Baguio City before the pandemic and during the
pandemic differ from each other?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
2. What are the crimes that are mostly recorded prior to the pandemic in Baguio City?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
3. What are the crimes that have decreased from their commission during the pandemic in Baguio
City?

30
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
4. What are the commonly recorded incidence of crime during the start of the pandemic and even
until now in Baguio City?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
5. What do you think are the factors that the BCPO and the LGU are implementing in which it
affects the crime rate of Baguio City that is significantly decreasing during the pandemic?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
6. What are the advantages of these factors you enumerated on the preceding number in the crime
prevention and effective policing mechanism of the BCPO and the LGU?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
7. Referring to the answers you enumerated in #5, what factors should the BCPO and the LGU
maintain to implement as a regular crime prevention measure and effective policing mechanism
even after the pandemic ends?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
8. What are the existing crime prevention measures and effective policing mechanisms that the
BCPO or the LGU are implementing in order to maintain and control the crime rate of Baguio
City?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
9. What are the circumstances that allows the crime rate of Baguio City to increase/rise during the
pandemic?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
31
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
10. What can be learned from this pandemic in order to influence future crime reduction?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________

Comments/Suggestions:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________

32
Appendix “B”

33
34
Appendix “C”

35
Appendix “D”

36
 Appendix “E”

Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

Tel. No.; (+6374) 442-3316, 422-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.; 442-6268
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

June 27, 2021

PMAJ DENCIO A. DAYAO

Chief of Police, Tourist Police Unit
Baguio City Police Office
Burnham Park, Baguio City

Dear PMAJ Dayao:

Greetings from the College of Criminal Justice Education!

The undersigned students are taking up Bachelor of Science in Criminology and are
currently enrolled in CRIMINOLOGY 8 (Thesis Writing and Presentation). The researchers are
presently conducting a study entitled “The Factors Affecting the Crime Rate of Baguio City
During the Pandemic”. The study aims to determine the underlying factors affecting the crime
rate of Baguio City during the pandemic.

Relative to this, the researchers would like to seek approval from your good office to
conduct an interview with police officers by sending the link of the interview guide through
Google Forms.

Rest assured that the information gathered will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Thank you very much for accommodating this request.

37
Respectfully yours,

RODRIGO M. ABELAO EMERLYN C. ANAAS

Researcher Researcher

NUCHRIST G. ABNASAN RAQUEL G. ANDAYA

Researcher Researcher

WARREN S. AGANON GAWAY GRAIL S. BAGANGAN

Researcher Researcher

JETHRO G. ALIGAN JANSON Q. VENTURA

Researcher Researcher

Noted:

MS. DEBBIE KARYLE F. ARQUERO

Adviser

MRS. CHERRY ANN A. CABARRUBIAS

OIC-Dean, CCJE

Appendix “F”
Thematic Analysis
Factors Affecting the Crime Rate of Baguio City During the Lockdowns

38
39
40
 Appendix “G”

Abelao, Rodrigo M.
Barangay Pingit Baler,
Aurora, 3200
41
 rigoabelao@yahoo.com
________________________________________________________________________
CAREER OBJECTIVE
Focused and diligent criminology student, eager to expand my skill set through
any trainings to help boost my knowledge.
________________________________________________________________________
WORK EXPERIENCE
N/A
________________________________________________________________________

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY EDUCATION : Diego Ortiz Elementary School
SECONDARY EDUCATION : Mount Carmel College
SENIOR HIGH : Mount Carmel College
(General Academic)
TERTIARY EDUCATION : University of the Cordilleras
(Bachelor of Science in Criminology)
AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS YEAR
N/A
________________________________________________________________________

Abnasan, Nuchrist G.
Amdanum Banao, Bauko,
Mt. Province, 2621
ucccje.tech101.abnasan@gmail.com

________________________________________________________________________
42
CAREER OBJECTIVE
A hard-working Criminology student, willing to undergo trainings that will
develop and boost my abilities and expand my learnings.
________________________________________________________________________
WORK EXPERIENCE
N/A
________________________________________________________________________

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SENIOR HIGH
TERTIARY EDUCATION
AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS
N/A
________________________________________________________________________
: Marivic Elementary School
: Lepanto National High School
: Lepanto National High School
(Accountancy and Business Management)
: University of the Cordilleras
(Bachelor of Science in Criminology)
YEAR

Warren S. Aganon
Campo 3 Kita-kita Zone 6, San Jose City,
Nueva Ecija, 3121
Aganon.warren@gmail.com

________________________________________________________________________
CARRER OBJECTIVE

43
 I am focused and responsible criminology student, willing to satisfied my curiosity
when it comes to learning, diligent and dedicated -all qualities I put forward in everything
I do.
________________________________________________________________
WORK EXPERIENCE
N/A
________________________________________________________________________
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY EDUCATION : Our Lady of Mount Carmel Montessori
SECONDARY EDUCATION : Our Lady of Mount Carmel Montessori
SENIOR HIGH : University of the Cordilleras
(science, technology, engineering and mathematics)
TERTIARY EDUCATION : University of the Cordilleras
(Bachelor of Science in Criminology)
AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS YEAR
N/A
_____________________________________________________________________

Jethro G. Aligan
Lower Pinget, Baguio City,
Benguet 2600
jethroaligan006@gmail.com

________________________________________________________________________
CAREER OBJECTIVE
A dedicated criminology student aiming to gain knowledge and wisdom.

44
________________________________________________________________________
WORK EXPERIENCE
N/A
________________________________________________________________________

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY EDUCATION : Pinsao Elementary School
SECONDARY EDUCATION : Pinsao National High School
SENIOR HIGH : University of the Cordilleras

TERTIARY EDUCATION : University of the Cordilleras

(Bachelor of Science in Criminology)
AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS YEAR
N/A

Emerlyn C. Anaas
Aog, Lamag, Quirino,
Ilocos Sur, 2721
emerlynanaas@gmail.com

________________________________________________________________________
CAREER OBJECTIVE

45
 A Criminology student, looking forward to enhance my skills and acquire new
knowledge in preparation for my public services.
________________________________________________________________________
WORK EXPERIENCE
N/A
________________________________________________________________________

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SENIOR HIGH
TERTIARY EDUCATION
AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS
With Honor
________________________________________________________________________
: Lamag Elementary School
: Quirino National High School (Grade 10)
Dilong National High School (Grade 7-9)
: University of the Cordilleras
(Hummanities and Social Sciences)
: University of the Cordilleras
(Bachelor of Science in Criminology)
YEAR
2018

Raquel G. Andaya
Slaughter Compound Sto.
Nino, Baguio City 2600
raquelandata@gmail.com

_________________________________________________________________
CAREER OBJECTIVE
I am willing to learned and be trained, which will help me expand my knowledge
and improve my personal development skills in life.
46
________________________________________________________________________
WORK EXPERIENCE
N/A
______________________________________________________________________

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY EDUCATION: Parasapas, Elementary School
SECONDARY EDUCATION: Parasapas National High School
TERTIARY EDUCATION: University of the Cordilleras
(Bachelor of Science in Criminology)
AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS YEAR
N/A
________________________________________________________________________

Gaway Grail S. Bagangan

Upper Pinget, Baguio City,
Benguet 2600
gawaybagangan@ymail.com

47
______________________________________________________________________
CAREER OBJECTIVE
I am a student of University of the Cordilleras, eager to expand my knowledge
through external trainings.
________________________________________________________________________
WORK EXPERIENCE
N/A
________________________________________________________________________

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SENIOR HIGH
TERTIARY EDUCATION
AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS
N/A
________________________________________________________________________
: Bontoc Central School
: Pinget National School
: University of the Cordilleras
(General Academic Strand)
: University of the Cordilleras
(Bachelor of Science in Criminology)
YEAR

Janson Q. Ventura
Tuding Western Slide, Itogon, Benguet
Benguet 2614
jansonventura707@gmail.com

________________________________________________________________________
CAREER OBJECTIVE
48
 I am a focused and diligent criminology student, eager to expand my learnings,
knowledge and skills through hard work and determination.
________________________________________________________________________
WORK EXPERIENCE
N/A
________________________________________________________________________

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SENIOR HIGH
TERTIARY EDUCATION
AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS
N/A
________________________________________________________________________
: Philex Mines Elementary School
: Saint Louis High School Philex
: University of the Cordilleras
(Hummanities and Social Sciences)
: University of the Cordilleras
(Bachelor of Science in Criminology)
YEAR

49