Republic of the Philippines

EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

Palayan City, Nueva Ecija 3132

Lesson title: STATISTICS Subject: Mathematics in the

Lesson Objectives: Modern World ( Math – 1)
At the end of this module, the students are expected to:
1. identify the measure of central tendency. References:
2. describe the measure of dispersion. Mathematics in the Modern World,
3. analyze the measure of relative position. Rex Publishing Co. s. 2018
A. EXPECTED SKILLS:

To do well in this module, you need to remember and do the following:

1. Answer all the exercises and process questions completely.
2. Study the explanations well.
3. Supplement yourself with other learning materials when available and necessary.
4. Write down your thoughts to help you processing information.
5. Keep in mind that your success in this module depends on how much effort you put into doing the activities
in this module.

B. DISCUSSION

4.1 Measure of Central Tendency.

The Arithmetic Mean → statistics involves the collection, organization, summarization, presentation, and
interpretation of data. The branch of statistics that involves the collection, organization, summarization, and
presentation of data is called descriptive statistics. The branch that interprets, and draws conclusion from the
data is called inferential statistics.
Three types of averages: 1. Arithmetic mean, 2. The median and 3. The mode. Each of these averages is
measure of central tendency for the numerical data.
Mean → the mean of n numbers is the sum of the numbers divided by n.

In symbol: Mean =

Example.1. Six friends in biology class of 20 students received test grades of 92, 84, 65, 76, 88,
and 90 . Find the mean of these test scores.
Solution: the six friends are sample of the population of 20 students.

Mean = = = = 82.5

Answer: The mean of these test scores is 82.5

The Median → another type of average is the median. Essentially, the median is the middle number or the
mean of the two middle numbers in a list of numbers that have been arranged in numerical order from smallest
to largest or largest to smallest. Any list of numbers that is arranged in numerical order from smallest to largest
or largest to smallest is a ranked list.
The median of a rank list of n number is:
1. the middle number if n is odd.
2. the mean of two middle number if n is even.

Prepared by: Michael H. Esguerra

 Republic of the Philippines
EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE
Palayan City, Nueva Ecija 3132

Example.2. Find the median of the data in the following list.

a. 4, 8, 1, 14, 9, 21, 12
b. 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108
Solution:
a. The list 4, 8, 1, 14, 9, 21, 12 contains 7 numbers. The median of a list with an odd number of
entries is found by ranking the numbers and finding the middle number Ranking the numbers
from smallest to largest gives 1, 4, 8, 9, 12, 14, 21.
The middle number is 9. Answer : 9 is the median
c. The list 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108 contains 6 numbers. The median of a list of data with an even of
entries is found by ranking the numbers and computing the mean of the middle numbers. Ranking
the number from smallest to largest gives.
23, 46, 77, 89, 92, 108. The two middle numbers are 77 and 89. The mean of 77 and 89 is 83.
Answer: 83 is the median of the data.
The mode of a list of numbers is the number that occurs most frequently.
Example.3. Find the mode of the data in the following list.
a. 18, 15, 21, 16, 15, 14, 15, 21.
b. 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 4, 7, 23.
Solution:
a. In the list 18, 15, 21, 16, 15, 14, 15, 21, the number 15 occurs more often than the others.
Answer : 15 is the mode.
b. Each numbers in the list 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 4, 7, 23 occurs only once. No numbers occurs more
than the others. Answer: there is no mode.

The Weighted Mean → is often used when some data values are more important than the others.
The Weighted mean formula → Weighted mean = ; where Σ (x.w) is the sum of the products formed by
multiplying each number by its assigned weight, and Σw is the sum of all the weights.
Example.4. table shows Rafael’s first semester course grades. Use the weighted mean, where formula to find
Rafael’s GPA for first semester.
Using colleges 4 – point grading system: A = 4, B = 3, C = 2, D = 1, F = 0
Table.

Course Course grade = x Course units = w

English B=3 4
History A=4 3
Chemistry D=1 3
Algebra C=2 4
Solution:
) ) )
→ Weighted mean = = = = 2.5
)

Answer: Rafael’s GPA for first semester is 2.5.

Prepared by: Michael H. Esguerra

 Republic of the Philippines
EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE
Palayan City, Nueva Ecija 3132

Example.5. Find the Mean of Data Displayed in a Frequency Distribution.

Table 4.1 Number of Laptop Computers per Household.

2 0 3 1 2 1 0 4
2 1 1 7 2 0 1 1
0 2 2 1 3 2 2 1
1 4 2 5 5 3 1 2
2 1 2 1 1 0 2 5

Table 4.2 A frequency Distribution for table 4.1 ( Tally Sheet ).

Observed event Number Frequency Number of households, f.

of laptop computers, x with x laptop computers
0 5
1 12
2 14
3 3
4 2
5 3
6 0
7 1
total = 40
Solution: the numbers in the right – hand column of table 4.2are the frequency f. the sum of all the frequencies
is 40.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
→ Weighted mean = =

= = 1.975 answer: the number pf laptop computers per household for the homes in the
subdivision is 1.975.

4.2 Measure of Dispersion.

The Range of a set data values is the difference between the greatest data value and the least data value.
Example.6. Find the range of numbers of ounces dispensed by Machine 1 in table. 4.3

Machine 1 Machine 2
9.52 8.01
6.41 7.99
10.07 7.95
5.85 8.03
8.15 8.02
Mean ( x ) = 8.0 Mean (x) = 8.0

Solution:
The greatest number of ounces dispensed is 10.07 and the least is 5.85. The range of the numbers of ounces
dispensed is 10.07 – 5.85 = 4.22 oz.
Prepared by: Michael H. Esguerra
 Republic of the Philippines
EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE
Palayan City, Nueva Ecija 3132

The standard Deviation a measure of dispersion that is less sensitive to extreme values is the standard
deviation. A set of numerical data makes amount by which each individual data value deviates from the mean.
These deviation represented by (x - x¯¯), are positive when the data value x is greater the mean x¯¯ and are
negative when x less than the mean x¯¯. The sum of all the deviation (x - x¯¯) is 0 for all sets of data.
STANDARD DEVIATIONS FOR POPULATIONS AND SAMPLES.

)
Standard deviation of the population is =√ (1)

)
Standard deviation of the sample is s = √ ( 2)

Procedure for Computing a standard Deviation.

1. Determine the mean of the n numbers.

2. For each number, calculate the deviation (difference) between the number and the mean of the
numbers.
3. Calculate the square of each deviation and find the sum of these squared deviation.
4. If the data is a population, then divide the sum by n. if the data is a sample then divide the sum by n
– 1.
5. Find the square root of the quotient in step #4.

Example.7. Find the standard deviation of the following numbers were obtained by sampling population. 2, 4,
7, 12, 15.
Solution:

Step 1: mean (x) = = = 8.

Step 2: calculate the deviation between the number and the mean.

x ( x - x¯¯)
2 2–8=-6
4 4–8 =-4
7 7 – 8 = -1
12 12 – 8 = 4
15 15 – 8 = 7

Step 3: calculate the square of each deviation in step #2, and find the sum of these squared deviations.

x ( x - x¯¯) ( x - x¯¯)2
2 2–8=-6 (- 6)2 = 36
4 4–8 =-4 (-4)2 = 16
7 7 – 8 = -1 (-1)2 = 1
12 12 – 8 = 4 42 = 16
15 15 – 8 = 7 72 = 49

Total = 118
Prepared by: Michael H. Esguerra
 Republic of the Philippines
EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE
Palayan City, Nueva Ecija 3132

)
Step 4: s=√ s=√ s=√ s=√

Step 5. s = √ s = 5.43 Answer: the standard deviation of the sample is 5.43.

Example.8. A consumer group has tested a sample of 8 – size -D batteries from each of 3 companies. The
results of these of test are shown in the following table. According to these tests, which company produces
batteries for which the values representing hours of constant use have the smallest standard deviation?

Company Hours of constant use per battery

Ever So Bright 6.2, 6.4, 7.8, 5.9, 8.3, 5.3 7.5, 9.3
Dependable 6.8, 6.2, 7.2, 5.9, 7.0, 7.4, 7.3, 8.2
Beacon 6.1, 6.6, 7.3, 5.7, 7.1, 7.6, 7.1, 8.5
Solution:
The mean for each sample of batteries is 7 hours.
The batteries from Ever So Bright have a standard deviation of

S1 = √ S1 = √

The batteries from Dependable have a standard deviation of

S1 = √ S1 = √

The batteries from Beacon have a standard deviation of

S1 = √ S1 = √

Answer: The batteries from Dependable have the smallest standard deviation which is 0.719 hours.
the variance is also used as a measure of dispersion. the variance for given set data is the square of the
standard deviation.
Notations for Standard Deviation and Variance:
is the standard deviation of a population.

s is the standard deviation of a sample.

s2 is the variance of a sample.
Prepared by: Michael H. Esguerra
 Republic of the Philippines
EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE
Palayan City, Nueva Ecija 3132

Example9. Find the variance for the sample given in Example #7.
Solution:

In Example 2, we found s = √ . The variance is the square of the standard deviation. Thus the
variance is s2 = (√ )2 = 2.95.
4.3 Measure of Relative Position.

z – Scores the z - score for the given data value x is the number of standard deviations that x is above
or below the mean of the data. The following formulas show how to calculate the z – score for data value in
population and in sample.

Population: zx = Sample : zx =

Example.1. Raul has taken two test in his chemistry class. He score 72 on the first test, for which the mean of
all scores 65 and the standard deviation was 8. He received a 60 on a second test, for which the mean of all
score was 45 and the standard deviation was 12. In comparison to the other students, did Raul do better on
the first test or the second test?
Solution: Find the z – score for each test.

Z72 = = 0.875 z60 = = 1.25

Raul scored 0.875 standard deviation above the mean on the first test and 1.25 standard deviation above the
mean on the second test. these z – scores indicate that in comparison to his classmate.
Answer: Raul scored better on the second test than he did on the first test.
Example.2. A consumer group tested a sample of 100 light bulbs. It found that the mean life expectancy of the
bulbs was 842 hours with standard deviation of 90. One particular light bulb from the Dura Bright Company had
a z – score of 1.2. What was the life span of this light bulb?
Solution: Substitute the given values into the z – score equation and solve for x.

zx = 1.2 = 108 = x – 842 x = 950.

Answer: The light bulb had a life span of 950 hours.

Percentiles a value x is called the pth percentile of a data set provided p% of the data values are less than x.
Example.3. In recent year, the median annual salary for physical therapist was P74,480. If the 90 th percentile
for the annual salary of a physical therapist was P105,900, find the percent of physical therapists whose
annual salary was
a. more than P74,480
b. less than P 105,900
c. between p74,480 and P105,900.
Solution:
a. By definition, the median is the 50th percentile. Therefore, 50% of the physical therapist earned more
than P74,480 per year.
b. Because P105,900 is the 90th percentile, 90% of all physical therapist made less than P105,900.
Prepared by: Michael H. Esguerra
 Republic of the Philippines
EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE
Palayan City, Nueva Ecija 3132

c. From parts a and b, 90% - 50% = 40% of the physical therapist earned P74,480 and P105,900.
Percentile for a Given Data value given a set data and a data value x.

Percentile of score x = ∙ 100

Example.4. On a reading examination given to 900 students, Elaine’s score 602 was higher than the score of
576 of the students who took the examination. What is the percentile for Elaine’s score?

Solution: Percentile of score x = ∙ 100

Percentile = ∙ 100

= ∙ 100

= 64 answer: Elaine’s score of 602 places her at the 64 th percentile

Quartiles the three numbers Q1, Q2, and Q3 that partition a ranked data set into four (approximately)
equal groups are called quartiles of the data. For instance, for the data set below, the values Q 1= 11, Q2 = 29,
and Q3 = 104 are the quartiles of the data.
2, 5, 5, 8, 11, 12, 19, 22, 23, 29, 31, 45, 83, 91, 104, 159, 181, 312, 354
↑ ↑ ↑
Q1 Q2 Q3
The Median Procedure for Finding Quartiles .
1. Rank the data.
2. Find the median of the data. This is the second quartile Q 2.
3. The first quartile,Q1is the median of the data values less than Q2. The third quartile Q3 is the median of
the data values greater than Q2.
Example. The following table list the calories per 100 milliliters of 25 popular sodas. Find the quartiles for the
data.
43 37 42 40 53 62 36 32 50
49
26 53 73 48 45 39 45 48 40
56
41 36 58 42 39
Solution:
Step1: Rank the data.
1)26 2)32 3)36 4)36 5)37 6)39 7)39 8)40 9)40 10)41
11)42 12)42 13)43 14)45 15)45 1 6)48 17)48 18)49 19)50 20)53
21)53 22)56 23)58 24)62 25)73
Step2: the median Q2 = 43, in the 13 rank of the given 25 data values.

Step3: Q1 = = 39. Q3 = = 51.5

Prepared by: Michael H. Esguerra

 Republic of the Philippines
EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE
Palayan City, Nueva Ecija 3132

C. ASSESMENT

4.1Measure of Central Tendency.

A. Find the mean, median, and mode(s), If any, for given data. Round noninteger means to the nearest tenth.
1.) 2, 7, 5, 7, 14
2.) 8, 3, 3, 17, 9, 22, 19
3.) 11, 8, 2, 5, 17, 39, 52, 42
4.) 101, 88, 74, 60, 12, 94, 74, 85
5.) 2.1, 4.6, 8.2, 3.4, 5.6, 8.0, 9.4, 12.2, 56.1, 78.2
6.) 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5
7.) 255, 178, 192, 145, 202, 188, 178, 201
8.) 118, 105, 110, 118, 134, 155, 166, 166, 118
9.) -12, -8, -5, -5, -3, 0, 4, 9, 21
10.) -8.5, -2.2, 4.1, 4.1, 6.4, 8.3, 9.7

11. Academy Awards. The following tables displays the ages 1.) female actress and 2.) male actor when they
starred in their Oscar – winning Best Actor and Actress performances.
Ages of Best Female Actress Award Recipients. ( 1985 – 2020 )

41 33 31 74 33 49 38 61 21 41 26
80
42 29 33 36 45 49 39 34 26 25 33
35
35 28 30 29 61 32 33 45 66 25 46
55

Ages of Best Male Actor Award Recipients. (1985 – 2020)

40 42 37 76 39 53 45 36 62 43 51
32
42 54 52 37 38 32 45 60 46 40 36
47
29 43 37 38 45 50 48 60 43 58 46
33

Prepared by: Michael H. Esguerra

 Republic of the Philippines
EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE
Palayan City, Nueva Ecija 3132

Find the mean and the median for the data in the given table.
12. Grade Point Average. In some 4.0 grading systems, a student’s grade point average (GPA) is calculated by
assigning letter grades the following numerical values.
A = 4.0 A- = 3.67 B = 3.0 B+ = 3.33 B- = 2.67 C+ = 2.33 C = 2.0 C- = 1.67 D+ = 1.33
D =1.00 D- = 0.67 F = 0.00
Use the above grading system to find each student’s GPA. Round to the nearest hundredth.
Jerry’s Grades, First Semester

Course Course grade Course units

English A 3
Math A 3
Chemistry B 4
Filipino C+ 3
History B- 2

Rhonda’s Grades, First Semester

Course Course grade Course units
English C 3
History D+ 3
Math B+ 2
Computer Science B– 3
Calculus A- 1

4.2 Measure of Dispersion.

B. Find the range, the standard deviation, and the variance for the given samples. Round noninteger result to
the nearest tenth.
13. 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 19, 22
14. 3, 4, 7, 11, 12, 12, 15, 16
15.2.1, 3.0, 1.9, 1.5, 4.8
16. 5.2, 11.7, 19.1, 3.7, 8.2, 16.3
17. 48, 91, 87, 93, 59, 68, 92, 100, 81
18. 93, 67, 49, 55, 92, 87, 77, 66, 73, 96, 54
19. 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4
20. 8, 6, 8, 6, 8, 6, 8
21. -8, -5, -12, -1, 4, 7, 11
22. -23, -17, -19, -5, -4, -11, -13

Prepared by: Michael H. Esguerra

 Republic of the Philippines
EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE
Palayan City, Nueva Ecija 3132

4.3 Measure of Relative Position.

C. Round each z – score to the nearest hundredth.
23. A data set has a mean of x¯¯ = 75 and standard deviation of 11.5. Find the z – score for each of the
following.
a. x = 85 b. x = 50 c. x = 95 d. x = 75
24. A data set has a mean of x¯¯ = 212 and standard deviation of 40. Find the z – score for each of the
following.
a. x = 200 b. x = 224 c. x = 300 d. x = 100
25. A data set has a mean of x¯¯ = 6.8 and standard deviation of 1.9. Find the z – score for each of the
following.
a. x = 6.2 b. x = 7.2 c. x = 9.0 d. x = 5.0

Prepared by: Michael H. Esguerra