GENERAL MATH

Concept of Function
Function is one of the core concepts in Mathematics. Corresponds to exactly one element of the
second set or range.
Relation defined as a relationship between sets of information usually represented by ordered pairs.
The first value or elements of the ordered pairs called domain which represents all components of
x. The second elements called Range represent all components of y.
Evaluating Function:
1 1 1 1
F ( ) = 3( )+( )- +4
2 8 4 2
1. F (x) = 5x2-3
1 3 1 1 4
A. F (0) = 5(0)2-3 F( )= + - +
2 8 4 2 1
F (0) = 3 1 3+2−4+32
F( )=
2 8

B. F (-1) = 5(-1)2-3 1 38 1
F( )= or 4
2 8 8
F (-1) = 2

3. F(x) = x2+2
2
C. F (1) = 5(1) -3
A. F (-x) = (-x)2+2
F (1) = 2
F (-x) = x+2

2. F (x) = 3x2+ x2-x+4

B. F(x+1) = (x+1)2+2
2 2
A. F (5) = 3(5) + (5) -5+4
F(x+1) = x2+2x+1+2
F (5) = 375+ 25-5+4
F(x+1) = x2+2x+3
F (5) = 399

B. F (-3) = 3(-3)2+ (-3)2-5+4

F (-3) = -81+9-3+4
F (-3) = -71

1 1 1
C. F ( ) = 3( )2+ ( )2-5+4 Even Function if f(x) = f(-x)
2 2 2
A F(x) = 3x2+5 F(-x) = -17x3+10x
F(-x) = 3(-x)2+5
F(-x) = 3x2+5 B F(x) = x99+7x95
F(-x) = (-x)99+7(-x)95
B F(x) = x102-4x98 F(-x) = -x99+7x95
F(-x) = (-x)102-4(-x)98
F(x) = x102-4x98 C F(x) = -31x3-15x9
F(x) = -31(-x)3-15(-x)9
C f(x) = 14x4+x2+3 F(x) = 31x3+15x9
f(-x) = 14(-x)4+(-x)2+3
f(-x) = 14x4+x2+3

3 2 4
D F(x) = x-
17 5
3 4
F(-x) = (-x)2 -
17 5
3 2 4
F(-x) = x -
17 5

Operation of Function
 Addition f+g
(f+g)(x) = f(x)+g(x)
Odd Function if f(-x) = f(x)  Subtraction f-g
(f-g)(x) = f(x)-g(x)
3
A F(x) = 17x -10x  Multiplication f·g
3
F(-x) = 17(-x) -10(-x)
 (f·g)(x) = f(x)·g(x) f ( x +1)( x+2)
( )(x) =
g (x +1)( x −1)
f
 Division f x +2
g ( )(x) =
g (x−1)
f f (x )
( )(x) =
g g ( x) Another Example:
Given: F(x) = x2+16x-36
G(x) = x+18
Examples:
1. (f+g)(10) = (x2+16x-36)+(x+18)
Given: F(x) = x2+3x+2
2
(f+g)(x) = x2+17x-18
G(x) = x -1
(f+g)(x) = (10)2+17(10)-18
(f+g)(x) = 100+170-18
1. (f+g)(x) = f(x)+g(x)
(f+g)(10) = 270-18
(f+g)(x)= (x2+3x+2)+( x2-1)
(f+g)(10) = 252
(f+g)(x) = 2x2+3x+1

2. (f-g)(5) = (x2+16x-36)-(x+18)
2. (f-g)(x) = f(x)-g(x)
2 2
(f-g)(x) = x2+16x-36-x-18
(f-g)(x)= (x +3x+2)-( x -1)
2 2
(f-g)(x) = x2+15x-54
(f-g)(x) = x +3x+2-x +1
(f-g)(5) = 52+15(5)-54
(f-g)(x) = 3x+3
(f-g)(5) = 25+75-54
(f-g)(5) = 46

3.
3. (f·g)(x) = f(x)·g(x)
(f·g)(x) = (x2+3x+2)(x2-1)
(f·g)(x) = x4-x2+3x3-3x+2x2-2
(f·g)(x) = x4+3x3+x2-3x-2
(f·g)(-1) = (x2+16x-36)(x+18)
(f·g)(x) = x3+18x2+16x2+288x-36x-648
(f·g)(x) = x3+34x2+252x-648
(f·g)(-1) = (-1)3+34(-1)2+252(-1) -648
(f·g)(-1) = -1+34-252-648
(f·g)(-1) = -867

f f (x )
4. ( )(x) = 4. (g – f)(3)
g g ( x)
g(x) = x+18 f(x)= x2+16x-36
f x2 +3 x +2 (g –f)(x) = (x+18) – (x2+16x-36)
( )(x) =
g x 2−1 (g –f)(x) = x+18- x2+16x-36
(g –f)(x) = -x2-15x+54
 (g – f)(3) = -(3)2-15(3)+54
(g – f)(3) = -9-45+54
(g – f)(3) = -54+54
(g – f)(3) = 0 3. (GoH)(x) = G(H(x))
(GoH)(x) = (x+2)+1
(GoH)(x) = x+3

Composition of function
F o G = F(g(x)) 4. (HoH)(x) = H(H(x))
Given: F = x2-4 (HoH)(x) = (x+2)+2
G(x) = x+1 (HoH)(x) = x+4
H(x) = x+2

1. (FoG)(x) = F(G(x)) 5. (GoGoG)(2) = G(G(G(x)))

(FoG)(x) = (x+1)2-4 (GoGoG)(x) = (x+1)(x+1)(x+1)
(FoG)(x) = x2+2x+1-4 (GoGoG)(x) = x+3
(FoG)(x) = x2+2x-3 (GoGoG)(2) = 2+3
(GoGoG)(2) = 5

2. (FoH)(x) = F(H(x))
(FoH)(x) = (x+2)2-4
(FoH)(x) = x2+4x+4-4
(FoH)(x) = x2+4x

Rational Equation In rational equation, Least Common Denominator or LCD is taken into
consideration. Then, multiply them both sides of the equation to simplify the equation. Find the
values of the variable and look for extraneous root which will be the value that causes the
equation to be undefined.
3 x x−1 x
1. - =
4 3 12
Example:
LCD: 12
 3 x x−1 x 2 3
12( - - =0)12 (x+5)(2x+9)( - =0)(x+5)(2x+9)
4 3 12 x+5 2 x +9
3(3x)-4(x-1)-1(x) = 0 2(2x+9)-3(x+5)=0
9x-4x+4 = 0 4x+18-3x-15=0
4x+4 = 0 SS: x=-3
4 x −4 Extraneous roots: -5 and -9/2
=
4 4
x+5=0 2x+9=0
SS: x = -1
2 x −9
x= -5 =
2 2
x+ 4 −3 x+7 −9
2. - =0 x=
5 2 2
LCD: 10 12 x+3 2x
4. 2 = –
x −1 x−1 x+1
x+ 4 −3 x+7
10( - = 0)10
5 2 LCD: (x-1) (x+1)
2(x+4)-5(-3x+7)=0 12 x+3 2 x
(x-1)(x+1)( - - =0)
( x−1 ) (x+1) x−1 x+1
2x+8+15x-35=0
17x-27=0 12-(x+3)(x+1)+2x(x-1)=0

17 x 27 12-(x2+4x+3)+2x2-2x=0
=
17 17 12-x2-4x-3+2x2-2x=0
27 10 x2-6x+9=0
SS: x= or 1
17 17
(x-3)(x-3)=0
x-3=0 SS: x=3
2 3
3. = Extraneous root: 1
x+5 2 x +9
x-1=0 x+1=0
LCD: (x+5) (2x+9) x=1 x= -1

2 x +9 17 2 x 42
5. · =
3 1 2 2
2x+9=51 SS: x=21
2x=51-9
 x x-3=0 x=0
6. · x2-9=0
x+3
x=3
x (x +3)( x+ 3)
· =0 SS: x=0 or x=3
x+3 2
Extraneous roots: -3
x( x +3)
2( = 0)
2 x+3=0 x=-3
x(x-3)=0

Rational Inequality A rational inequality uses < , > , < , > for function of x or f(x) where f is a
rational equation to determine the solution set of rational inequality, transfer all terms in one side
using rules in solving equation to make the other side equal to zero. Then, follow the procedure
in solving rational equation.
x-8=0
Example: x=8
SS: (-∞, 8)
1
A. >0
x+ 4
6
D. <0
x+4= 0 2
x −4
x= -4 x 2−4 = 0
SS: (-4, +∞) √ x2 = √ 4
x=+2
5
B. ≥0 SS: (-∞, - 2 ]
x−5
x ²−9
x-5 =0 E. <0
x +5
x= 5
(x+3)(x-3) /x+5 < 0
SS: [5, +∞)
x+3=0 x-3=0 x+5=0
x=-3 x=3 x=-5
-∞ -5 -3 3 +∞
x+3 - - + +
6 x-3 - - - +
C. <0 x+5 - + + +
x−8
F(x) - + - +
 SS: (-∞, -5) ∪ (-3, 3)

x −7 10 2
F. ≥0 H. <
x ²−4 x+ 8 x−9
x−7 LCD: (x+8) (x-9)
>0
(x +2)( x−2)
10 2
(x+8) (x-9) ( - < 0)
x-7=0 x+2=0 x-2=0 x+ 8 x−9
x=7 x=-2 x=2 10(x−9)−2( x+8)
<0
(x+ 8)(x −9)
-∞ -5 2 7 +∞
10 x−90−2 x−16
x-7 - - - + <0
(x+ 8)( x−9)
X+2 - + + +
x-2 - - + + 8 x+ 106
F(x) - + - + <0
(x +8)( x−9)
SS: [-2, 2] ∪ [7, +∞)
8x-106=0 x+8=0 x-9=0
8 x 106
x +2 = x =-8 x=9
G. >0 8 8
x ²+ 8 x −20
2
x+2 x=13 or 13 ¼
>0 8
(x +10)(x−2)
-∞ -8 9 13 ¼ +∞
x+2=0 x+10=0 x-2=0
8x-106 - - - +
x=-2 x=-10 x=2 x+8 - + + +
x-9 - - + +
F(x) - - +
-∞ -10 -2 2 +∞ SS: (-∞, -8) ∪ (9, 13 ¼)

x+2 - - + +
X+10 - + + +
x-2 - - - +
F(x) - + - +
SS: (-10, 2) ∪ (2, +∞)

2 2 x−2 2(x ²+ 2 x )−(2 x−2)( x+ 1)

I. > >0
x+1 x ²+2 x ( x +1)(x ²+2 x)
LCD= (x+1) (x²+2x) 2 x ²+ 4 x−(2 x ²+2 x −2 x−2)
>0
2 2 x−2 (x +1)(x ²+2 x)
(x+1)(x²+2x)( - >0)
x+1 x ²+2 x
 2 x ²+ 4 x−2 x ²+2 x= ½ x=0 x=-2
>0
( x+1)(x ²+2 x)
-∞ -2 -1 -½ 0 +∞
4 x +2
>0 4x+2 - - - + +
(x +1)(x ²+2 x)
x+1 - - + + +
x - - - - +
x+2 - + + + +
4x+2=0 x+1=0 x²+2x=0 F(x) + - + - +
4x 2 SS: (-∞, -2) ∪ (-1, -½) ∪ (0, +∞)
= x=-1 x(x+2)=0
4 4
Rational Function it is a function w/c is the ratio of polynomial function
LCD: x-4
Example: 1−x x
(f-g)(x)= -
x−4 x−4
1−x
x +4 (f-g)(x)=
1. Given: F(x) = x−4
x ²−16
x +4
F(x) =
(x +4 )( x−4) C. (f·g)(x)= f(x)g(x)
1 1 x
F(x) = (f·g)(x)= ( )( )
x−4 x−4 x−4
x x
G(x) = (f·g)(x)=
x−4 (x−4)²
x
(f·g)(x)=
x ²−8 x−16
A. (f+g)(x)= f(x)+g(x)
LCD: x-4
1 x
(f+g)(x)= +
x−4 x−4 D. (f/g)(x)= f(x)/g(x)
1+ x 1
(f+g)(x)=
x−4 x−4
(f/g)(x)=
x
x−4
1 x−4
(f/g)(x)= *
x−4 x
1
(f/g)(x)=
x
B. (f-g)(x)= f(x)-g(x)
 3 x
(g-f(x)= -
x+7 (x +7)( x+ 7)

x 3(x +7)−x
2. Given: F(x) = (g-f(x)=
x ²+14 x−49 (x +7)( x+ 7)

x 2 x +21
F(x) = (g-f)(x)=
(x +7)( x+ 7) x ²+14 x−49

3
G(x) =
x+7 C. (f·g)(x)= f(x)g(x)
x +3 9
(f·g)(x)= *
A (f+g)(x)= f(x)+g(x) x−4 (x−4)(x +3)

LCD: (x+7) (x+7) 9

(f·g)(x)=
(x−4)²
x +3( x +7)
(f+g)(x) =
(x +7)( x+ 7)
x+ 3 x +21 f f (x )
(f+g)(x) = D ( )(x)=
(x +7)( x+ 7) g g ( x)

4 x+ 21 x +3
(f+g)(x) = f x−4
x ²+14 x−49 ( )(x)=
g 9
( x−4)(x +3)
f x +3 (x−4)( x +3)
( )(x)= *
g x−4 9
f x ²+ 6 x −9
( )(x)=
g 9

B. (g-f)(x)= g(x)-f(x)
LCD: (x+7) (x+7)

Inverse Function if the function f is one to one with domain X and range Y, Then its inverse
function, denoted f1, has domain X and range Y and it is defined by; F-1 (y) = x if and only
f(x)=y for any y in B In the previous example if R=f(T) where resistance is a function of
temperature, then T=f1 (R) temperature is the inverse of function of resistance. It is read as “f-
inverse of R”.

One to One Inverse Function 4 x−20

Y= F-1(x) =
3
A F(x) =12x-3 F(x) =12x-3
4 x−20
12x1-3 =2x2-3 y=12x-3 3
12x1 =2x2 x=12y-3 Verifying Inverse
x1=x2 x+3 f--1 (x) =12x-3
F-1(x) =
12
x+3 x+3
f( ) =12( )-3
12 12
x+3 =x+3-5
x+3 F(x) =
B F(x) = 4
4 =x
x+3
x1 +3 x2 +3 Y=
= 4
4 4
y+ 3
x1+3=x2+3 x=
4
x1=x2 y+ 3 x+3
4( )4 f--1 (x) =
4 4
4x=y+3 (4 x−3)+3
=
F-1(x) =4x-3 4
=x
C F(x) =3x+20/4
3 x 1 +20 3 x 2 +20 3 x +20
4( = )4 F(x) =
4
4 4
3 x +20
3x1+20 =3x2+20 Y=
4
x1=x2
3 y+ 20
4(x= )4 3 x +20
4 f--1 (x) =
4x =3y+20 4
3 y 4 x−20 4 x−20
=
3 3 =3( 3 )+20
4
=x
Exponential Function 1
4x =
43
*Laws of Exponent
4x = 4-3
20 = 0
X = -3
2-3 = 1/23
22/3 = √3 22
Evaluate the function
21 = 2
1. F(x) = 4x

23 – exponent = 8 – argument a. F(2) = 42

Base = 16
Exponential Equation b. F(-3) = 4-3
1
1. 5 x - 25 = 52x =
43
x-25 = 2x
-25 = 2x-x 1
=
64
X = -25
c. F(1) = 41
2. 33x+5 = 326
=4
3x+5 = 26
1
3x = 26-5 d. F( ) = √ 4
2
3 x 21
= =2
3 3
X=7
2. F(x) = 3x+1
3. 813x = 37x-12
a. F(-1) = 3-1+1
34(3x) = 37x-12
=30
12x = 7x-12
=1
12x-7x = -12
b. F(0) = 30+1
5x 12
=-
5 5 = 31
12 2 =3
X=- or -2
5 5 c. F(2) = 32+1
= 33 = 27
1. F(x) = 3x
1 X F(x)
4. 4x =
64 -1 1/3
 0 1
1 3

2. F(x) = 2x F(x) = 2x+1 f(x) = 2x-1

X F(x) X F(x) X F(x)

-1 ½ -1 1 -1 ¼

0 1 0 2 0 ½

1 2 1 4 1 1

3. F(x) = 2x F(x) = 2-x F(x) = -2x

X F(x) X F(x) X F(x)

-1 ½ -1 2 -1 -½

0 1 0 1 0 -1

1 2 1 ½ 1 -2

Logarithmic Function
- Logarithm is an exponent
- The common logarithm has a base of 10.
Logarithm Form
Log a y – argument = x – exponent
Base
Equivalent form
Log to expo
1. Log7 49= 2
72 = 49
 1 1. Loga 1= 0 since a0 = 1
2. Log2 = -3
8
2. Loga a = 1 sonce a1 =a
1
2-3 = 3. Loga ax and alogax = x inverse property
8
4. Loga x = loga y, then x=y one – to – one
3. Log1/2 8 = 3
Example:
1
( )-3 = 8 1. Log 1 = x
2
1 2. Log 10 = x
4. Log25 5 =
2 3. Log2 x =4
1
(25¿ = 52 24 = x

√ 25 = 5 X = 16

5. Log 100 = 2 4. Log5 x2 = 4

102 = 100 √ 54 =√ x 2
52 = x
Expo to Log X = 25
1. 132 = 169 1
5. Log3 =x
9
Log13 169 = 2
1 1
2. √3 125 = 25 3x =
9
3x =
32
1
Log125 25 = 3x = 3-2 X = -2
2
1
3. = 4-2 Log4 4-2 = -2 Simple Interest
6
4. ¿ = y-7 Definition of terms
log 1 y−7=x Principal (P) = is the amount borrowed
3

5. 9 = 32 Interest (I) = Payment for the use of money

32 = 32 Rate of Interest (r) = Interest rate per period

(expressed in percent or fraction)
Log3 32 == 2
Maturity Amount (Final Amount) =
1 -2
6. 10 = Principal plus the Interest
100
1
Log = -2
100 Formula
Simple interest = principal x interest x time
Properties of logarithmic
I = Prt
 Final Amount = Principal + Simple interest
4. P = Php 22,000 R= ? T = 4 months
F=P+I
I = 5,280 F =?

I Prt
Ex. =
Pt Pt
10 I 5,280
1. P = Php 5,000 R = 10% - R = - r= x 100 r = x 100
100 Pt 22,000(4 )
R=0.10 T= 10 years 5,280
r= x 100
88,000
I = Prt
r = 0.06 x 100 r = 6 %
I = (5,000)(0.10)(10)
F=P+I
I = Php 5,000
F = 22,000 + 5,280
F=P+I
F = 27,280
F = Php 5,000 + Php 5,000
F = Php 10,000

5. P = Php 10,000 R = 19% or 0.19 T = ?

I = 3,800 F= ?
I Prt
2. Find the interest loan Php 55,000 for =
Pr Pr
5 years with 25% interest I
P = Php 55,000 R = 25% or 0.25 T = 5 yearst = Pr
3,800 3,800
I = Prt t= t=
10,000(0.19) 1,900
I = (Php 55,000)(0.25)(5) t = 2 years
I = Php 68,750 F=P+I
F=P+I F = 10,000 + 3,800
F = 55,000 + 68,750 F = 13,800
F = Php 123,750

3. Find the Interest loan Php 3,000,000 for

6 months with 12% Approximate and Actual Time
P = 3,000,000 R = 12% or 0.12 T = 6 months(Ordinary (360days)) (Exact (365days))

I = Prt Approx.
I = (3,000,000)(0.12)(6) 1. September 23, 2010 – December 25, 2012
I = Php 2,160,000 YEAR MONTH DAY
F=P+I 2012 12 25
F = 3,000,000 + 2,160,000
F = Php 5,160,000
2010 9 23 Approx.
2 3 2 YEAR MONTH DAY
2016 76 33
2 years = 720 days
2016 1 7
3 months = 90 days
0 5M 26D
2 Days = 2
812 days
5Months = 150 days
Exact = 26 days
= 176 days
2 years = 730 days
Exact
Sept (30 -23) = 7 days
Jan (31-7) = 24 days
Oct. = 31 days
Feb = 28 days
Nov. = 30 days
March = 31 days
Dec. = 25 days
April = 30 days
= 93 days
May = 31 days
June = 30 days
2 years = 730 days July = 31 days = 177 days
93 days
4. Oct. 5, 2016 – Feb. 2, 2017
= 823 days
Approx.
YEAR MONTH DAY
2. March 11, 2016 – Nov. 26, 2016 2017 21 32
Approx. 2016 105
YEAR MONTH DAY
2016 11 26
2016 3 11 YEAR MONTH DAY
0 8M 15D 20172016 13 32
2016 105
8 months = 240 days 3 M 27 D
= 15 days
= 255 days
3 Months = 90 days
Exact
= 27 days
March (31-11) = 20 days
117 days
April = 30 days
May = 31 days Exact
June = 30 days
Oct (31 – 5) = 26 days
July = 31 days
Nov = 30 days
Aug. = 31 days
Dec = 31 days
Sept. = 30 days
Jan = 31 days
Oct. = 31 days
Feb = 2 days
Nov. = 26 days
120 Days
= 260 days
5. Dec. 24, 2015 – March 15, 2017
Approx.
3. Jan. 7, 2016 – July 3, 2016
YEAR MONTH DAY
 20172016 32 45 2Y = 720 days
2015 12 24 9M = 270 days
0 8M 15D 11 days
1001 days
YEAR MONTH DAY
2016 14 45
2015 12 24
1 2M 21D

1 year = 360 days

Actual
2 months = 60 days
Feb (28 – 26) = 2
= 21 days = 441 days
March = 31
Exact
April = 30
1 year = 365 days
May = 31
Dec (31-24) = 7 days
June = 30
Jan = 31 days
July = 31
Feb = 28 days
Aug = 31
March = 15 days
Sept. = 30 2Y = 720 days
81 Days
Oct. = 31 284 days
1 year = 365 days
Nov. = 30 1014 days
= 81 days
Dec = 7
446 days
284 days

a. Ordinary Interest with approximate time

Ordinary and exact Interest # of days
I = Pr( ¿
360
I = Prt I = Prt 1001
I = (php 65,000)(0.05)( )
Where: Where: 360
# of days # of days I = Php 9,036.805556
t= t=
360 365
b. Ordinary interest with actual time
Banker’s Rule/Method: Used 1014
ordinary Interest w/ approximate time I = (php 65,000)(0.05) ( )
360
I =Php 9,154.166667
P = php 65,000 r = 5% or 0.05
February 26, 2014 – December 7, 2016 c. Exact Interest with approximate time
# of days
Approx. I = Pr( ¿
365
YEAR MONTH DAY 1001
I = (php 65,000)(0.05)( )
2016 1211 7 + 30 365
2014 2 26 I = Php 8,913.013699
2Y 9M 11D
d. Exact Interest with actual time
 1014 r n
I = (php 65,000)(0.05) ( ) F= P (1+ ¿
365 m
I = php 9,028.767123 0.07 8
F= php 20,000 (1+ ¿
2
F= php 26,336.18074

Compound Interest
r n
F= P (1+ ¿ MV 3. If you deposit php5000 into an account
m
paying 6% annual interest compounded
r −n
P= F (1+ ¿ PV monthly. How long until there is php 8000
m
in the account?
log ( f ÷ P)
Given: t= ? P= php 5000 F= php 8000
t= r
m log( ¿1+ )¿ r= 6% or 0.06 m= 12
m log( f ÷ P)
n f

√
r = m ( −1 ¿
p
m= period/s per year
t=
m log( ¿1+ )¿
m
r

log(8000 ÷5000)
n = (m * t) t= 0.06
Nominal rate: Annual rate 12 log(¿ 1+ )¿
12
Effective rate: non – annual rate t = 7.86

1. Find the Present value of php 49,158.60 ANNUITY

due in 5 years at an interest rate of 10%
per year compounded quarterly. 1. Annuity- A sequence of periodic equal
Given: P= ? F= php 49,158.60 t= 5 years payment at a regular interval.
r = 10 % or 0.10 m= 4 n= 20 2. Payment Interval- Periodic time between
r −n
P= F (1+ ¿ payments.
m 3. Period (m)- Is the same with the terms or
0.10 −20 mode of payments of the compound
P= php 49,158.60 (1+ ¿
4 interest, where monthly (m=12), quarterly
P= php 30,000.06517 (m= 4) semi-annually (m=2) and annually
(m= 1)
2. How much amount of total interest 4. Annuity Certain- Annuity indefinite
payable on principal sum of php 20,000 duration it has beginning and end on a
at 7% rate of interest for the total period definite date.
of 4 years with half yearly compounding5. Annuity Uncertain- Annuity in indefinite
frequency or period. duration. The annuity payment depends on
Given: F= ? P= php 20,000 r = 7% or 0.07 certain events or situations.
t= 4 years m= 2 n= 8 6. Perpetuity- annuity that has a beginning
and continues indefinitely.
7. Simple Annuity- The number of 10. Dividend- Company’s profit that is distributed
compounding period (m) per year is equal to the shareholders.
to the number of annuity per year. 11. Shareholders- Person who owns a share of
8. General Annuity- The number of stocks.
compounding periods per year is not equal
to the number of annuity per year.
9. Ordinary Annuity- Annuity that is 12. Par Value- Amount of value per share
received at the beginning of the period. stated in the company’s charter printed in
10. Annuity Due- Annuity that is the stock or bond certificate.
received at the beginning of the period.
11. Deferred Annuity- Annuity that the first 13. Dividend in arrears- Unpaid dividends
payment is made after a certain period or at the end of the period and accumulates
interval of time. from the period to period.
12. Payment Interval- It is the duration of
time between payments in an annuity. 14. Dividend per share- The amount of
13. Terms of the Annuity- It is the duration dividends the shareholder received on per
of time between payments from the beginning share-basis
and at the end of the term.
14. Future Value of an Annuity- It is the sum15.
of Common Dividend per share=
all periodic payment at the end of the term. total Dividend
15. Present Value of an Annuity- It is the sum No . common of shares
of required payment at the start of the annuity.
16. Total Prepared Dividend=
STOCKS AND BONDS No. of shares x Dividend per shares

1. Stocks- Are called shares that a company sold17. Total Common Dividend=
to an individual or company. Total Dividend – Total preferred Dividend
2. Par or Face Value- The amount which the
bond is bought. 18. Preferred Dividend per shares=
3. Preferred Stock- The investor has the first Par value x Rate
right over the common shareholders to the
dividends and assets. 19. Current Yield=
4. Common Stock- The investor has the voting Annual Dividend per share
rights and shares straightly in the business.
Current price per share
5. Stocks Certificate- Serve as proof of
ownership indicating the number of shares of
stocks he/she owns.
20. Price – earnings ratio=
6. Stockholder- The buyer of the stock. Current price per share
7. Bond- is a written promise to pay a sum of Annual dividend per share
money together with the interest on the
specified date. 21. Par or Face Value- Value of the bond
8. Premium- Stock or bonds bought at the face or assigned to the bondholder.
par value and later sold at higher price than the
par value.
9. Discount- If it is bought at lower value.
22. Redemption Value- The repayment of
the face value of the issuer to the
bondholder
23. Coupon- The bond interest payment to
the bondholder
24. Bond Rate- Interest rate of the
bond
25. Yield Rate- Rate of the return on the
maturity of the bond
26. By ordinary Simple Annuity
(Present Value)
1−(1+i)
P PV =C[ i ]
27. By Compound Interest Formula
PC = RV (1+i¿−n
AMORTIZATION
1. Consumer Loan- Is a loan intended for
personal, individual or families.
2. Business Loan- Is a loan intended for
business purposes. As same with other
loans, it involves debt which will be repaid
with interest.
3. Amortization- Is defined as combined
payment of principal and interest in
sequence of equal instalment payment over
a period of time.
Stocks & Bonds Problems
1. A corporation sold 3,000 shares of
common stock to stockholders. The
company declared a dividend of
php 60,000 at the end of year. How much
dividends per share of common stocks?
Given:
Common share of stocks – php
3,000
Total – php 60,000
Dividends per share of common
stock - ?
Dividend per share of common stocks:
Total D
CSoS
6000
= = php 20
3000
2. The board of director declared a
dividend of php 5,000,000 the company
has 30,000 shares of preferred stock that
pays php 10.00 per share and 60,00 shares
of common stock. Find the dividends due
to the shareholders for preferred stocks and
dividend per share of common stock.
Given:
Total dividend – php 5,000,000
Total Preferred stocks – php 30,000 x php 10
= php 300,000
Common stocks – php 60,000
Total common stocks = Total D. – TPS
= 5,000,000 – 300,000
= 4,700,000
Total dividend per share common stocks
Total common stock
=
share common stock
4,700,000
=
60,000
Total dividend per share of common stock
= php 78.33
 1-(1+0.03 ¿−40
[
= 500
0.03 ]
Ppv = php 11,557.38599
3. If JFC airlines is currently selling at php 5,000
per share. The earnings per share is php 250. Pc = Rv(1+i¿−n
What is the current yield of the stock? Pc = 20000(1+0.03¿−40
Given: Pc = 6,131.136815
Annual dividend per share = php 250 P = Ppv + Pc
Current price per share = php 5,000 P = php 17,688.52281
ADpS
Current yield = 6. A php 12,000 bond with interest at 12%
CPpS
250 converted semi-annually is redeemable at
= x 100 120% in 20 years. Find the coupon
5,000
Current yield = 5% payment, redemption value and price of
bond that yields 7% interest compound
4. If the price share of RGA travel and tourist is semi-annually.
php 5,500 with annual dividend per share of Given:
php 70, compute for the price – earning ratio.FaV = php 12000 br
b=
Given: m
Current price per share = php 5,500 br = 12% or 0.12 b= 0.06
Annual dividend per share = php 70 m = 2 C= FaV . b
CPpC t= 20 C= 720
Price – earning ratio = y
ADpS n= 40 i=
5,500 m
= y = 7% or 0.07 i= 0.035
70
Price earning ratio = php 78.57 RVr= 120% or 1.2
1-(1+i ¿−n
5. Find the price of bond valued at php 20,000 [
Ppv = C
i ]
with interest 10% payable quarterly and 1-(1+0.035¿−40
compounded will be redeemed in 10 years.
Solve for the price of bond that yield 12%
= 720[ 0.035 ]
Ppv = php 15375.65208
quarterly redeemable at par.
Rv= RVr . FaV
Given:
= 14400
br
FaV = php 20,000 b = Pc= Rv(1+i¿−n
m
Pc= 14400(1+0.035¿−40
br = 10% or 0.10 b = 0.025
Pc= php 3637.043542
m=4 c = FaV . b
t = 10 years c = 500 P= Ppv+Pc
y P= php 15375.65208+php 3637.043548
n = 40 i=
m P= php 19012.69562
y = 12% or 0.12 i = 0.03
1-(1+i ¿ −n
Ppv = C [ i ]
 4. I love drawing or playing with my classmates
(p˅q)
5. If I will work hard then, I will earned a lot
(p→q)
LOGIC 6. I will travel the world if and only if I have
money (p↔q)
Rules:
Conjunction (˄) = T+T=T other than that all a. Negation (¬∨ ¿
are F 1. The shoes is not black
Disjunction (˅) = F+F=F other than that all 2. Ms. Ang doesn’t have a short hair
are T
Exclusive Disjunction ( ˅ ) = T+T=F, F+F=F b. Conjunction (˄) = T+T=T other than that all
Conditional (→) = T+F=F, other than that all are F
are T 3. (p˄q)

1. The shoes is black (p)

2. Ms. Ang has short hair (q)
3. Evan is pretty and she is good in English
(p˄q)
C. Disjuntion (˅) = F+F=F other than that all are T

p q r p˅q p˅r q˅r p˅r q˅p p→q p ˄r

T T T T T T F F T T
T T F T T T T F T F
T F T T T T F T F T
T F F T T F T T F F P P
F T T T T T T T T F
F T F T F T F T T F
F F T F T T T F T F
F F F F F F F F T F

D. Conditional (→) = T+F=F, other than that all are T

r q p q p→q p → q (p→q) ˅ ( p → q ¿
T T F F T T Tp q p q p˄q p˄ p˄
q
T F F T F T TT T F F T F F
F T T F T F TT F F T F T F
F F T T T T TF T T F F F F
F F T T F F T
Tautology
D. Conditional
-If I work hard, then I will earned a lot
Converse: q → p
 -If I will earned a lot, then I will work hard
Inverse: p → q
-If I will not work hard, then I will not earned a lot
Contrapositive: q → p
-If I will not earned a lot then, I will not work hard
Biconditional: p↔q
-I will work hard if and only if I will earned a lot
p q p q p˄ q p ˅q p˅ q p→q (p ˄ q ) → ( ( p→q) ˅
p ˅ q) [ ( p ˄ q)→( p ˅q )
T T F F F T F T T T
T F F T T F T T F T
F T T F F T T T T T
F F T T F T F F T T
Tautology