Pre - Calculus: BY: BE-STEM 11-4

Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Art and Sciences

Mathematics and Physics Department
PRE – CALCULUS
BY: BE- STEM 11-4

TRIGONOMETRY
- Comes from the Latin words Trigonon and Metria w/c means triangle and measurement.
- Branch of mathematics that deals w/ the relationship of triangle, angles, and
measurement.
BASIC CONCEPTS
A. ANGLE
- Figure formed by two half lines or rays (LEGS) that has common end point (VERTEX).
The fixed ray is called initials side while terminal side is the moving ray.
B. ROTATION OF AN ANGLE
 Counter Clockwise- represented by positive (+) direction
 Clockwise Rotation- represented by negative (-) direction
C. ANGLE MEASUREMENT UNITS

1. Degree (°)- angle measurement taken from dividing a whole circle into 360 parts
1°=60mins , 1min=60secs , 1°=3600secs
Minute= (single apostrophe)
Second= (double apostrophe)
2. Radian (RAD)- standard unit of an angle
D. EQUIVALENT ANGLE
Circle- 360° = 2 πrad
Semi-Circle- 180° = πrad
E. CONVERSION OF ANGLE UNITS

πrad
- Take note if we convert degree to radian : n° x 180
180°
Radian to degree: nπrad x
πrad
The location of an angle in the Cartesian plane is based on the last position of its terminal
side.
TYPES OF ANGLE:
 Acute - 0° ¿ θ<90 °
 Right - θ=90 °
 Obtuse - 90° ¿ θ<180 °
 Straight - θ=180°
 Reflexive – 180 ° <θ<360 °
Location of an angle in the Cartesian plane:

A. Complementary Angles θ1 +θ2=90 °
B. Supplementary Angles 01 +0 2=180°
REFERENCE ANGLE (θ1)

- Any smallest positive acute angle that is measured from the terminal side of given angle
to nearest x-axis.
CASE 1: Given angles is in QI
- The reference angle is the same with the value of the given angle
CASE 2: Given angles is in QII
- The reference angle is the difference between 180° or π and the given angle :
θr=180 °−θ
θr=π −θ
CASE 3: Given angle is in QIII
- The reference angle is the difference between the given 180° or π
θr=θ−180 °
θr=θ−π
CASE 4: Given Angle is in QIV
- The reference angle is the difference between 360° or 2 π and the given angle
θr=360 °−0
θr=2 π−0
CASE 5: Given angle is measuring more than 360° or 2π

- Deduct or remove all the complete 360° (2 π ) until its measurement becomes lower than
360° then from the remaining value choose a casa from 1-4.
CO-TERMINAL ANGLES
- Two or more difference angles that are having the same terminal and initial sides.
 FOR COUNTER CLOCKWISE DIRECTION

(always add 360°)
Co-terminal > = θ+360 ° n
Co-terminal angles = θ+2 πn
 FOR CLOCKWISE DIRECTION

(always subtract 360°)
Co-terminal angles = θ−360° n
Co-terminal angles = 0−2 πn
Conversion:
- Degree to Radian
rad
n° x
180 °
- Radian to Degree
180 °
n πrad x πrad
EXAMPLE:
5
1. 75 °= πrad
12
πrad 75
75 ° x = πrad
180 ° 180
7
2. 105 °= πrad
12
πrad 105
105 ° x = πrad
180 ° 180
4
3. πrad=144 °
5
4 180 4
5
πrad x =
πrad 5()180 °
14
4. πrad=168 °
15
14 180 14
15
πrad x = ( )
πrad 15
180 °
5. 6° = 21600 (3600x6)
6. 41.17 ° =¿41° 10’ 12’’ DMS

0.17 x 60’ = 10.2
0.2 x 60’’ = 12
7. 20.1793 = 20° 10’ 45.48’’ DMS

0.1793 x 60’ = 10.758
0.758 x 60” = 45.48
3
8. πrad=¿ 77° 8’ 34.2857’’ DMS
7
77.14285714
0.14285714 x 60’ = 8.5714284
0.5714284 x 60’’ = 34.285704
9. 17.2093° = 17° 12’ 33.48’’ DMS
0.2093 x 60’ = 12.558
0.558 x 60’’ = 33.48
13
10. πrad = 167° 8’ 34.2856’’ DMS
14
167.1428571
0.1428571 x 60’ = 8.571426
0.571426 x 60’’ = 34.28556
CO-TERMINAL ANGLE
 Counter Clockwise (CC)
+ “add 360 or 2 π
 Clockwise (C)
- “subtract 360 or 2 π
100 Counter Clockwise Clockwise
1st 460° -260°
2nd 820° -620°
3rd 1180° -980°
-20 Counter Clockwise Clockwise

1st 340° -380°
2nd 700° -740°
3rd 1060° -1100°
PRACTICE SEATWORK:
1
1. 200°=1 πrad
9
πrad 200
200° x = πrad
180 ° 180
13
2. πrad=156 °
15
3. 10.28°=10 ° 16' 48 DM
0.2 x 60’ = 16.8
0. x 60” = 48
5
4. πrad=52 ° 56 ' 28.2353 DM
17
52.94117647
0.94117647 x 60’ = 56.4705882
0.470588 x 60” = 28.235292
9
5. πrad=202 ° 30 DMS
8
202.5
0.5 x 60’ = 30
A. Complementary angle of the ff. B. Supplementary angle of the ff.
1. 71° = 19° 1. 16° = 164°
2. 13° = 77° 2. 39° = 141°
3. 65° = 115°
3. 44° = 46°
4. 37° = 143°
4. 65° = 25° 5. 47° = 133°
5. 3° = 87°
C. Reference angle
1. 139° = case 2 > 41°
2. 1790° = case 4 > 350-360 = 10
17 2
3. πrad = case 2 > 0.89 =
19 19
4. -155° = case 4 > 115-180 = 65
−15
5. πrad−1.75 πrad=0.25 πrad
4
Circular Functions (Trigonometric Functions)

The six circular functions are formed by the ratios of the values of the coordinate of the
point P(x, y) that lies on the terminal side of a given angle and the radius of this
point to the center of the unit circle. The radius is always expressed in positive number
since it is the length of space between the center and the point P. The six circular
functions are defined as
ordinate of P y
Sine Ө (sin Ө) = =
radius of P r
Quadrant I
Quadrant III Quadrant IV
All the 6 trigonometric functions
Positive: Tan and Cot Positive:
are Cos and Sec
positive.
Negative: Sin Cos, Csc and Sec Negative: Sin, Csc, Tan and Cot
abscissa of P x
Cosine Ө (cos Ө) = =
radius of P r
ordinate of P y
Tangent Ө (tan Ө) = =
abscissa of P x
radius of P r
Secant Ө (sec Ө) = =
abscissa of P x
abscissa of P x
Cotangent (cot Ө) = =
ordinate of P y
The sine, cosine and tangent are called the basic trigonometric functions while the
cosecant, secant and cotangent are their reciprocal functions.
Algebraic Signs of Trigonometric Functions
Quadrant II
Positive: Sin and csc

Negative: Cos, Sec, Tan and Cot
Examples:
1. (20, 21) or 0° < A < 90°
QI = x = 20 y = 21 r =?
r2 = x 2 + y2
r2 = 202 + 212
r2 = 400 + 441
√ r 2 = √ 841
r = 29
y r
a. Sin A = d. Sec A =
r x
21 29
Sin A = Sec A =
29 20
r y
b. Csc A = e. Tan A =
y x
29 21
Csc A = Tan A =
21 20
x x
c. Cos A = f. Cot A =
r y
20 20
Cos A = Cot A =
29 21
2. (10, 21) at 180° < B < 270°

QIII = x = 10 y = 20 r =?
r2 = x 2 + y2
r2 = 102 + 202
r2 = 100 + 400
√ r 2= √ 500
r = 10√ 5
−20 √ 5 −10 √ 5 20
a. Sin B = c. Cos B = x e. Tan B =
50 10 √5 √ 5 10
−2 √5 −√ 5
Sin B = Cos B = Tan B = 2
5 2
−10 √5 −10 √5 10
b. Csc B = d. Sec B = f. Cot B =
20 10 20
−√ 5 1
Csc B = Sec B = -√ 5 Cot B =
2 2
1
3. Cos = at 270° < C < 360°
2
QIV = x = 1 y ? r = 2
r2 = x 2 + y2
22 = 12 + y2 22 – 12 = y2
y2 = 4-1
√ y 2= √ 3
y = √3
−√ 3 −1 √ 3
a. Sin C = d. Cot C = x
2 √3 √3
−√ 3
Cot C =
3
−2 √ 3 2
b. Csc C = x e. Sec C =
√3 √3 1
−2 √ 3
Csc C = Sec C = 2
3
−√ 3
c. Tan C =
1
Tan C = -√ 3
Practice Seatwork
4. (2, 3) at 90° < D < 180°
QII = x = 2 y = 3 r =?
r2 = x 2 + y2
r2 = 2 2 + 32
r2 = 4 + 9
√ r 2= √ 13
r = √ 13
3 13 2 √13
a. Sin D = x√ c. Cos D = x e. Tan D =
√ 13 √13 √ 13 √ 13
−3
2
3 √ 13 2 √ 13
Sin D = Cos D =
13 13
b. Csc D =
√ 13 d. Sec D =
√ 13 f. Cot D =
3 2
2
−3
Quadrantal Angles are angles whose terminal sides are lying on any of the axes of the
rectangular coordinate system. The Quadrantal Angles are 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°, 360° etc.
sinθ 1 1 cosθ
Degrees Radians sin θ cos θ
cosθ sinθ cosθ sinθ
0° 0 0 1 0 − 1 −
n 1 √3 √3 2√ 3
30° 2 √3
6 2 2 3 3
n √2 √2
45° 1 √2 √2 1
4 2 2
n √3 1 2√ 3 √3
60° √3 2
3 2 2 3 3
n
90° 1 0 − 1 − 0
2
Solution:
√1 2 sin 2 √3
Sin 30° = Csc 30° = Tan 30°= Sec 30°= x
2 1 cos √3 √3
1
1 2 2√ 3
Sin 30° = Csc 30°= 2 Tan 30°= Sec 30°=
2 √3 3
2
1 √3 3 √3
Tan 30°= x Cot 30°= x
2 2 √3 √3
√3 1 √3 Cot 30°= 3 √ 3
Cos 30°= Tan 30°= x
2 √3 √3 3
Tan 30°=
√3 Cot 30°= √ 3
3
Note that:
0 number
=0 and =undefined
number 0
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
are equalities that involve trigonometric functions and are true for every
value of the occurring variables where both sides of the equality are defined.
Remember:
You can apply all mathematical process except for transposing and
breaking the rules of math.
Examples:
1.cotθcscθsinθ = cotθ sec 2 θ−1 2
5. 2
=sin θ
sec θ
Solution:
1 Solution:
cotθ ( ) sinθ = cotθ
sin θ tan 2 θ 2
2
=sin θ
cotθ = cotθ sec θ
2.sin3θ+cos2θsinθ = sinθ sin 2 θ

cos 2 θ
Solution: =sin 2 θ
1
sinθ (sin2θ + cos2θ) = sinθ cos 2 θ
sinθ = sinθ sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
( )
3.cscθ (sinθ + cosθ) = 1 + cotθ cos2 θ 1
Solution: sin 2 θ=sin2 θ

1 1+sec θ
sinθ
(sinθ + cosθ) = 1 + 6. tan θ+ sinθ =csc θ
cotθ Solution:
sinθ cosθ 1
+ =1+cotθ 1+
sinθ simθ cos θ
=csc θ
1 + cotθ = 1 + cotθ sin θ
+sin θ
cos θ
1 1 2
4. 1−sinθ + 1+ sinθ =2 sec θ cosθ+1
cos θ
=cscθ
Solution: sinθ+ sinθ cosθ
1+sinθ+1−sinθ cosθ
=2 sec 2 θ
( 1−sinθ )( 1+sinθ ) cosθ +1
=cscθ
sinθ+ sinθ cosθ
2
=2 sec 2 θ
2
(1−sin θ) cosθ+1
=cscθ
sinθ(1+cosθ )
2
=2 sec 2 θ
2
cos θ 1
=cscθ
sinθ
2sec2θ = 2sec2θ
cscθ=cscθ
1
1
csc θ =
=¿
1
1 1
cscθ +1
tan θ
1
−1
csc θ+ 1 tanθ
csc θ =
csc θ−1 1+ tan θ
7. 9. csc θ tan θ
2 2 2 2
sin θ+tanθ −cos θ cot θ=cos θ−cot θ csc θ +1 csc θ 1−tan θ
cscθ+1
=sin θ tanθ ∙ =
cot θ+cscθ S csc θ csc θ−1 tan θ
cscθ−1
1+tanθ 1+tanθ
Solution: olution: csc θ+1 cscθ +1 =
= 1−tanθ 1−tan
cscθ−1 cscθ−1
sinθ +tanθ cos 2
θ
=sinθ tanθ −( 1−sin θ )
2 2
=cos θ−cot θ
2
1 1 2
sin θ P
+
t anθ sinθ
2 cos2 θ 2 2 ractice
sinθ+ tanθ ( −1+sin θ ) 2
=cos θ−cot θ
=sinθtanθ sin θ seatwor
sinθ+ tanθ
sinθ tanθ −cos2 θ
+ cos θ=cos θ−cot θ k:
2 2 2
2
sin θ
(sinθ+tanθ ) 1 3.
( sinθ+ tanθ ) =sinθ2 tanθ2 2 2
(sinθ+tanθ )−cos θ cot θ=cos θ−cot θ . 1 1 2s
+ =
sinθ tanθ=sinθ tanθ cosθ sinθ−cosθ sinθ+cosθ 2 sinθ
=1
sinθ cotθ S
8. S olution:
olution: sin θ−cosθ ( sinθ
1+ cos θ cosθ+1
+ tan θ= sin2 θ−cos 2
sin θ sinθ cosθ cos θ
=1 sin θ+cosθ+ sinθ
Solution: 10. cosθ
sin θ( ) sin 2 θ−cos 2
1+ cosθ sinθ cosθ +1 1+sinθ cscθ+1 sinθ 2 sinθ
+ = cos θ
sinθ cosθ sinθcosθ 1−sinθ = cscθ−1 =1 2 sinθ 2 θ−1
cos θ
2 sinθ
cosθ ( 1+cosθ ) +sin 2 θ cosθ+1 S 1=1 ¿
= 2 sinθ 2 θ−1
sinθ cosθ sinθ cosθ
olution:
2 2
cosθ+ cos θ+sin θ cosθ+1 2.
= 4.
sinθ cosθ sinθ cosθ cotθ +1 1+tanθ
= ( sec θ+ cscθ ) ( cosθ−sinθ )=cotθ−
cot θ−1 1−tanθ
cosθ+1 cosθ +1 S
= S
sinθ cosθ sinθ cosθ olution:
olution:
S 1 cos θ
( cos1 θ + sinθ1 ) cosolution:
θ−sinθ −
sin θ sinθ
cos θ sin θ cos θ sinθ csc 2 θ−1−1 2 1−cos θ sinθ
− + − =1−2sin θ =
cos θ cos θ sin θ sinθ csc θ 2 sinθ 1+cos
1−tan θ+cot −1 1 1−cos θ 1+cos
−2 ∙
cot θ−tanθ 2
sin θ sinθ 1+cos
=1−2sin 2 θ ( 1−cos ) (1+ cos)
1
5. sin2 θ sin(1+cos)
cos 2 θ −2 sin2 θ+1 1+ cos θ cosθ cos 2
1− =s inθ 9 sin (1+ cos)
1+sinθ sin2 θ 2
S 1
=1−2 . sin θ 1−cos2 θ
olution: tan θ+ secθ 1+sinθ sin θ(1+cosθ)
sin2 θ =
( 1+sin θ ) ( 1−sin θ ) 2 sinθ−2 sin2 θ +1=1−2sinθ cotθ 2
2 cos θ sin2 θ
sin2 θ
(1+ sinθ−1+sinθ) S sin θ(1+cosθ)
1−2 sin 2 θ+1=1−2 sin 2 θ
1+ sinθ olution: sinθ sinθ
1−2 sin2 θ=1−2 sin2 θ sin θ 1 =
sin θ(1+sinθ ) + 1+ cosθ 1+cosθ
1+ sin θ cos θ cos 1+ sinθ
8 =
sin θ=sinθ sinθ cotθ cos2 θ
. sin θ+1
6. cos θ 2 sec θ cos2cscθ
θ 1+ sinθ
+ =sinθ+ =
sec θ sinθ cot θ tan θ sin θ cotθ cos 2 θ
+ =2 tan θ S sin θ+1
csc θ cos θ
S olution: cos θ 1+sinθ
cos θ =
cos θ 2
olution:
cos θ 2 secθ sin θ( ) cos θ
1 + sinθ
cos θ sin θ sin θ tan θ sin θ+1
+ cos θ sin θ 2 sec θ cos θ 1+ sinθ
1 cos θ ∙ + =
1 cos θ tan θ cos θ cos2 θ
sin θ
2 secθ sin θ+1 1
1 sin θ sin θ+ ∙
∙ tanθ
cos θ cos θ cos θ cos θ
1 1+ sinθ 1+ sinθ
sin θ sinθ 2( ) =
+ cos 1 cos
cos θ cos θ =2( ) cos2 θ cos2 θ
2 tan θ=2tanθ sin θ cos sin
cos
1 1
2 =csc 0.
sin θ
7 sinθ
sin θ+2 secθ=sinθ+2 secθ
csc θ−cotθ=
. 1+ cosθ
2
cot θ−1 2 S
=1−2 sin θ
1+cot θ2
olution:
A7 = (7-1)2 + 3
4, 7, 10, 13, 16, A7 = 39
19 A8 = (8-1)2 + 3
A8 = 52
2. An = (n-1)2 + 3 A9 = (9-1)2 + 3
(5th to 11th term) A9 = 67
A5 = (5-1)2 + 3 A10 = (10-1)2 + 3
A5 = 19 A10 = 84
A6 = (6-1)2 + 3 A11 = (11-1)2 + 3
A6 = 28 A11 = 103
SEQUENCE
Is a list of numbers or terms with
definite interval or exact differences.
 Finite Sequence – Is a sequence that
ends with a term.
Examples:
A. -6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6
3 1 1
B. 2, , 1, , TWO TYPES OF SEQUENCE
2 2 4
C. 220, 320, 420, 520, 620  Arithmetic Sequence – A sequence b1,
b2, b3, …… bn is arithmetic if there is a
 Infinite Sequence – Is a sequence with common interval or difference “d”.
continuous values and does not end The equation in Determining the terms
with a final term. in a sequence, we will use
Examples: - An= a1+(n-1)d
A. 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125 Examples:
B. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49
C. 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343 1. 30,35,40,45,50 2. 100,98,96,94
A1=30 d=5 A1=100 d= -2
We can denote a sequence as an, bn or sn 15th term= 55th term
where n is the number of terms in a A15=30+(15-1)5 A55=100+(55-1)-
sequence.
A15=100 2
Examples: A55= -8
1. An = 3n+1 (1st to A3 = 10 3. A1=1 A12=23 A25=? A25=1+(25-

6th term) A4 = 3(4) + 1 1)2
A1 = 3(1) + 1 A4 = 13 An= a1+(n-1)d A25=49
A1 = 4 A5 = 3(5) + 1 A23=1+(12-1)d
A2 = 3(2) + 1 A5 = 16 A23=1+11d
A2 = 7 A6 = 3(6) + 1
A3 = 3(3) + 1 A6 = 19
22 11 d 3 1 9-1
= A9 = ( )
11 11 4 2
d =2 3
A9 =
1024
4. A4=47 A500=1535 A10=?
An= a1+(n-1)d 1535 = a1+(500-
1)d SERIES
47 = a1+(4-1)d 1535 = a1+499d is roughly speaking, a
47 = a1+3d 1535 = a1+1497 description of the operation of
1535 = a1+499d a1 = 38 adding infinitely many quantities,
47 = a1+3d a10 = 38+(10-1)3 one after the other, to a given
1488 496 d starting quantity.
= a10 = 65
496 496 The sum a1+a2+…..+an is finite
d=3 series and a1+a2+…+an+.. is an infinite
series.
5. 38,41,44,47 Examples:
A1=38 d=3
An= a1+(n-1)d
An=38+(n-1)3 1. a1 + a2 +a3 +. . . + a6, if 2n2-4
An=38+3n-3 Solution :
An=3n+35 2n2-4 = 2(1)2-4 +2(2)2-4 + 2(3)2-4 +
2(4) -4 +2(5)2-4 + 2(6)2-4
2
= -2 + 4 + 14 + 28 + 46 + 68
=158
 Geometric Sequence - All the terms in n=5

Geometric sequence have a common 2. ∑ n−3
ratio i=1
To write the geometric sequence, use the Solution:
equation n-3 = (1)-3+(2)-3+(3)-3+(4)-3+(5)-3
An = a1 rn-1 = -2+ -1+0+1+2
Examples: =0
1. A1 = 5 r =2 a10 =?
An = a1 rn-1
A10 = 5(2)10-1
A10 = 2560
3n
3. A1+A2+A3. . .A10 =
3 1 2
2. A1 = r = a9 =?
4 2 Solution:
An = a1 rn-1 3 n 3 ( 1) 3 ( 2) 3 ( 3) 3 ( 4) 3 ( 5) 3 ( 6 ) 3 ( 7) 3 ( 8) 3
= + + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
165 2k(k+1)+4(k+1) = 2(k+1)(k+1+1)

¿ ∨85.2
2 2k2+2k+4k+4 = (2k+2)(k+2)
2k2+6k+4 = 2k2+6k+4
n+1 Step4: Conclusion
4. A1+A2+A3. . .A6 =
n The statement is true for all n>1
Solution:
n+1 1+ 1 2+ 1 3+1 4+ 1 5+1
= + + + + +
n 1 2 3 4 5
6+1
6
169 2. 1 +3+5 . . . + (2n-1) = n2
=
20 Step1: Verify n = 1
2(1)-1=12
n=4
5. ∑ n+ 12 n 1=1
Step2: Induction Hypothesis n = k
i=1
1 1 1 1 2k-1=K2
n+ n = 1+ (1) + 2+ ¿) + 3+ ¿) +
2 2 2 2 Step3: Proof of Induction n = k+1
1 k2+2(k+1)-1= (k+1)2
4 + ( 4)
2 k2+2k+2-1= k2+k+k+1
¿ 15 k2+2k+1 = k2+2k+1
Step4: Conclusion
The statement is true for all
MATHEMATICAL n>1
INDUCTION
is a mathematical proof n
3. 4 +9+14+19 . . . + (5n-1)= (3+5n)
technique, a form of direct proof, 2
usually done in two steps. It is Step1: Verify n = 1
used to prove a given statement 1
5(1)-1 = (3+5(1))
about any well-ordered set. Most 2
commonly, the well-ordered set 1
4 = (8)
is the set of natural numbers. 2
Examples: 4=4
Step2: Induction Hypothesis n = k
1. 4 + 8 + 12. . . + 4n = 2n(n+1) k
5k-1= (3+5k)
Step1: Verify n=1 2
4(1) = 2(1)(1+1) Step3: Proof of Induction n = k+1
4=4 k 1
(3+5k)+5(k+1)-1 = k+
Step2: Induction Hypothesis n=k 2 2
4k = 2k (k+1) (3+5(k+1))
Step3: Proof of Induction n=k+1
3 k +5 k 2 1 3 k 2−5 k Step 3: n = k+1

+5k+5-1 = k+
2 2 2 k (k+ 1)( k +5)
(3+5k+5) 1 3
+3k-1 = k+
5 k 2+ 3 k k +1 2 +k+1(k+1+3) =
+5k+4 = (5k+8)
2 2 (3k-2) k +1( k +1+1)(k +1)+ 5¿ ¿
5 k 2+ 3 k +10 k +8 3 k 2−5 k +6 k−2 3
= 2
2 2 k (k +5+ k +5)
5 k 2+ 8 k +5 k +8 = 3
2 3 k 2+ 3 k−2 k −2 +k+1(k+4) =
5 k 2+13 k +8 5 k 2+13 k +8 2 k +1(k + 2)( k +6)
=
2 2 3 k 2k −2 3
=
Step4: Conclusion 2 2
k (k + 6 k +5)
The statement is true for all n > +
3 k 2k −2 3
1 2 k 2+4k+k+4 =
Step4:
k +1(k 2+ 6 k +2 k +12)
Conclusion
3
The statement 2
k (k + 6 k +5)
is true for all +
3
n>1
k 2+5k+4 =
k +1(k 2+ 8 k +12)
Practice Seatwork: 3
k +6 k +5 k + 3 k 2+ 15 k +12
3 2
1. -1+2+5... +(3n- Step3: Proof of 3

n Induction n = =
4)= (3n-5)
2 k+1 k 3 +9 k 2+20 k + 12
Step1: Verify n k 2. 4+10+18...
(3(k)-5) 3
=1 2 +n(n+3) = 3 2
k + 9k +20k+12
3(1)-4 = +3(k+1)-4 = k+ n(n+1)(n+5)
3
1 1 Step 1: n = 1
(3(1)-5) (3(k+1)-5)) =
2 2 1(1+3) = 1(1+1)
(1+5)/3 k 3 + 9k 2 +20k+12
-1 = -1 k
(3k-5) 3
Step2: 2 1+3 = 1(2)(6)/3
4 = 12/3 Step 4:
Induction 1
+3k+3-4 = k+ 4=4 Conclusion
Hypothesis n = 2
Step 2: n = k The statement
k 3k+3-5
k(k+3) = is true for all
3(k)-4 = n>1
k k (k+ 1)( k +5)
(3k -5) 3
2
UNDEFINED TERMS
POINT- represented by dot (.)
- No definite thickness, width,
height.
- No dimension/size.
- It indicate position
- Named by a capital letter
LINE- extend indefinite

direction.
- Set of many points
- No definite width and thickness
PLANE- flat surface

- No thickness
- Named by a capital letters PARABOLA
ELLIPSE
CONIC SECTION
- A figured formed by the
intersection of a plane and a right
circular cone.
*CIRCLE -
DEGENERATE CASE
*HYPERBOLA *
POINT
*PARABOLA *
LINES
*ELLIPSE
* TWO LINES CIRCLE
HYPERBOLA
PARABOLA- when the plane intersects Quadratic Equation

only one cone to form an unbounded
curve. A x 2+ Bx+ Cy+ Dx+ Ey + F=O
CIRCLE- when the plane is horizontal

ELLIPSE- when the tilted plane 1. 5 y 2 + x− y +7=0
intersects only one cone to form an Quadratic terms: Only one quadratic
unbounded curve. terms is
HYPERBOLA- when the plane Value of Bc2−4 ac

intersects both cones to form two present which is C y 2.
unbounded curves. A=0 B=0 C=5
ANSWER: PARABOLA
B c 2−¿ 4 ac ¿ =02∗4 ( 0 )( 5 )
=0−0
=0
2. 4 x 2−3 x= y−4 y 2 +25
TYPES OF VALUE OF THE QUADRATIC TERM &
CONIC FORMULA 4 x2 + 4 y 2−3 x− y −25=0
B2−4 ac Quadratic terms: Both are present and A
=C
B2−4 ac <0 2
y2
A x +C Value
CIRCLE
of B2-4ac
are both present ;
B=0∨ A=C A=C ANSWER: CIRCLE
A=4 B=0 C=4
B2−4 ac <0 B2- 4AC

ELLIPSE
B≠ 0∨ A ≠C =02 -4 (4)
A ≠ C∧the (4)sign
same
= 0 - 64
Only one= quadratic
-64 term is
2
PARABOLA 3 −4 ac=0 present (either
3. 2 x 2- 3y + 2x –y + 22= 0
Ax2 Value of Bc2−4 ac
HYPERBOLA B2−4 ac >0
Quadratic terms: Both are present
have opposite signs
A=2 B= 0 C= -3 1-60
A ≠ Cand have opposite sign
= -59
2
= 0 -4 (2) (-3)
ANSWER: HYPERBOLA
Circle
= 0 + 24
= 24 The circle is the intersection of a plane
perpendicular to the cone's axis. Circle is
the locus of all points that are having
4. 4 x 2- 5x + 23= 2(10 - 2 y 2)
fixed distance from a fixed point. The
4 x 2- 5x + 23= 10 – 4 y 2
fixed point is called Center which
Quadratic terms: Both are present and A
=C located inside the circle while the fixed
4 x 2 + 4 y 2 – 5x + 3= 0 distance is called Radius. Circle maybe

ANSWER: CIRCLE considered as a special ellipse.
Value of Bc2−4 ac
A=4 B=0 C=4
B2- 4AC
=02 -4 (4) (4)
Fig
= 0 - 64 ure
= -64 1.
 Distance Formula:
5. 5 x 2 – xy + 3 y 2 + 71= 0
2
Value of Bc2−4 ac d= ( x 2−x 1 ) +( y 2− y 1)2
√
Quadratic terms: Both are present A ≠ C
 Midpoint Formula:
A= 5 B= -1 C= 3
ANSWER: ELLIPSE x 1+ x 2 y1+ y2
2−¿ 4 ac ¿
x=
2
, y=
2
Bc
 Note:
12- 4 (5) (3)
∁ π =2 πr Standard ( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2

Equation ( x−0 )2+ ( y −0 )2=7 2
A=π r 2
: Standard
d=2r 2 2
x + y =25 Equation
 The standard form of the circle General :
Equation x 2+ y 2=49
( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2
: General
2 2
Where the (h , k ¿ are the x + y −25=0 Equation
coordinates of the circle and r is :
the radius while the x and y are x 2+ y 2−49=0
the variables of the equation of
the circle.
 The general equation of the

circle
3. Center at
The general equation of the circle the
is from the supplementary of the origin
circles standard forms. passing
A x 2+C y 2+ Dx + Ey+ F=0 through
2. Center = the point

Where the A x 2 and C y 2 are the
(0,0) (-5, 4).
quadratic term that is always
A= 49 π √ 2 2
d= ( x 2 + x 1 ) + ( y 2− y 1 )
equal.
A= 2 2
r =√( 0+5 ) + ( 0−4 )
1. Center = π r 2 49 π =π r 2
r =√25+ 16
(0,0)
Circles at the r =√ 41≈ 6.4
r=5 2
origin (0,0) 49 π π r ( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2
2 2 2 =
( x−h ) + ( y −k ) =r π π 2
Examples: 2 2 2 2
( x−0 )2+ ( y −0 )2=( √ 41 )
( x−0 ) + ( y −0 ) =5 r = √ 49
2 2 r =7 ( x−0 )2+ ( y −0 )2=41
( x−0 ) + ( y −0 ) =25
Standard
Equation
:
x 2+ y 2=41
2. y 2=−( x2 −64 )
General
y 2=−x 2 +64
Equation
x 2+ y 2=64
:
2 2
( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2
x + y −41=0
( x−0 )2+ ( y −0 )2=64
√ r 2=√ 64
r =8
Center = (0,0)
Find the parts of the circle. Practice Seatwork
1. x 2+ y 2−144=0 1. If the center of the circle is (0,0) and
x 2+ y 2=144 diameter is 2 √ 5 . What is the equation of
( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2 the circle?
( x−0 )2+ ( y −0 )2=144 Center = (0,0) D = 2 √5

D = 2r
√ r 2=√ 144
2 √ 5=2 r
r =12
2√ 5 2 r
Center = (0,0) =
2 2
r =√ 5 ≈ 2.24 √ r 2=√ 81
( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2 r =9
( x−0 )2+ ( y −0 )2=( √ 5)
2 Center = (0,0)
( x−0 )2+ ( y −0 )2=5

Standard Equation: x 2+ y 2=5
General Equation:
Circle at the (h,k)
x 2+ y 2−5=0
2. If the center of the circle is at the origin Standard Equation:
and it passing through the point (2, -3).
( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2
What is the equation of the circle?
General Equation:
2 2
√
d= ( x 2−x 1 ) + ( y 2− y1 )
Ax2 +C y 2 + Dx+ Ey + F=0
2 2
r =√( 0−2 ) + ( 0+3 ) r =√ 4+ 9
Examples:
r =√ 13 ≈ 3.6 Find the equation of the circle.
( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2 1. Center = (-2,-1) r = 4
( x−0 )2+ ( y −0 )2=( √ 13 )

2 ( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2
( x +2 )2+ ( y+1 )2 =4 2
( x−0 )2+ ( y −0 )2=13
Standard Equation:
Standard Equation: x 2+ y 2=¿13 x 2+ y 2+ 4 x +2 y+5=16
General Equation: x 2+ y 2−13=0 General Equation:
x 2+ y 2+ 4 x +2 y−11=0
3. If the circle x 2−81=− y 2 , What is the

2. Diameter = (-1,4) and (4,2)
radius and the circle of the circle? 2 2
2
x −81=− y 2 √
d= ( x 2−x 1 ) + ( y 2− y1 )
2 2
x 2+ y 2=81 r =√ ( 4+1 ) + ( 2−4 )
2 2
( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2 r =√ ( 5 ) + (−2 )
( x−0 )2+ ( y −0 )2=81 r =√ 25+ 4

r =√29 x 2−14 x +49+ y 2+2 y +1=−14 +49+ 1

Diameter = 2r ( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2
√ 29=2 r ( x−7 )2 + ( y +1 )2=36
√ 29 = 2 r √ r 2=√ 36
2 2
r =6
29
r =√ Center = (7, -1)
2
Midpoint formula:
2. x 2+ y 2+ 8 x −6 y+ 18=0
x 1+ x 2 y +y x 2+ 8 x+16+ y 2−6 y +9=−18+16+9
x= , y= 1 2
2 2
( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2
−1+4 4+2 ( x +4 )2+ ( y−3 )2=7
x= y=
2 2
√ r 2= √ 7
3 r =√ 7
x= y=3
2
Center = (-4,3)
3
Center = ( , 3)
2
( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2

2
3 2 √ 29
( )
x− + ( y −3 )2=
2 (2)
9 29
x 2−3 x+ + y 2−6 y +9=
4 4
Standard Equation:
45 Practice seatwork:
x 2+ y 2−3 x−6 y + =0
4 Find the equation of the circle.
General Equation:
1. C = (3,2) r = 4
2 2
x + y −3 x−6 y +4=0
( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2
Find the parts of the circle: ( x−3 )2 + ( y−2 )2=4 2
1. x 2+ y 2−14 x +2 y +14=0 x 2−6 x +9+ y 2−4 y + 4=16

Standard Equation: ( x +2 )2+ ( y+1 )2 =102

x 2+ y 2−6 x−4 y +13=16 x 2+ 4 x +4 + y 2 +2 y+1=100
General Equation: Standard Equation:
x 2+ y 2−6 x−4 y−3=0 x 2+ y 2+ 4 x +2 y+5=100
General Equation:
2. C = (5,-6) Circumference = 6 π x 2+ y 2+ 4 x +2 y−95=0
Circumference = 2 πr
Find the parts of the circle.
6 π 2 πr
6 π=2 πr =
2π 2π
4. x 2+ y 2−18 x+10 y +25=0
r =3
x 2−18 x+ 81+ y 2+10 y +25=−25+81+25
2 2 2
( x−h ) + ( y −k ) =r
( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2
2 2 2
( x−5 ) + ( y +6 ) =3
( x−9 )2+ ( y +5 )2=81
x 2−10 x+ 25+ y 2+ 12 y +36=9
√ r 2=√ 81
Standard Equation:
r =9
x 2+ y 2−10 x+12 y +61=9
Center = (9,-5)
General Equation:
x 2−10 x+ 25+ y 2+ 12 y +27=0
5. x 2+ y 2+2 x +6 y−29=0
3. C = (-2, -1) passing through (4,-9) x 2+ 2 x +1+ y 2 +6 y +9=29+1+9
2 2
√
d= ( x 2−x 1 ) + ( y 2− y1 ) ( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2
r =√ ¿ ¿ ¿ ( x +1 )2+ ( y+3 )2=39
2 2
r =√ ( 6 ) + (−8 ) √ r 2=√ 39 , r =√39 ≈ 6.2
r =√ 36 +64 Center = (-1,-3)
r =√ 100
r =10
( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2 Parabola
It is a set of all points (x,y), in a

plane that are equidistant from fixed line
called directrix and a fixed point ( not on
the fixed line) called focus.
Terms:
 Axis of symmetry – line that are
Note:
perpendicular
to the directrix x 2=4 ay
and its passing a> 0 opens upward
through the a< 0 opens downward
focus. y 2=4 ax
 Latus rectum – chord that passes a> 0 opens right a< 0 opens left
through the focus
Examples: Opening =
and perpendicular to
Right
the axis of Find the
symmetry. equation f = ( 2,0 )
 Vertex – point on the parabola and other Endpoint of
midway between the analytical L.R: (2,4) , (2,-
latus rectum and parts of 4)
directrix line. parabola. L.R: 8 units
 Focal distance – length of distance Eq. of D.L:

1. Given:
between the focus x=−2∨x+2=0
v=
and vertex and Axis of
(0,0)
between directrix a symmetry: x-
to vertex. axis
=
Parabola at vertex of (0,0) 2 y 2=4 ax
u y 2=4 ( 2 ) x Stand
ni ard Equation :
ts y 2=8 x
General 2. x 2=12 y f=
Eqution: x 2=4 ay (0,-3)
y 2−8 x=0 a=3 units
12 y 4 ay
=
4y 4y Opening =
a=3 unitsOp Downward
ening: L.R = 12
Upward units
f= (0,3) Endpoints of
Endpoints of L.R: (-6,-3)
L.R: (-6,3) (6,-3)
(6,3) Eq. of D.L:
L.R= 12 y=−3∨ y +3=0
units Axis of
Eq. of D.L: symmetry: y-
y=−3∨ y +3=0 axis
Axis of
x 2=−4 ay
symmetry:
x 2=−4 ( 3 ) y S
y-axis
tandard
v = (0,0)
Equation:
Practice x 2=−12 y Ge
Seatwork: neral
Find the Equation:
equation and x 2+ 12 y=0
another 2. v = (0,0)
analytical parts f = (-4,0)
of parabola. L.R = 16
units
1. Given: v =
Opening: Left
(0,0)
a=4 unitsEnd
points of L.R: ndard

(-4,-8) (-4,8) Equation: 2. y 2=4 x
Eq. of D.L: x 2=28 y 4 x 4 ax
x=−4∨x+ 4=0 =
General 4x 4x
Axis of Equation: a=1unit v =
symmetry: x- x 2−28 y=0 (0,0)
axis Opening:
y 2=−4 ax Right
y 2=−4 ( 4 ) xS Find the f = (1,0)
tandard analytical parts L.R= 4 units
Equation: of parabola Endpoints of
y 2=−16 x L.R: (1,2)

1. y 2 +20 x=0
General (1,-2)
2
y =−20 x Eq. of D.L:
Equation:
2
y =−4 ax x=−1∨x+1=0
y 2 +16 x=0
3. v = (0,0) −20 x −4 ax Axis of
=
−4 x −4 x symmetry:
a=7 unitsOpe
a=5 unitsv = x-axis
ning: Upward
(0,0) Opening:
f = (0,7)
Left
Endpoints of
f = (-5,0)
L.R: (14,7) (-
L.R= 20 units
14,7)
Endpoints of
Eq. of D.L:
L.R: (-5,10) (-
x=7∨x−7=0
5,-10)
Axis of
Eq. of D.L:
symmetry: y-
x=5∨x−5=0
axis
Axis of
x 2=4 ay
symmetry: x-
x 2=4 ( 7 ) y Sta
axis
( y−k )2=−4 a ( x−h )

( y−k )2=4 a ( x−h ) ( y−3 )2=−4 ( 2 )( x +2 )
if 4a = Standard
opens right Equation:
if -4a = y 2−6 y + 9=−8 (x+ 2)
opens left General
General Equation: Equation:
A x 2+ Dx + Ey+ F=0
y 2 +8 x−6 y +25 Find the
C y 2 + Dx+ Ey + F=0
=0 analytical
Examples: properties of
Find the parabola
equation of the
2. ( x−4 )2=8 ( y −5 )
parabola and its
other analytical ( x−h )2=4 a ( y−k )
properties. 4a 8
=
4 4
Given: v = (-2,3)
a=2 unitsv =
and f = (-4,3)
Parabola at (4,5)
a=2 units
vertex of (h,k\ Opening:
Opening:
Upward
Standard Left
Endpoints of
Equation: L.R= 8 units
L.R: (0,7) (8,7)
Endpoints of
Eq. of D.L:
( x−h )2=4 a ( y−k ) L.R: (-4,7) (-4,-
if 4a = y=3∨ y−3=0
1)
opens upward A. Symmetry:
Eq. of D.L: y-
if -4a = x=4∨x−4=0
axis
opens ( x−4 )2=8 ( y −5 )
A. Symmetry :
downward y=3∨ y−3=0 x 2−8 x +16=8 y −40
General Given: v = (3,5)

Equation: D.L= y +8=0
x 2−8 x−8 y +56=0 Opening:
Upward
3. a=3 unitsf = (3,-
y 2−4 x−12 y+ 28=0 2)
y 2−12 y +36=4 x−28+ 36 Endpoints of

L.R=(-3,-2) (9,-
( y−k )2=4 a ( x−h )
2)
( y−6 )2=4( x +2)
L.R= 12 units
v = (-2,6)
A. Symmetry:
a=1unit Openin
x=3∨x−3=0
g: Right
( x−h )2=4 a ( y−k )
f = (-1,6)
( x−3 )2 =4 ( 3 )( y +5 )
L.R= 4 units
Endpoints of Standard
L.R: (-1,8) (- Equation:
1,4) x 2−6 x +9=12( y+ 5)

Eq. of D.L: x 2−6 x +9=12 y +60
x=−3∨x+ 3=0 General
A. Symmetry: Equation:
y=6∨ y −6=0 Practice x 2−6 x−12 y−51=0
Seatwork
Find the
equation of the
parabola and
other analytical
properties.
Find the Opening:

analytical Upward
properties of f = (2,-2)
parabola L.R= 8 units
Endpoints of
2.
L.R: (-2,2)
( y−3 )2=12 ( x + 4 ) v
(6,-2)
= (-4,3)
Eq. of D.L:
a=3 unitsOpeni
y=−6∨ y +6=0
ng: Right
A.
f = (-1,3)
Symmetry:
Endpoint of
x=2∨x−2=0
L.R: (-1,9) (-1,-
3)
Eq. of D.L:
x=−7∨x +7=0
A. Symmetry:
y=3∨ y−3=0
y 2−6 y + 9=12 x+ 48
General
Equation:
y 2−12 x−6 y−39=0
3.
x 2−4 x−8 y−28=0
x 2−4 x+ 4=8 y +28+ 4
( x−h )2=4 a ( y−k )
( x−2 )2=8 ( y + 4 )
v = (2,-4)
ELLIPSE
Ellipse is defined as the set of points in a
plane such that the sum of the distances
from P to two fixed points (foci) is constant.
When the plane is tilted, another conic
section formed by a plane intersecting a
cone, ellipse
Graph of an ellipse:
General Rules:
• A distance from CENTER to VERTEX
• B distance from CENTER to CO-
VERTEX
• C distance from CENTER to FOCUS
• Major Axis (Principal Axis) has a length of
2A
• Minor Axis has a length of 2B
• Center is the middle of the 2vertices,2 co-
vertices,2foci
• Equation always equals 1
• Equation is always plus (+)
• A2 is always biggest denominator
• A is always greater than B, if they are
equal, then it’s a circle.
•To get the E.P of L.R divide L.R by 2
Properties of an ellipse with…
Major Axis
Horizontal
Examples:
Graph 1. Find the equation of an ellipse using the

ff. given and its other properties.
A. Center at the origin, A=5, C=4, along x-
x2 y 2 axis
Standard Form + =1
a2 b 2 B. Center at (0, 0), foci (0, ±2) and vertex (0,
Center
(0, 0) 6) and vertices at (0, ±3)
Vertices
(a, 0) (-a, C.
0) Center at the origin, vertex (0, 6) and B is
4
Foci
(c, 0) (-c, 0)
Co-Vertices (b, 0) (-b, 2.

0) Find the properties of an ellipse if the
2 equation is...
Latus Rectum 2b
a x2 y2
A. + =1
R1= (c, 16 64
x2 y2
R2= (-c, B. 49 + 16 =1
Endpoints of L.R
2 2
R3= (-c,- C. 4x +25y =100
D. 49x2+64y2= 3136
R4= (c,-
Length of M.A
2b
Length of P.A
2a
Example: 1A. Center at the origin, A=5,

C=4, along x-axis
Center= (0, 0) R1= (4, 1.8)
R2= (-4, 1.8)
a=5
R3= (-4, -1.8)
b=3
R4= (4, -1.8)
c=4
Minor Axis= 2b Example: 1B. Center at (0, 0), foci (0, ±2)
2 2 2
a = b +c and vertex (0, 6) and vertices at (0, ±3)
=6 units
2 2 2 2
5 = b +4 Center= (0, 0) 2√ 5
Principal Axis= =
25-16=b2 2a a=3 3
=10 units =3.3
√ b2 = √ 9 b=√ 5 or 2.2
Standard c=2
b=3
Equation:
Vertex= (5, 0) (- a2= b2+c2
2 2
5, 0) x y Endpoints of
+ =1 32= b2+22
a2 b 2 L.R:
Co-Vertex= (0,
2 2 9-4=b2
3) (0,-3) x y R1= (1.65, 2)
+ =1 2
Focus= (4, 0) (-4, 52 3 2 √b = √5 R2= (-1.65, 2)
0) 2 2 b=√ 5or 2.2
x y R3= (-1.65, -2)
+ =1
Latus Rectum 25 9 Vertex= (0, 3) (0, R4= (1.65, -2)
2b 2
General -3)
= Minor Axis= 2b
a Equation: Co-Vertex= (2.2,
(25)(39) 0) (-2.2,0) =4.5 units
2(3)2
=
x2 y2 Focus= (0, 2) (-4, Principal Axis=
5
=3.6
( + =1 (25)
25 9 ) 2) 2a
(39) Latus Rectum =6 units
Endpoints of 2 2
9x +25y =225 2b 2 Standard
L.R: =
9x2+25y2-225=0 a Equation:
y 2 x2 General R3= (-2.7, -4.5) y2 x2

+ =1 Equation: + =1
a2 b2 R4= (2.7, -4.5) 62 42
(9(5)
y2 x2 Minor Axis = 2b y2 x2
+ =1 2 2 + =1
32 √ 5 2
2 2
( y9 + x5 =1) =8 units
36 16
General
y x (9)5) Principal Axis =
+ =1 Equation:
9 5 2a
9x2+5y2=45
(36) (16)
=12 units
9x2+25y2-45=0
y 2 x2
Standard
Equation:
( + =1 (36)
36 16 )
(16)
2 2
y x 36x2 + 16y2 = 576
+ =1
a2 b2
36x2 + 16y2 -
576=0
Example: 1C. Center at the origin, vertex

(0, 6) and B is 4
Center= (0, 0) Focus= (0, 4.5)
(0, -4.5)
a=6
Latus Rectum
b=4
2b 2
c=√ 20 or 4.5 = x2 y2
a Example: 2A. + =1
a2= b2+c2 16 64
2 ( 4 )2 2
2
6 = 4 +c 2 2 = Center= (0, 0) √c =√9
6
36-16=c2 a=8 c=√ 48 or 6.9
=5.33
b=4 Vertex= (0, 8) (0,
√ c 2= √ 20
c=√ 48 or 6.9 -8)
c=√ 20 or 4.5
Endpoints of a2= b2+c2 Co-Vertex= (4,
Vertex= (0, 6) (0, L.R: 0) (4, 0)
-6) 52= 42+c2
R1= (2.7, 4.5) Focus= (0, 6.9)
Co-Vertex= (4, 64-16=c2 (0, -6.9)
0) (4, 0) R2= (-2.7, 4.5)
Minor Axis= 2b √ c 2= √ 33 R4= (5.7, -2.3)

=8 units c=√ 33or 5.7 Minor Axis= 2b
Principal Axis= Vertex= (7, 0) (- =8 units
2a 7, 0) Principal Axis=
=16 units Co-Vertex= (0, 2a
Standard 4) (0,-4) =14 units
Equation: Focus= (5.7, 0) (- Standard
Latus Rectum 2 2 5.7, 0)
x y Equation:
2
+ =1
2b 16 64 Lactus Rectum
= x2 y2
a + =1
General 2b 2 49 16
Equation: = =2 ¿ ¿
=2 ¿ ¿ a General
=4 (16)(64) =4.6 Equation:
2 2
Endpoints of
L.R:
( 16x + 64y =1) Endpoints of
L.R:
(490(16)
x2 y2
R1= (2, 6.9)
(16)(64)
R1= (5.7, 2.3)
( + =1
49 16 )
R2= (-2, 6.9) 64x2 + 16y2 – (49)(16)
1024 = 0 R2= (-5.7, 2.3)
R3= (-2, -6.9) 16x2 + 49y2 – 784
R4= (2, -6.9) R3= (-5.7, -2.3) =0
x2 y2
Example: 2B. + =1
49 16
Center= (0, 0) a2= b2+c2
a=7 72= 42+c2
b=4 49-16=c2 Example: 2C. 4x2+25y2=100
Center= (0, 0) R1= (4.6, 0.8)

a=5 R2= (-4.6, 0.8)
b=2 R3= (-4.6, -0.8) Example: 2D. 49x2 + 64y2 = 3136
a2= b2+c2 R4= (4.6, -0.8) Center= (0, 0) R2= (-3.9, 6.1)
52= 22+c2 Minor Axis= 2b a=8 R3= (-3.9, -6.1)
25-4=c2 =4 units b=7 R4= (3.9, -6.1)
√ c 2= √ 21 Principal Axis= a2= b2+c2 Minor Axis= 2b

2a
c=√ 21 or 4.6 82= 72+c2 =14 units
=10 units
Vertex= (5, 0) (- 64-49=c2 Principal Axis=
5, 0) Standard 2a
Equation: √ c 2= √ 15
Co-Vertex= (0, =16 units
1 c=√ 15 or 3.9
2) (0,-2) (4x- Standard
100 Vertex= (8, 0) (-
Focus= (4.6, 0) (- Equation:
2
1 8, 0)
4.6, 0) +25y2=100) 1
100
Co-Vertex= (0, 3136
Lactus Rectum
4 x 2 25 y 2 7) (0,-7) (49x2+64y2=
2 + =1
2b 100 100 1
= Focus= (3.9, 0) (- 3136)
a 3.9, 0) 3136
x2 y2
+ =1
=2 ¿ ¿ 25 4 Lactus Rectum 49 x 2 64 y 2
+
=1.6 3136 3136
x2 y 2 2b 2
+ =1 =
a2 b 2 a x2 y2
+ =1
General 64 49
=2 ¿ ¿
Equation: General
Endpoints of =12.25
2 2
4x +25y =100 Equation:
L.R:
Endpoints of
49x2 + 64y2 =
L.R:
3136
R1= (3.9, 6.1)
passes through the center of the

hyperbola.
6. Directrix line – lines that is
drawn in between of the curves
of the hyperbola and parallel to
the curves.
7. Asymptotes of the Hyperbola – a
pair of intesecting lines that
passes through the center and
HYPERBOLA asymptotic to the two curves.
8. Latera recta – chords that passes
Hyperbola is a set of all points through the foci.
on a plane such that the difference of the
distances from two fixed points (foci) is
a constant. When the plane (not
necessarily vertical) intersects both
cones to form two unbounded curves
(each called a branch of the hyperbola).
Parts of a Hyperbola
1. Center – a point in the middle of
the hyperbola where the two axes GENERAL RULES:
and asymptotic line intersects.
2. Vertex – main point of the  A- distance from CENTER to
hyperbola this point is located VERTEX
nearer to the center of the curve  C-distance from CENTER to
than to the foci. FOCUS
3. Foci – point located inside of the
 B-distance from CERTER to
hyperbola next to the vertices.
each midpoint of the rectangle
4. Transversre axis – line the
connects the two vertices and used to draw the asymptotes.
passes through the center and  Transverse axis (major axis)-has
foci. a length of 2a
5. Conjugate axis – shorter line that  Conjugate axis-has a length of 2b
connects the points b 1 and b 2, and  If x2 is first then the hyperbola is
HORIZONTAL
 If y2 is first then the hyperbola is COORDINATES OF (a, b) (-a, b)

vertical THE RECTANGLE (-a, -b) (a, -b)
 X and Y are both squared
 Equation is always minus (-)
Examples:
 a2 is always the first denominator
1. Find the equation of hyperbola
 C2 = a2 + b2 c > a & c > b
using the following given and its
ANALYTICAL PROPERTIES OF analytical properties:
HYPERBOLA… A. Center at the origin, focus at (0,5)
and vertex (0,-3)
HORIZONTAL C = (0, 0)
MAJOR AXIS
TRANSVERES FAXIS = (0, 5) (0,-
5)
V = (0, 3)
GRAPH (0,-3)
C=5A=3
C2 = a2 + b2 Endpoints of
2 2 2
5 =3 +b C.A
x2 y 2
STANDARD FORM - 25 = 9 + b 2
(4, 0) (-4, 0)
a2 b2 2
b = 25 – 9 Length of
GENERAL FORM Ax2 – Cy 2
√ b = √ 16 T.A = 2a
CENTER (0, 0) b =4
L.R Length = 2(3)
VERTICES (a, 0) (-a, 0)
2b 2
= =6
FOCI (C, 0) (-C, 0) a
Equation of
2b 2 2(4)2
LR LENGTH = A.L
a 3
Y= ±
b2 = 10.7
(C, ) (-C, E.P of L.R 3
ENDPOINTS OF a x
4
LATERA RECTA b2 (5.35, 5) (-
(-C, - ) (C, 5.35, 5) Coordinate
a of the
LENGTH OF (-5.35,-5)
2b Rectangle
CONJUGATE AXIS (5.35, -5)
(4, 3) (-4, 3)
ENDPOINTS OF C.A. (0, b) (0, -b)Length of (-4,-3) (4, -3)
C.A = 2b
LENGTH OF Standard
2a
TRANSVERSAL AXIS Form
= 2(4)
LOCATION OF MAJOR y 2 x2
Along X-axis or y= o - =1
AXIS a2 b 2
EQ. OF ASYMPTOTE = 8
Y= ±
LINES
y2 x2 B.
- =1
32 4 2 C. Center at (0,0), vertices (+4,0) and
y2 x2 b=3
- =1
9 16 C = (0, 0)
General Form F = (5, 0) (-5, 0) =6
16y2 – 9x2 + V = (4, 0) (-4, 0) Endpoints of
144 = 0 A=4B=3 C.A
2 2
C =a +b 2 (0, 3) (0, -3)
2 2
C =4 +3 2 Length of T.A
2
C = 16 + 9 = 2a
√ C2 = √ 25 = 2(4)
C=5
L.R Length = =8
2
2b Equation of
a A.L
2(3)2 3
= Y= ± x
4 4
= 4.5 Coordinate of
E.P of L.R the Rectangle
(4,3) (-4,3)
(5, 2.25) (-5,
(-4,-3) (4, -3)
2.25)
Standard Form
(-5,-2.25) (5,
x2 y2
-2.25) - =1
4 2 32
x2 y2
- =1
16 9
General Form
9x2 - 16y2 – 144
Length of C.A
=0
= 2b
= 2(3)
2. Find the analytical properties of the

hyperbola if the equation is…
x y2
2
A. - =1
4 12
√ a2 = √ 4 √ b2 =
√ 12 = 2(√ 12)
a = 2 b = √ 12
C2 = a2 + b2 = 4√ 3 or 6.9
C2 = 22 + (√ 12 ) Endpoints of
2 C.A
C2 = 4 + 12 (0, √ 12) (0, -
√ C2 = √ 16 √ 12)
Length of T.A
C=4
= 2a
C = (0, 0)
F = (4, 0) (-4, 0) = 2(2)
V = (2, 0) (-2, 0)
L.R Length = =4
2b 2 Equation of
a A.L
2( 12)
2 Y= ±
= √ √ 12 x
2
= 12 2
Coordinate of
the Rectangle
(2,√ 12) (-2,√ 12)
(-2,−√ 12) (2,
−√ 12)
E.P of L.R General Form
(4, 6) (-4, 6) 12x2 - 4y2 – 48 =
(-4, -6) (4, -6) 0
Length of C.A
= 2b
y 2 x2
B. - =1
25 4
√ a2 = √ 25 √ b2 Length of C.A
= √4 = 2b
a =5 b = 2
C2 = a2 + b2 = 2( 2 )
C2 = 52 +2 2
C2 = 25 + 4 =4
√ C2 = √ 29 Endpoints of
C = √ 29~ 5.4 C.A
C = (0, 0) (2, 0) (-2, 0)
Length of T.A
V = (0, 5) (0, -5)
= 2a
F = (0, √ 29) (0,
-√ 29 ) = 2(5)
L.R Length =
2b 2 = 10
a Equation of
2(2)2 A.L
= 2
5 Y= ± x
= 1.6 5
Coordinate of
the Rectangle
(2, 5) (-2, 5)
(-2, -5) (2, -5)
E.P of L.R General Form
(0.8, 5.4) (-0.8, 4y2 – 25x2 - 100
5.4) =0
(-0.8, -5.4) (0.8,
-5.4)
C. 9x2 - 4y2 = 36 D. 16y2 – 9x2 = 576

√ a2 = √ 4 √ b2 = √ a2 = √ 36 √ b2 = 2(8)
√9 = 2( 3 ) = √ 64
a = 2 b =3 a = 6 b =8 = 16
C2 = 22 +3 2 =6 C2 = 62 +6 2 Endpoints of
C2 = 4 + 9 Endpoints of C2 = 36 + 64 C.A
C.A (8, 0) (-8, 0)
√ C2 = √ 13 √ C2 = √ 100
(0,3) (0,-3) Length of T.A
C = √ 13~ 3.6 C = 100
Length of T.A = 2a
C = (0, 0) C = (0, 0)
= 2a
V = (2, 0) (-2, 0) V = (0, 6) (0, -6) = 2(6)
F = (√ 13, 0) (- = 2(2) F = (0,10) (0,-
√ 13, 0) 10) = 12
L.R Length = =4 L.R Length = Equation of
2b 2
Equation of 2b 2 A.L
a A.L a 6
Y= ± x
3 8
2(3)2 Y= ± x 2(8)2
= 2 = Coordinate of
2 6
Coordinate of the Rectangle
=9 = 21. 3
the Rectangle (8, 6) (-8, 6)
E.P of L.R E.P of L.R
(2, 3) (-2, 3) (-8, -6) (8, -6)
(3.6, 4.5) (-3.6, (10.7, 10) (- Standard Form
(-2, -3) (2, -3)
4.5) Standard Form 10.7, 10) (16y2 – 9x2 =
(-3.6, -4.5) (3.6, (-10.7, -10)
x2 y 2 1
-4.5) - =1 (10.7, -10) 576)
4 9 576
Length of C.A
16 y 9 x 2
2
= 2b Length of C.A - =1
576 576
= 2b
y2 x2
- =1
36 64

Pre - Calculus: BY: BE-STEM 11-4

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Pre - Calculus: BY: BE-STEM 11-4

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Our Lady of Fatima University

College of Art and Sciences

BY: BE- STEM 11-4

C. ANGLE MEASUREMENT UNITS

E. CONVERSION OF ANGLE UNITS

Location of an angle in the Cartesian plane:

REFERENCE ANGLE (θ1)

CASE 5: Given angle is measuring more than 360° or 2π

 FOR COUNTER CLOCKWISE DIRECTION

 FOR CLOCKWISE DIRECTION

6. 41.17 ° =¿41° 10’ 12’’ DMS

7. 20.1793 = 20° 10’ 45.48’’ DMS

-20 Counter Clockwise Clockwise

Circular Functions (Trigonometric Functions)

Positive: Sin and csc

2. (10, 21) at 180° < B < 270°

2.sin3θ+cos2θsinθ = sinθ sin 2 θ

Solution: sin 2 θ=sin2 θ

1. An = 3n+1 (1st to A3 = 10 3. A1=1 A12=23 A25=? A25=1+(25-

 Geometric Sequence - All the terms in n=5

165 2k(k+1)+4(k+1) = 2(k+1)(k+1+1)

3 k +5 k 2 1 3 k 2−5 k Step 3: n = k+1

1. -1+2+5... +(3n- Step3: Proof of 3

LINE- extend indefinite

PLANE- flat surface

PARABOLA- when the plane intersects Quadratic Equation

CIRCLE- when the plane is horizontal

HYPERBOLA- when the plane Value of Bc2−4 ac

B2−4 ac <0 B2- 4AC

4 x 2 + 4 y 2 – 5x + 3= 0 distance is called Radius. Circle maybe

A=4 B=0 C=4

∁ π =2 πr Standard ( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2

 The general equation of the

A x 2+C y 2+ Dx + Ey+ F=0 through

2. Center = the point

Find the parts of the circle. Practice Seatwork

1. x 2+ y 2−144=0 1. If the center of the circle is (0,0) and

x 2+ y 2=144 diameter is 2 √ 5 . What is the equation of

( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2 the circle?

( x−0 )2+ ( y −0 )2=144 Center = (0,0) D = 2 √5

( x−0 )2+ ( y −0 )2=5

( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2 1. Center = (-2,-1) r = 4

( x−0 )2+ ( y −0 )2=( √ 13 )

3. If the circle x 2−81=− y 2 , What is the

( x−0 )2+ ( y −0 )2=81 r =√ 25+ 4

r =√29 x 2−14 x +49+ y 2+2 y +1=−14 +49+ 1

( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2

1. x 2+ y 2−14 x +2 y +14=0 x 2−6 x +9+ y 2−4 y + 4=16

Standard Equation: ( x +2 )2+ ( y+1 )2 =102

It is a set of all points (x,y), in a

symmetry. equation f = ( 2,0 )

 Vertex – point on the parabola and other Endpoint of

midway between the analytical L.R: (2,4) , (2,-

latus rectum and parts of 4)

directrix line. parabola. L.R: 8 units

 Focal distance – length of distance Eq. of D.L:

points of L.R: ndard

y 2=−16 x L.R: (1,2)

( y−k )2=−4 a ( x−h )

General Given: v = (3,5)

y 2−4 x−12 y+ 28=0 2)

y 2−12 y +36=4 x−28+ 36 Endpoints of

L.R: (-1,8) (- Equation: