ENGLISH differentia – differentiating characteristics that

Khrissyl Ann D. Solido distinguish it from others of its class

Class Rules 2. Informal

 The medium of communication is English Synonym
 Submission of outputs and its format (sanctions for Illustration (Ex. Deciduous Tree)
plagiarism) Semantic History (Ex. Cake in Tagalog is keyk)
 Proper communication channels (Edmodo/email) Function
 Consultation and conference
SOCIO-POLITICAL AND PHILISOPHICAL CONTEXT
 No special quiz or unit test for those who are
OF BIBLICAL EXCERPT
absent or excuse during the scheduled
assessment
Biblical Literature
 For missed synchronous activities, only the lecture
- Most widely distributed book in history
discussion will be available to the students.
- The bible has been translated more times into
more languages than any other book
GRADING SYSTEM
- Some people feel the events described in the Bible
Unit Test 10% is fictional
IW, BR 5%
Written Activities/Paper 15% Origin of the Bible
Performance Task - The Christian Old Testament was developed from
 Mini Task 20% the Hebrew Bible; in the mid-200s BC
 Final Output 30% - Apocrypha was also added
Exam 20% - In the 1500’s AD, Protestant removed Apocrypha
and created a Protestant version
FORMAL AND INFORMAL DEFINITIONS OF WORDS
Major Themes and Characteristics
1. Formal – follows a pattern or equation: - Biblical themes are about God, his revealed works
of creation, provision, judgement, deliverance, his
term + genus + differentia covenant, and his promises.

term – the word being defined Socio-Political Context in Literature

genus – class of object to which the term belongs
- Examines literature in the cultural, economic, and -• Greek literature •-
political context
- Exploring the relationships between the artis and
society GREEK
- The literature being dependent on what happens - Influences their art and culture have mad a great
on our society impact on thee European and American Culture.
- The literature reflects society - Ex. Themis as the symbol of Justice
- Sociological critics emphasize the ways power
relations are played out by varying social forces
and institutions.

Foundation of the Approach

- Analyzes the social content of literary works

Philosophers have long questioned the nature of

political power and explored the concept of the ideal
state
- Why does states exist, and
- What limits should be placed on their power?
- How should a society be structured?
- Who should rule?
- What is the purpose of political community?
- How we attain justice and happiness?
- Sought to know about basic truth about human
nature
- Believed in the pursuit of excellence on all
aspects of life
- Wanted to understand themselves and the people
around them
- Intense love of intellectualism and rational
thought.
- Earliest surviving works of Greek poetry are epics:
The Iliad and the Odyssey (c. 750 B.C.)
- First glimpse of Greek religion is in Homer’s epics
- Ancient Greeks saw gods as being “human”, i.e.,
being able to interact with humans.
 - Gods possessed the worst traits of humans,
jealousy, irrational anger, and pettiness.
- Greeks believed that everyone had his or her own
destiny or fate (moira); gods do not control human
beings.
- Two differences that distinguish gods from human:
- Gods and goddesses are immensely ageless and
immortal
- Gods and goddesses are immensely more
powerful than humans
Comparison: In Biblical, your destiny is planned
by God. In Greek, your destiny is made by you.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GREEK LITERATURE
1. Permanence and University
Greek literature has an enduring quality. It is as
alive today as it was when it was written more than
3000 years ago.
2. Essentially Full of Artistry
Greek literature is a product of people who
purposely and conscientiously developed their
physical and intellectual powers.
Greek art is the highest form of classical art.
3. Originality
Does not mean that all literary types originated
from Greece. The Greek minds had the supreme
power of modifying and improving all that it
touched.
4. Diversity of talents
The Greek mind never rested complacently on any
one subject; it was ever searching, ever seeking. It
was fond of diversity of application.
5. Intellectual Quality
This means that the Greek mind challenges one to
think for some purpose – to bring about some
inner transformation.
EPIC
CHARACTERISTICS
- The hero is a figure of imposing stature, of national
importance, and of great historical importance
- Long narrative poem
- There is a hero that follows a journey/adventure
with vast settings
GREEK EPIC WRITERS
1. EURIPIDES
- the last of the three great tragedians of classical
Greece
- Known primarily the formal structure of traditional
Greek tragedy by showing strong female
characters and intelligent slaves, and by
satirizing(parodies) many heroes of Greek
Mythology.
2. ARISTOTLE
- Dialogues and other works of popular character
- Collections of facts and material from scientific
treatment
- Scientific works
ILIAD
3. HOMER
- Considered by many to be the earliest and most
important of all the Greek writers
- Herodotus’ uncle, Panyassis, wrote an epic poem
Heraclea
4. SOPHOCLES
- The second if the three great ancient Greek
tragedians (after Aeschylus)
- Wrote “Ajax”, “Antigone”, “Oedipus the King”,
“Electra”, and “Oedipus at Colonus”
- Oedipus Complex: A Freudian concept that
describes a child’s sexual desire for the parent of
the opposite sez and a sense of rivalry with the
parent of the same sex.
- Electra Complex: a non-Freudian concept that
describes a girl’s adoration and attraction to their
fathers and resentment, hostility, and rivalry.
5. HERODITUS
- Greek historian from Iona
- Notably known for his writing of The Histories
- Known for writing non-fiction
- Delas with eh growth of the Persian Empire under
the rulers of Croesus and later Cyrus the Great
- Ilios (ancient Greek word of Troy, now known as
Turkey)
MYTHOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
- Zeus’ realization: earth was overcrowded, his
solution was to devise a war.
- Thetis and Peleus’ Marriage: The goddess of the
sea (Thetis), fell in love with a mortal (Peleus),
who then gave birth to Achilles
- The Golden Apple: After Achilles’ birth, a feast
was held where the Goddess of Mischief/Chaos,
Eris, is angered for not being invited. She threw a
golden apple with a saying “This apple is for the
fairest of the Goddesses”. Hera (wife of Zeus),
Athena (daughter of Zeus), and Aphrodite
(daughter of Zeus) were the Goddesses there who
argued about who the fairest is.
- The judgement: Due to indecision, they decided
to ask Zeus. Zeus was not able to decide, so he
opened the heavens. He then saw Troy and
 passed the judgement to Prince Paris, Prince of - The single combat between Aias and Hector
Troy. - The games played at the funeral of Patroclus
- The choice: They then offered bribes. - The ransoming of the body of Hector by his father,
Hera – offered power (denied) King Priam
Athena – offered wisdom (denied) - The lamentation of Trojan women
Aphrodite – offered the most beautiful woman (won)
-• REFLXIVE AND INTENSIVE •-
HELEN OF TROY PRONOUNS
- The abduction: Helen (the most beautiful woman
on earth) was then abducted by Paris, which 3 TIPS FOR UNDERSTANDING REFLEXIVE AND
angered Menelaus, the King of Troy, husband of INTENSIVE PRONOUN
Helen.
- The war: The goal was to get Helen. In the war, Tip #1. Reflexive pronouns reflect back on the subject
Agamemnon was the chief of war, and under him and are essential to understanding the meaning of the
was Achilles. sentence.
Achilles – Greatest among all heroes (half mortal, half
God)
Odysseus – Clever
Diomedes – Bold one
Nestor – Prudent old man
Aias – Giant
- The Trojan War Tip #2. Intensive Pronouns intensify or add emphasis
to the subject of the sentence and are not essential to
OUTSTANDING EPISODES IN THE ILIAD: understanding the meaning of the sentence
- The quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles:
Briseis, was Achilles’ salve wife, which caused him
distraction. Achilles then throwed a tantrum after
Agamemnon took his wife. Patroclus then told
Agamemnon said that their army is decreasing. Tip #3. Both Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns always
This made Patroclus to enter the war using end in -self or -selves
Achilles’ armor. He then was killed by Hector after
thinking he was Achilles.
- The single combat between Menelaus and Paris
 2. Metaphor or the use of description of one using
the description of another.

-• PERSUASIVE TEXT •- Example:

Would you let your website be a bland dish? Let
Persuasion is an act or process of convincing another us spice it up for you!
person to do something on your own favor.
3. Language affect or the use of words that convey
distinct emotion

Example:
Where is your sense of fairness, justice,
patriotism?

4. Parallelism or the use of similar words, phrases,

or clauses placed next to each other.

Example:
The clean is getting cleaner and the messy is
getting messier.

Example: 5. Contrast or pointing out the difference between

SALE! Grab the SPECIAL OFFER today! Would you two things.
want to miss this special offer? CALL NOW!
Example:
Other writers make use of other features: This story is about a prince and a pauper.
1. Alliteration or the use of recurring similar
consonant sounds WRITING A PERSUASIVE TEXT

Example: Formal Text

We hail for happiness, health, and hope!
 - Folk ballads are traditional ballads that existed as
an oral tradition before they were recorded in
-• written language. (ABCB)
- Lyrical ballads also called “literary ballads” are
poems that began to appear in the 8 th century.
Although the Romantic poets who pioneered the
form of the lyrical ballad were inspired by the
musical traditional folk ballads, lyrical ballads have
little to do with oral tradition or music. (ABCB)
- Modern ballads is used today to describe many
different types of poems and songs that tell
BALLAD •- stories, but not all modern ballads adhere to
The word ballad originated from the Latin word ballares conventions of meter or rhyme schemes that once
defined the form.
In this sense, ballads can be defined as narrative songs
in which action focuses on a single episode. TO WRAP THINGS UP:
Ballad is a shorter narrative poem, which comprises of
COMMON BALLAD FEATURES short stanzas.
- The ballad is one of the oldest poetic forms in
English “a poem meant for singing, quite impersonal in material,
- English language ballads are typically composed probably connected in its origins with the communal
of four-line stanzas that follow an ABCB rhyme dance but submitted to a process of oral traditions among
scheme people who are free from literary influences and fairly
- Many ballads have a refrain (a line or stanza that homogenous in character.
repeats throughout the poem), much like the
chorus of modern-day songs. -• THESIS STATEMENT •-
Ballad – Refrain Writing is an activity that requires organization. Although
Song – Chorus it sometimes starts as a chaotic process, much
preparation is needed.
EVOLUTION OF BALLAD
The thesis statement is the overall idea or argument of
your work. It is a general statement that presents
essential points that leads the reader to the right
direction.
A good thesis statement should be focused and
succinct, and must be framed as a declarative sentence.
Example:
The ASEAN region is a dynamic system because it
capitalizes on cultural diversity, rich resources, and a
variety of perspectives.
This thesis statement contains:
- Main idea that the ASEAN region is a dynamic
system
- Three points to support and needs elaboration:
cultural diversity, resources, and a variety of
perspectives
Basically, a thesis statement is found at the
introductory part of a write-up. It us usually one
sentence that appears at the end of the first
paragraph which offers an exact summary of the claim
of the article, text, research paper, and others.
METHODS IN DEVELOPING THESIS STATEMENT:
The following are methods in writing thesis statement
identified by Lester in 1994:
1. Suggested consequences
2. Offered advice or directive
3. Made an interpretation
4. Stated argument or opposition
5. Given instruction
6. Offered personal judgement
A thesis statement is
A sentence that tells reader the main points your paper
covers and in what order they appear. It is your entire
paper squeezed into one sentence.
A thesis statement includes
A strong thesis statement is
How it relates to the rest of the paper
A thesis statement should:
- Answer the questions ‘how’ and/or ‘why’;
- Provide the logic of the paper
- Cover the entire paper
The rest of the paper should:
- Echo a thesis statement in every sentence
- Prove that thesis statement is correct
- Repeat a rephrased thesis statement in the
conclusion
5 Groups of Never-Use Words:
- Personal pronouns – I, you, we
- Uncertainty qualifiers – might, maybe, perhaps
- Extremism symptoms – everything, all, none,
always, never
- Vague formulations – some, kind of, somewhat
- Obvious exaggerations – lifesaving, best of the
best
10 Common Mistakes in thesis statements:
1.) Declaration of topic: Similarities of Societies
2.) Questions: Are there similarities between cultures?
3.) Captain Obvious: Overeating is bad for health.
4.) Falling between 2 stools: Sometimes this can
happen, but sometimes it can’t.
5.) Too many words – keep it brief (up to 25 words)
6.) Making vows: I am going to discuss, this paper will
analyze, the purpose of my paper is…
7.) Random list: Argument 1; argument 2; argument 3
8.) “I don’t care that you don’t care – Birds can
divorce
9.) Random sentence – The origin of this concept
dates back to 1487
Ambiguity overload – This concept may have a
number of practical implications, even though this
theory has certain limitations
EXAMPLES:

6 Groups of Must-Use Words:

- Sources of information – studies reveal, research
shows
- Realistic views – many, significant, most
- Characteristics – primarily, frequently, often
- Clear explanations: because, thus, for, due to,
since
- Relationships – impact, influence, tendency,
contribute to
- Active verbs – demonstrate, illustrate, identify,
elucidate, present, inform, reveal, show, express
 -• CREATIVE WRITING •-
The purpose of creating writing is to both entertain and
share human experience, like love or loss.

Use IMAGINATION
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. CLARITY
Organization of ideas in clear and vivid manner
Readers can be able to identify the part of text or
plot without being confused.
2. FORM
Refers to the structure of the text
Supports meaning thru elements tends to present
word/vocabulary that would emphasize the theme
of the text
3. EMOTION
Brings life to the text
Expose the expressionistic side of literature
Give emotional essence to the literary piece
-• ARTHURIAN LITERATURE •-
Medieval Knights
- Were generally younger sons of noble families
- As a member of the “first estate,” a knight’s role in
the world was to protect his country by fighting in
wars
Coat of arms – the principal part of a system of
hereditary symbols dating back into early medieval
Europe, used primarily to establish identity in battle.
Code of Chivalry
- A term related to the medieval institution of
knighthood

4. MEANING AND CONNECTION

Connects reader to the text
Gives meaning to the text as it mirrors life
Relates character to the point of view of the
readers

5. LANGUAGE
The presentation of clear and vivid language
presented in a manner that readers can easily
understand the meaning of the text

Writing
Catholic clerics were the intellectual center of society in
the Middle Ages, and it is their literature that was
produced
Characteristics of Medieval Literature
Romance
- A narrative in prose or verse
- Tells the high adventures and heroic exploits
Christian Message
- Concern with salvation and the world to comer
- No interest in social change, only spiritual change
Geffrey Chaucer and Dante Alighieri signal new
thinking, try up-ending social order
Heroism
- From both Germanic and Christian traditions,
sometimes mingled
o Beowulf
o Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
o Song of Roland
o The Nibelungenlied
Presentation of idealized behavior
- Literature as moral lesson
- Loyalty to king
- Chivalry
Use of Kennings
- A figurative, usually compound expression used in
place of a name or noun. Example, storm of
swords is a kenning for battle
-• MEDIEVAL LITERATURE •-
CHARACTERISTICS
ALLEGORY
- A figurative mode of representation conveying a
meaning other than the literal
- Representations of abstract qualities, events, and
institutions are thick in much of literature of this
time
MEDIEVAL ROMANCES:
- Often have unprovoked and violent fighting
- Are set in a mystical place and time (The Dark
Ages)
- Present supernatural elements, and magical
powers from pagan world
- Have a hero who is on a noble adventure or quest
- Have a loose, episode-like structure
- Include elements of courtly love
 - Embody ideals of chivalry MORAL DILLEMAS (Examples)
- Time frame of a year and a day

THE IDEAL OF COURTLY LOVE

- This relationship was modeled on the feudal
relationship between a knight and his liege lord.
- The knight serves his courtly lady with the same
obedience and loyalty which he owes to his liege
lord.
- She is in complete control; he owes her obedience
and submission
- “Courtly love” was not between husband and wife
because it was an idealized sort of relationship
that could not exist within the context of “real life”
medieval marriages.
- “Courtly love” provided a model of behavior for a
class of unmarried young men who might
otherwise have threatened social stability.
- They don’t marry just because of love, they marry
for practical concerns. Resulting to women often
falling in love with knight. An example is King
Arthur, Guinevere, and Lancelot
- Knights were typically younger brothers without
land of their own (hence, unable to support a wife).
- They became members of the household of the
feudal lords whom they served “a day having a medieval life”
(describe their subject’s dress, food, responsibilities,
THE QUEST luxuries, hardships, etc.)
- Aquest is a hero’s journey towards a goal. The
object of the text requires great exertion on the
part of the hero, and the overcoming of many
obstacles
 -• DIFFERENT TYPES OF READING •-
(PAGE 108-109)
SCANNING
- Know what you are looking for.
- Look for only one keyword at a time.
- Let your eyes float rapidly down the page until you
find the word or phrase you want.
- When your eyes catches one of your keywords,
read the surrounding material carefully
SKIMMING
- Read the table of contents or chapter overview to
learn the main divisions of ideas.
- Glance through the main headings in each chapter
just to see a word or two. Read the heading of
charts and tables
- Read the entire introductory paragraph and then
the first and lest sentenced only of each following
paragraph. For each paragraph, read only the first
few words of each sentence or to locate the main
idea.
- Stop and quickly read the sentences containing
keywords indicated in boldface or italics.
- When you think you have found something
significant, stop to read the entire sentence to
make sure. Then go on the same way. Resist the
temptation to stop to read details you don’t need/
- Read chapter summaries when provided.
Literary Criticism
- The study, discussion, evaluation, and
interpretation of Literature.
- Applies to any argumentation about literature,
whether or not specific works are analyzed.
-• CLASSICISM •-
CLASSICAL LITERARY CLASSICISM
In the 20th century the critics use dot out two practices:
Sometimes classicism meant the imitation of Greek
and Latin themes in modern literature.
CLASSICISM
- The fist definite literary approach in literature
during the Renaissance
- They emphasized on form, balance order and
proportion in poetry
- The classical critics were men with established
values and morals and the artists to be so.
- They also rejected the fight if imagination a work of
art
- It was a political and philosophical movement
away from overt religion and toward reason and
science
- Classical critics don’t approve off the display of
subjective feelings, idiosyncrasies, and emotion in
literature. They want an artist to be objective in
treatment of realities of life
TENANTS OF CLASSICISM
- The flow of the story will be determined by the
power or ability of the story
- Intelligence precedes everything
- The main character has the highest attribute within
the story
- Humanistic
- It focuses on the following:
Reason
Balance
Order
Clarity
Ideal beauty
Common man
Orderly