VYSTYMO BENDRIJA „NUGALĖK PRIKLAUSOMYBĘ”

ENGLISH FOR COOKS

Dėst. Vilma Šiatkutė

Vilniaus kooperacijos kolegija

2006
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction 3
1.1.The ABC 3
1.2.Reading rules 3
2. At work: place and time 4
2.1. Describing work place: Present Simple Tense, there is/ are, prepositions 4
2.2. Indicating Time: prepositions, ordinal and cardinal numerals 6
3. Kitchenware. Crockery and cutlery 8
3.1. Kitchenware 8
3.2. Crockery and cutlery 11
4. Food and drink 13
4.1. Vocabulary. Names of food 13
4.2. Indicating likes and dislikes 13
4.3. Vocabulary. Names of drinks 15
4.4. Do you like and would you like 16
5. Breakfast 17
5.1. Meals of the day 17
5.2. Continental Breakfast and English Breakfast 17
5.3. Past Simple Tense 18
6. Lunch and Tiffin 21
6.1. Lunch 21
6.2. Tiffin 21
6.3. Future Simple Tense 22
7. Tea. Dinner. Supper 24
7.1. Tea 24
7.2. Dinner 24
7.3. Supper 27
8. Healthy food 28
9. National food and cuisine 30
10. Methods of cooking and preparing food 32
10.1.Present Continuous Tense 32
10.2. Past Continuous Tense 33
10.3. Methods - cooking and preparing food 34
11. Recipes 35
11.1. Christmas pudding, Omelette with cheese, Roast leg of lamb 35
11.2. Present Perfect Tense 37
12. Revision 39

References 40

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. The ABC

There are 26 letters in the English Alphabet.

Remember that this type of pronunciation is valid for sole letters in the ABC only. Letters will be
pronounced in a different way when standing in syllables.
Pronounce the ABC letters.

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm
[ei] [bi:] [si:] [di:] [i:] [ef] [d3i:] [eit∫ ] [ai] [d3ei] [kei] [el] [em]

Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww
[en] [əu] [pi:] [kju:] [a:(r)] [es] [ti:] [ju:] [vi:] [d٨blju:]

Xx Yy Zz
[eks] [wai] [zed]

1.2. Reading rules

Pronunciation of vowels mostly depends on the kind of the syllable they appear in – an open syllable ends
with a vowel while a closed one – with a consonant (e.g. “name” – open; “stop” – closed). Vowels standing
in an open syllable are usually pronounced in the same way as in the ABC and they are shortened in closed
syllables.
Vowel Open syllable Closed syllable
Aa ei ٨, ə, e:, o:
Ee i: e (not pronounced if the word ends with “e”)
Ii ai i
Oo au o
Uu ju: u, ٨
Yy wai i

PRACTICE 1. Pronounce the following words correctly:

Make, cake, cut, salad, fat, no, my, five, bit, ten, pot, dot, nut, put, fall, lady.

Combinations vowel + vowel , vowel + consonant , consonant + vowel, consonant + consonant etc. make
different sound structures:

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 ar [a:(r)] – bar, far
ck [k] – bucket, luck
ur/ ear [з:] – blur, turn, burn
ea [i:] – tea, sea
our [o:] – pour, four
ou [u] – could
ue, oo [u:] – blue, food
ow, ou [əu] – now, out
er, air [eə] – where, air
ear, er [ie] – dear, here
oy, oi [oi] – boy, join
ur, our [uə] – pure, tour
y at the beginning [j] – yes
ng [η] – sing, bring
gh is usually silent [ ] – light, bright
ss [s] – miss, kiss
tt [t] – getting
ch [t∫] – catch, match
th [θ] – think, both
th [ ] – that

PRACTICE 2. Pronounce the given words and transcribe them.

Blanch Boil
Braise Minced
Chill Poach
Chop Roast
Deep-fry Sear
Dice Simmer
Dry-fry Stock
Grill Steam
Stew Stir-fry
Sweat Marinade

2. AT WORK: PLACE AND TIME

2.1. Describing work place: Present Simple Tense, there is/ are, prepositions.

Singular Plural
I am, have, do, like, go, can We are, have, do, like, go, can
You are, have, do, like, go, can You are, have, do, like, go, can
He, she, it is, has, does, likes, goes, can They are, have, do, like, go, can

We use the Present Simple to talk about things in general. We are not thinking only about now. We use it
to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly (sometimes, often, usually, rarely, seldom), or
that something is true in general. Remember that we say: he/she/it -s.

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I work... but He works... They like... but my sister likes...

Sent. Question Auxiliary Subject Auxiliary Verb Object Adverbial Modifier

type word Verb/ to Verb Manner Place Time
be
I love
You make
Positive

We bring
They ___ write
He, she, it taste
My brother smell
Her friend am
The cake are, is
I do not love me nicely at work in the morning
You (don’t) make you beautifully in the kitchen in the evening
We bring him tasty at home in the afternoon
They write her loudly at the restaurant during the day
He, she, it does not taste them precisely at school at night
Negative

My brother (doesn’t) smell us happily in prison in summer

Her friend am not my greatly in the café in winter
The cake are, is dog bitterly on the table at 8 o’clock
not a letter
When love
Why do make
Where does I bring
How you write
What we ____ taste
(kas,ką?) they smell
Whom he, she, it
(ką?) my brother
Who (ką?) am her friend
Question

are the cake

is _____

PRACTICE 1. Insert given words into the gaps: bake, cook, like (2).

1. My mum __________ cakes every Saturday.

2. I often __________ soup because I like it.
3. My friend ______ ______ fish.
4. _____ you _________ fish?

When we describe places where we find things we use There is. ………/ There are ……….. like in the
example below:
There is ……………………. There are ……………………………
+ There is a cup on the table. + There are some cups on the table.
- There is not any cup on the table. - There are not any cups on the table.
? Is there a cup on the table? ? Are there any cups on the table?

NOTE! * When we use some, we are not interested in the exact number.
I have ten fingers (NOT I have some fingers).
I have some friends in Great Britain.
* We use any in questions and negatives.
Are there any photographs?
There aren’t any people.

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PRACTICE 2. Tell your friends and ask questions what they can see in the kitchen. Use such words as
cupboards(s), washing machine, a fridge (a refrigerator), a cooker, a dishwasher, a radio, plates, cups,
sink, a table, a chair, glasses. Do not forget prepositions near, on, next to, in front of, behind, in, under.
Describe what is there in your kitchen. Is it different from the one in the picture?

PRACTICE 3. Fill-in the gaps using a, some, any.

It’s ___ modern kitchen, nice and clean with a lot of cupboards. There’s __ washing machine, __ fridge,
and ___ cooker, but there isn’t __ dishwasher. There are _______ lovely pictures on the walls, but there
aren’t _____ photographs. There’s ___ radio next to the cooker. There are _____ flowers, but there aren’t
_____ plants. On the table there are ______ apples and oranges. And there are _______ cups and plates next
to the sink.

2.2. Indicating Time: prepositions, ordinal and cardinal numerals.

All events are usually connected with certain dates, seasons and daytimes. On every special occasion we
should be able to provide our clients with necessary information about our working hours as well as other
events taking place at our restaurant or café.
E.g. The café opens at 9 o’clock each morning and closes at 7 o’clock in the evening. We do not usually
work on Sundays and the café is never open on the first Christmas day.
So to be ready to give our clients all the necessary information we should revise the names of weekdays,
holidays, months as well as ordinal and cardinal numbers. We will also have a look and remember how to
indicate what time it is. Look at the tables below. Remember the usage of prepositions.

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 ON AT IN
Sunday holidays the weekend Christmas night January winter the morning 1957
Monday Easter midnight February spring the evening 2008
Tuesday March summer the afternoon
Wednesday April autumn
Thursday May
Friday June
Saturday July
August
September
October
November
December

PRACTICE 4. Translate:

per Kalėdas rytą

vakare sekmadienį
per šventes gegužę
žiemą vidurnaktį
1980-aisiais vasarą

PRACTICE 5. Using the table say the following numerals in their cardinal (kiekiniai) and ordinal
(kelintiniai) forms: 8, 698, 14, 40, 15, 59, 129, 3325, 45,89,78,77,17, 1998, 2004, 158:

1 one the first 23 twenty-three the twenty-third

2 two the second 24 twenty-four the twenty-fourth
3 three the third 25 twenty-five the twenty-fifth
4 four the fourth 26 twenty-six the twenty-sixth
5 five the fifth 27 twenty-seven the twenty-seventh
6 six the sixth 28 twenty-eight the twenty-eighth
7 seven 29 twenty-nine the twenty-ninth
8 eight 30 thirty the thirtieth
9 nine the ….. + th 31 thirty-one the thirty-first
10 ten 40 forty
11 eleven 50 fifty
12 twelve the twelfth 60 sixty
13 thirteen 70 seventy
14 fourteen 80 eighty
15 fifteen 90 ninety
16 sixteen the …..+ th 100 one hundred the …..+ th
17 seventeen 130 one hundred and
thirty
18 eighteen 285 two hundred and
eighty five
19 nineteen 300 three hundred
20 twenty the twentieth 415 four hundred and
fifteen
21 twenty-one the twenty-first 678 six hundred and
seventy eight
22 twenty-two the twenty-second 1000 one thousand

PRACTICE 6. Say the phone numbers.

a 43816
b 933672
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c (041)2287153
d (0923)4828661
e (0225)69026
What is your phone number?

PRACTICE 7. Tell the time using the questions and answers in the table below:

What’s the time?

What time is it? It is (it’s) ……
Could you please tell me the time?
Do you have the time?

1.______________ 2.____________ 3._____________ 4.______________

5._____________ 6._____________ 7.It’s a quarter past four. 8.It’s a quarter to nine.

3. KITCHENWARE. CROCKERY AND CUTLERY

3.1. Kitchenware

Coffee & Hot Chocolate Maker Blenders & Smoothie Maker Waffle Maker Deep Fryer

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 Skillets & Griddle Juicer Mixer Food Processor

Can Opener Toaster Toaster Oven Sandwich Maker

Wok Pot Kettle Rotisserie

Rice Cooker Frying pan Roasting tin (pan) Jar opener

Pasta Maker Contact/Foreman Grill Bread maker Ice Cream Maker

Popcorn Poppers/Maker Countertop Range & Burner Water Purification Pizza Oven

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 Microwave Oven Food Dehydrator Iced Tea & Lemonade Maker Pot Rack

Corkscrews Vegetable Peeler Ladle Spatula

Cheese Grater Tongs Whisk Flask

PRACTICE 1. Work in pairs. Try to solve the crossword inserting the names of kitchenware.

W S K

F K
T R

K
A

P T

E
N

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3.2. Crockery and cutlery

Plates Platter Bowls Salt and pepper shaker

Salt-cellar, pepper-caster Sugar basin Butter dish Teapot

Cup Mug Beer mug Glass

Margarita glasses Pitcher Table spoon, tea spoon Fork and knife

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PRACTICE 2. Compose word- groups from the words given in column A and B:
A. B.
Salt and pepper pot
Margarita basin
Tea shaker
Table dish
Beer caster
Sugar glasses
Salt cellar
Pepper mug
Butter spoon

PRACTICE 3. Insert missing letters and write the names of kitchen equipment. Remember them.
1. C _ n O _ _ _ _ r
2. W _ _ _ _ e M _ _ _ r
3. P _ _ _ a O _ _ n
4. W _ _ _ r P _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ n
5. C _ _ _ _ e & H _ t C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ e M _ _ _ r
6. R _ _ e C _ _ _ _ r
7. F _ _ d D _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ r
8. M _ _ _ _ _ _ _ e O _ _ n
9. V _ _ _ _ _ _ _ e P _ _ _ _ r
10. C _ _ _ _ e G _ _ _ _ r
11. F _ _ d P _ _ _ _ _ _ _ r
12. S _ _ _ _ _ h M _ _ _ r

PRACTICE 4. Complete sentences using is/ are and making plural forms of the words in brackets:

NOTE! In the English language there are nouns having irregular plural forms. They are such as: child-
children; foot-feet; tooth-teeth, mouse-mice; fish-fish; sheep-sheep; person-people etc.

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 4. FOOD AND DRINK
4.1. Vocabulary. Names of food

Meat Poultry Fish Seafood Dairy products Confectionery

beef chicken cod prawn/shrimp butter chocolate
veal chicken broth plaice crab cheese bar of chocolate
lamb duck herring lobster cheese sandwich ice-cream
mutton egg sardine crayfish cheeseburger jam
pork egg in its shell trout oyster cream honey
bacon (fat/lean) hard / soft - boiled egg salmon caviar(e) sour cream marmalade
liver scrambled egg (s) carp curds/cottage cheese sweet
kidney bacon and eggs eel yoghurt biscuit
tongue to shell an egg pike milk cake
ham white /yolk [jouk] of an egg stuffed fish skimmed milk doughnut
hamburger goose (plgeese) tinned fish whole milk pie
sausage (s) omlet (te) sour milk cornflakes
beefsteak; pheasant tart
chop turkey (s)
cutlet
Vegetables Fruit Berries Nuts Herbs and spices Cereals
aubergine apple cranberry almond parsley corn
tomato apricot currant peanut thyme wheat
cabbage banana black / red / walnut dill rice
cauliflower lemon white currant; hazelnut mint buckwheat
spinach orange gooseberry cinnamon cereal
cucumber melon grapes ginger grain
carrot peach raisin nutmeg
garlic pear raspberry pepper
onion pineapple strawberry mustard
lettuce plum bilberry vinegar
radish cherry wild strawberry horse radish
potatoes pomegranate basil
pulses tangerine
beans grapefruit
peas watermelon

4.2. Indicating likes and dislikes

You can use the following expressions to indicate your likes and dislikes:

My favourite food is fish.

I (really) like apples but I don’t like bananas.
I don’t like bananas very much.
I don’t like tomatoes.
I don’t like tomatoes at all!
I hate onions.

What is your favourite food?

Do you like grapefruit?
Yes, I do, but I prefer pears to grapefruit.
Don’t you like bananas?
Do you really hate onions?
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What food do you like?
Why do you like watermelons?

We like different kinds of food because of some nutrients or taste. We can use such questions to find
out the taste of a product or food:
How does it (your salad) taste like?
Do you like the taste of it (this cake)?
Would you like to taste it (this pie)?
To describe the taste we can use:
Sweet, salty, bitter, sour, hot / spicy, bland, mild, tasty, tasteless, greasy: too much oil / fat, overcooked /
overdone, undercooked / underdone, done to a turn, just perfect, not overdone, delicious, artificial additives.
Food always has nutrients: minerals, proteins, vitamins, fats, carbohydrates, fibre, starch.

NOTE! A Noun can be countable or uncountable. Compare:

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PRACTICE 1. Tell your likes and dislikes. Complete the table below:

Type of food My favourite … is I like … I don’t like … I hate …

Meat and poultry

Fish and seafood

Dairy products

Confectionary

Fruit and vegetables

Berries and nuts

PRACTICE 2.

a) Find the pairs of antonyms.

1 ripe 2 sweet 3 raw 4 fresh 5 slimming 6 spicy 7 tender

8 stale 9 fattening 10 sour 11 mild 12 cooked 13 unripe 14 tough

b) Complete the sentences using some of the adjectives given above.

1. I can not eat this cake - it's too.....and I'm on a diet.

2. The curry burns my mouth, it is so......
3. Could you pass me the sugar, please, I'll put some in this lemon juice, it's too......
4. This steak is so ...... I can't even chew it!
5. I can't cut this bread, it's so......
6. These apples are green and not very....., I suppose.
7. This fish is almost....., you have to cook it for fifteen minutes more.

4.3. Vocabulary. Names of drinks

Drinks Beverages (alcohol) Hot drinks

Still Fizzy
juice sparkling mineral water Beer coffee (black, with milk )
still mineral water soda water cider to make coffee
milk-shake Coca-Cola (coke) wine to grind coffee
lemonade cocktail tea
champagne hot chocolate
whisky cocoa
vodka
tequila

We usually say:

A cup of tea, coffee, cocoa, hot chocolate

A glass of juice, mineral water, soda water, coke, lemonade, beer, wine, whisky, champagne
A mug of tea, beer
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For example:

My favourite drink is orange juice.

I (really) like coffee but I don’t like tea.
I don’t like tea very much.
I don’t like vodka.
I don’t like beer at all!
I hate milk.

What is your favourite drink?

Do you like beer?
Yes, I do, but I prefer apple juice to beer.
Don’t you like milk?
Do you really hate vodka?
What cocktails do you like?
Why do you like champagne?

PRACTICE 3. Move around the classroom and ask about your friends’ favourite drinks. Complete
the table below:

Favourite drink? Student’s 1 Student’s 2 Student’s 3 Student’s 4

Why?

4.4. Do you like and would you like:

Would is the same in all persons. We use would like in offers and requests:
I would like a drink.
My friend would like a cup of tea and a sandwich.
Would you like anything to eat?
Yes, please. I’d like some fish. I am hungry.
Would you like anything to drink?
No, thank you. I am not thirsty.

PRACTICE 4. Choose the correct sentence.

1) A Do you like a drink?/ Would you like a drink?

B Yes, please. Some Coke, please.

2) A Can I help you?

B Yes. I like a packet of cigarettes./ Yes. I'd like a packet of cigarettes, please.

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3) A What sports do you do?
B Well, I'd like swimming very much./ Well, I like swimming very much.

4) A Are you ready to order your meal, sir?

B Yes. I’d like a steak, please./ Yes. I like a steak.

5. BREAKFAST
5.1. Meals of the day

breakfast; lunch; dinner; supper; snack / bite;

to have a snack
meal: the food taken at one time She eats three meals a day.
dish: food prepared for the table
course: a division or part of a meal What's the main course ? There are five meat and three fish dishes.
dessert
starter/hors d'oeuvre
refreshments
substantial meal

NOTE! We say: breakfast

lunch
dinner
supper
to have a meal
a snack
a bite
a drink
a smoke

5.2. Continental Breakfast and English Breakfast

As a general trend, traditional breakfasts are less substantial and less elaborate in the warmer, more
southern countries bordering the Mediterranean, while breakfasts are traditionally larger, with a greater
variety of dishes and greater prevalence of hot dishes in the cooler northern- and central-European countries.
An institutional meal plan based on lighter Mediterranean breakfast traditions and served in hotels
world-wide is known as a European "Continental breakfast". It is a light snack meant to tide one over
until lunch. It consists mainly of coffee and milk (often mixed as Cappuccino or latte) with a variety of
sweet cakes such as brioche and pastries such as croissant, often with a sweet jam, cream, or chocolate
filling. It is often served with juice. For example, the typical German breakfast consists of bread rolls or
toast with butter, honey, jam, ham or sausage, a soft-boiled egg, and coffee. However, cereals have become
popular, and regional variation is significant. A traditional Dutch breakfast consists of a combination of
poached eggs, bacon, sausage, breakfast cake, and cold sliced meat such as smoked horse or smoked beef.
In Eastern European countries with cold climates, such as Russia, breakfasts tend to be substantial. Zavtrak
may consist of hot oatmeal, eggs, cheese, cured meats or sausage, rye breads with butter, and coffee or tea.

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Yoghurt or, especially in central and eastern Europe, kefir may be consumed. In France a typical domestic
breakfast will consist of bowls (rather than cups or mugs) of coffee, often café au lait, or hot chocolate with
slices of baguette spread with jam - to be dunked. Croissants are also traditional.
A full “English breakfast”, or traditional fry-up, is a traditional breakfast meal in England. While
weekday breakfasts in England often consist of a brief meal of cereal and/or toast, the fry-up is commonly
eaten in a leisurely fashion on Saturday or Sunday mornings. Whether the fry-up is accompanied by orange
juice and usually an abundant supply of tea or coffee, or only bacon, eggs, and toast, it is regarded as a ritual
comfort and a wholly satisfying start to a day of work or leisure.
The ingredients of a fry-up vary according to region and taste. At its heart, the meal it consists of
bacon and eggs, but to earn the title of a "Full English" a number of other ingredients are expected.
The bacon and eggs are traditionally fried, but grilled bacon and poached or scrambled eggs may be
offered as alternatives. Some of the additional ingredients that might be offered as part of a Full English
breakfast include: toast, fried bread, or bread and butter; sausages; fried, grilled or tinned tomatoes;
mushrooms; black pudding; baked beans; kidneys; potatoes, chips, hash browns or bubble and squeak;
condiments such as ketchup and brown sauce

Common beverages at breakfast worldwide include fruit juices (orange juice, apple juice, grapefruit
juice, etc.), milk, tea, and coffee. Cultures around the world commonly shun or restrict alcoholic beverages
at breakfast.

PRACTICE 1. Compare Continental and English breakfast meals filling-in the table below.
Discuss your answers with your friend.
Meal Continental breakfast English breakfast My breakfast
Yoghurt
Toast and jam
Latte
Bacon and eggs
Poached eggs
Croissant
Savoury pastries
Breakfast cereal
Smoked beef
Fruit juice
Kidneys
Fry-ups

5.3. Past Simple Tense

We use the Past Simple Tense to indicate past time events. We know the time of the event. E.g.
yesterday, last month/ year/ summer…, in 1980, on holidays, at Christmas etc.
Study this example:
My grandfather’s neighbor was a famous cook. He lived from 1922 to 1992. He opened his first
restaurant at the age of seventeen. He had five famous Italian restaurants when he was forty.
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 Lived/opened/had/was are all Past Simple.
Very often the Past Simple ends in -ed (regular verbs): We invited them to our party but they
decided not to come. But many verbs are irregular when the Past Simple verb does not end in -ed.
For example:
have – had - He had five famous Italian restaurants.
see - saw - We saw Rose in town a few days ago.
go – went - I went to the cinema three times last week.
shut – shut - It was cold, so I shut the window.

For a list of irregular verbs, see the table below:

Infinitive Past Participle Translation

be was, were been būti
become became become tapti
begin began begun prasidėti
bite bit bitten kąsti
break broke broken sudaužyti, sulaužyti
bring brought brought atnešti
burn burnt burnt (nu)degti
buy bought bought pirkti
catch caught caught pagauti
choose chose chosen pasirinkti
come came come ateiti
cost cost cost kainuoti
cut cut cut pjaustyti
do did done daryti, veikti
drink drank drunk gerti
eat ate eaten valgyti
fall fell fallen kristi
feed fed fed maitinti
feel felt felt jausti(s)
find found found rasti
freeze froze frozen sušalti
get got got gauti
give gave given duoti
go went gone eiti
grind ground ground malti
have had had turėti
lend lent lent paskolinti
lose lost lost pamesti
make made made pagaminti
put put put padėti
shake shook shaken kratyti, plakti
smell smelt smelt užuosti, uostyti
speak spoke spoken kalbėti
spend spent spent praleisti, išleisti
spill spilt/ spilled spilt/ spilled išpilti
take took taken paimti
tell told told pasakyti
think thought thought galvoti
throw threw thrown mesti

In questions and negatives we use did/didn't + infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.):

A.: Did you go out last night?
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B: Yes, I went to the cinema but I didn't enjoy the film much.

The past of be (am/is/are) is was/were.

NOTE! We do not use did in negatives and questions with was/were:

• I was angry because they were late.
• Was the weather good when you were on holiday?
• They weren't able to come because they were so busy.
• Did you go out last night or were you too tired?

Study the table:

Sent. Question Auxiliary Subject Auxiliary Verb, Object Adverbial Modifier
type word Verb/ to Verb II f. Manner Place Time
be
I loved
You made
Positive

We brought
They ___ wrote
He, she, it tasted
My brother smelled
Her friend was
The cake were
I love me nicely at work in the morning
You make you beautifully in the kitchen in the evening
We did not bring him tasty at home in the afternoon
They (didn’t) write her loudly at the restaurant during the day
Negative

He, she, it taste them precisely at school at night

My brother smell us happily in prison in summer
Her friend was not my greatly in the café in winter
The cake were not dog bitterly on the table at 8 o’clock
When love a letter
Why did make
Where I bring
How you write
What we ____ taste
(kas,ką?) they smell
Whom he, she, it
(ką?) was my brother
Question

Who (ką?) were her friend

the cake
_____

PRACTICE 2. Make dialogues using the examples below:

What do you usually have for breakfast?

What is your favourite breakfast dish?
What did you have for breakfast yesterday?
What do you have for breakfast at weekends?
What did you have for breakfast on Sunday?
Do you like cooking breakfast?
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And what about you?

PRACTICE 3. Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative.
1) It was warm, so I …… off my coat. (take)
2) The film wasn't very good. I ……. enjoy it very much. (enjoy)
3) I knew Sarah was very busy, so I.............................................her. (disturb)
4) I was very tired, so I.............................................to bed early. (go)
5) The bed was very uncomfortable. I.............................................very well. (sleep)
6) Sue wasn't hungry, so she.............................................anything. (eat)
7) We went to Kate's house but she.............................................at home. (be)
8) It was a funny situation but nobody..............................................(laugh)
9) The window was open and a bird.............................................into the room. (fly)
10)The hotel wasn't very expensive. It.............................................very much. (cost)
11) I was in a hurry, so I.............................................time to phone you. (have)
12) It was hard work carrying the bags. They.............................................very heavy. (be)

6. LUNCH AND TIFFIN

6.1. Lunch
Lunch is a meal that is taken at noon or in the early afternoon. The term is short for "luncheon".
Lunch is a newer word for what was once invariably called "dinner," a word nowadays only sometimes used
to mean a noontime meal in the British Isles, and in parts of the United States, Canada and Australia. In
parts of India a light lunch is known as tiffin. Lunch food varies. In some places, one eats similar things
both at lunch and at supper - a hot meal, sometimes with more than one course. In other places, lunch is the
main meal of the day, supper being a smaller cold meal. German and Scandinavian lunch mostly is large and
cooked (as opposed to, say, a sandwich).
Lunch from Karnataka served on
a plantain leaf.

6.2. Tiffin
Tiffin is an Indian and British English dialect word meaning a light meal eaten during the day. The
word became popular in British India, deriving from tiffing, an old English dialect or slang word for taking
a little drink or sip. In modern day India, the word mostly is used for light lunches prepared for working
Indian men by their wives after they have left for work, and forwarded to them by Dabbawalas (people who

21
carry boxes) who use a complex system to get thousands of tiffin-boxes to their destinations. The lunches
are packed in tin boxes, also sometimes called tiffins or tiffin-boxes. A common approach is to put rice in
one box, dal in another and yet other items in the third or fourth. The other items could be breads, such as
naan, vegetable curry and finally a sweet. In Chinese cultures, the stacked porcelain or metal round trays
with handles are called tiffin carriers. People also refer to cups of tea as "a cup of tiffin".

PRACTICE 1. Group the meals into the following categories:

Dishes/ drinks Breakfast Second breakfast Elevenses Brunch Lunch Tiffin

A cup of tiffin;
sausages; pastries; seafood; tea;
coffee; bacon; ham; fruits;
pastries; biscuits; vegetable curry;
buns; dumplings; sweets.

6.3. Future Simple Tense.

Future Simple is used to describe future actions and events. We use I'll (- I will) when we decide to do
something at the time of speaking. E.g.: Oh, I've left the door open. I'll go and shut it. What would you like
to drink? I’ll have an orange juice, please.'
In spoken English the negative of will is usually won't (- will not. E.g.: I can see you're busy, so I won't stay
long.
We often use will in these situations:
• Offering to do something: That bag looks heavy. I’ll help you with it.
• Agreeing to do something: A: You know that book I lent you. Can I have it back if you've finished
with it? B: Of course. I'll give it to you this afternoon.
• Promising to do something: Thanks for lending me the money. I'll pay you back on Friday. I won't
tell anyone what happened. I promise.
• Asking somebody to do something (Will you..-?) Will you please be quiet? I'm trying to concentrate.
Will you shut the door, please?

Shall I...? Shall we...?

Shall is used mostly in the questions shall I...? / shall we...?
We use shall I...? / shall we...? to ask somebody's opinion (especially in offers or suggestions)- Shall I
open the window? Where shall we go this evening?

We often use will ('ll) with:

probably • I'll probably be home late this evening.
expect • I haven't seen Carol today. I expect she'll phone this evening.
(I'm) sure • Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass.
(I) think • Do you think Sarah will like the present we bought her?
22
(I) don't think • I don't think the exam will be very difficult.
I wonder • I wonder what will happen.

I shall... / we shall...
Normally we use shall only with I and we. You can say I shall or I will (I'll), we shall or we will
(we'll): I shall be tired this evening, (or I will be...}. We shall probably go to Scotland for our holiday, (or
We will probably go...) In spoken English we normally use I'll and we'll: We'll probably go to Scotland.
The negative of shall is shall not or shan't: I shan't be here tomorrow, (or 1 won't be...) Do not use
shall with he/she/it/you/they: She will be very angry, (not 'she shall be')

Study the table

Sent. Question Auxiliary Subject Auxiliary Will/ Object Adverbial Modifier
type word Verb/ to Verb shall + Manner Place Time
be Verb
I love
You make
Positive

We bring
They ___ write
He, she, it taste
My brother smell
Her friend be
The cake
You will not love me nicely at work in the morning
They (won’t) make you beautifully in the kitchen in the evening
He, she, it bring him tasty at home in the afternoon
My brother write her loudly at the restaurant during the day
Negative

Her friend taste them precisely at school at night

The cake smell us happily in prison in summer
I shall not was not my greatly in the café in winter
We (shan’t) were not dog bitterly on the table at 8 o’clock
When We love a letter
Why shall I make
Where will you bring
How we write
What they ____ taste
(kas,ką?) he, she, it smell
Whom my brother
(ką?) her friend
Question

Who (ką?) the cake

_____

PRACTICE 2. Put in will ('ll) or won't.

1) Can you wait for me? I hope I won’t be very long.

2) There's no need to take an umbrella with you. It................................rain.
3) If you don't eat anything now, you................................be hungry later.
4) I'm sorry about what happened yesterday. It................................happen again.
5) I've got some incredible news! You................................never believe what's happened.
6) Don't ask Margaret for advice. She................................know what to do.

23
 7. TEA. DINNER. SUPPER
7.1. Tea
Tea is the afternoon/evening meal, called that even if the diners are drinking beer, cider, or juice. It
traditionally takes place at sometime around 6pm (though these days, it often takes place as late as 9pm).
In Scotland, Northern England, a significant part of the English Midlands, New Zealand, and sometimes in
Australia and Northern Ireland, tea as a meal is synonymous with dinner in Standard English. Under such
usage, the midday meal is sometimes termed dinner, rather than lunch.

7.2. Dinner
Dinner is a term with several meanings. Around North America in general, dinner may be a synonym of
supper – that is, a large evening meal. However, in parts of Canada and the United
States, dinner can be a synonym of lunch, with the evening meal in turn called supper.
For the most part these terms only persist in rural areas, particularly in the Southern
United States and among older Americans. In the United Kingdom, dinner traditionally
meant the main meal of the day. Because of differences in custom as to when this meal was taken, dinner
might mean the evening meal (typically in the higher social classes) or the midday meal (typically in lower
social classes, who may describe their evening meal as tea). There is sometimes snobbery and reverse
snobbery about which meaning is used.
"Dinner", especially outside North America, is any meal consisting of multiple courses. The minimum is
usually two but there can be as many as seven.

Possible dinner courses are:

1) Hors d'oeuvres (also known as appetizers, starters) refer to the food served before or outside of the main
dishes of a meal. Hors d'oeuvre might include canapés, snack foods, cheeses, sausages.
2) Soup course. Traditionally, soups are classified into two broad groups: clear soups and thick soups.
3) Fish course. Some commonly harvested and eaten fish species include: salmon, cod, anchovy, carp, tuna,
trout, mackerel, snapper, dogfish. Other water-dwelling animals such as mollusks, crustaceans, and shellfish
are often called "fish" when used as food.
4) Salad course. A salad is a food item generally served either before or after the main dish
as a separate course, as a main course in itself, or as a side dish accompanying the main dish.
Salad also commonly refers to a blended food item— often meat, seafood or eggs blended
with mayonnaise, finely chopped vegetables and seasonings— which can be served as part of a green salad,
but is often used as a sandwich filling. Salads of this kind include egg, chicken, tuna, shrimp, and ham salad.

24
5) Main course (also known as meat course)
A main course is the featured or primary dish in a meal consisting of
several courses (a full course dinner can consist of ten or even twelve
courses). The main course can also be called the entrée; however, in
some menus the main course follows the entrée course, and the salad
course. It is sometimes called the meat course. The main course is
usually the heaviest, heartiest, and most complex or substantive dish on a menu. The main ingredient is
usually meat, fish or fowl; in vegetarian meals, the main course sometimes attempts to mimic a meat course.
6) Cheese course.
Cheeses are eaten raw or cooked, alone or with other ingredients. As they are heated, most cheeses melt
and brown.
7) Dessert
Dessert is a course that typically comes at the end of a dinner, usually consisting of sweet food but
sometimes of a strongly flavored one, such as some cheeses. Common types of desserts:
biscuits or cookies, cakes, crumbles (a dish of typically British origin containing stewed
fruit topped with a crumbly mixture of fat, flour, and sugar), custards (made from a
combination of milk or cream, egg yolks, sugar, and flavourings such as vanilla), fruit,
gelatin desserts, ice cream, meringue (a type of dessert, originally from France, made
from whipped egg whites and caster sugar), pastry pies or tarts, pudding sorbet (is a frozen dessert made
from iced fruit puree and other ingredients), soufflé (a light, fluffy baked dish made with egg yolks and
beaten egg whites combined with various other ingredients), trifle (an English dessert dish made from thick
(or often solidified) custard, fruit, sponge cake, fruit juice or, more recently, gelatin dessert and whipped
cream, usually arranged in layers with fruit and sponge on the bottom, custard and cream on top. Some
trifles contain a small amount of alcohol).
Dinner is generally followed by tea or coffee, sometimes served with mint chocolates or other
sweets, or with brandy or a digestif. When dinner consists of many courses, these tend to be smaller and to
be served over a longer time period than a dinner with only two or three courses. Dinners with many courses
tend to occur at formal events such as dinner parties or banquets.
This formal version of the meal is generally served in the evening, starting some time between 7.30
and 8.30 (in the Netherlands typically at 6.00). It may be served at midday or shortly afterwards. However
this tends to be more common practice in Scotland than in other countries.

PRACTICE 1. Summarize the texts read filling-in the table below:

Dinner courses

starter soup fish salad main cheese dessert

25
PRACTICE 2. Can you recognize the following desserts? Use the hints: meringues, Christmas pudding,
cake, cherry ice cream, gelatine dessert, American honey biscuits, custard, pie, pastries.

PRACTICE 3. Study the examples below and compose your own menu for dinner. Ask your friends:
what’s on the menu today/ what was on the menu yesterday.

26
7.3. Supper
Supper is the evening meal - ordinarily the last meal of the day. In the United Kingdom, supper is a
small meal just before bedtime, often preceded by high tea; what a Canadian or American would refer to as
supper, then, would be called dinner. However, "dinner" can be used to refer to lunch in Britain and parts of
the United States and Canada.
In English-speaking countries such as Britain, Canada, and the United States, the evening meal is
usually served in the early evening, sometime between five and nine p.m. However, supper customs vary in
European cultures. In Spain, supper can be as late as ten or eleven p.m.
In Britain and Ireland, the understanding of "supper" is typically a meal taken in the evening
(between 6pm and midnight) when one's main meal or "dinner" has been eaten during the day; in place of
"dinner", when the main meal of the day is usually taken in the evening, or distinct from "dinner" in that it is
another light meal taken several hours later on the same evening. "Supper" is typically a lighter meal, often
served cold and unlikely to involve either elaborate preparation or more than one or two courses.

PRACTICE 5. Answer the following questions:

1) What type of a meal is supper?
2) What is there in common among lunch, dinner and supper in Britain, Canada and the United States?
3) What do like for supper?

27
 8. HEALTHY FOOD

Some people can keep slim without any effort, but a lot of people do put on too much weight and
don't like it. Some of the people put their faith in exercise, but the problem here is that you can sweat off a
couple of pounds playing tennis or jogging but you put it all back again with a big plate of macaroni, cheese
or stake and chips or bread and jam. The only reliable solution is dieting. Some people stick to milk and
bananas. Others keep to the theory that if you eat things like hard-boiled eggs, apples with their skins on,
and lean meat, you get thinner because they are hard to digest. This is because you use up the fat in your
body to get the energy to digest the food. For most of us these methods are too eccentric. The simplest
system is to cut down on the carbohydrates or, if possible, to cut them right out, That means avoiding bread,
potatoes, cake, biscuits, jam, sugar, rice, spaghetti, macaroni and so on. Still others like to be more
scientific. They are the calorie-counters. They get a table which tells them that, for example, lOOg of roast
leg of lamb gives you 330 calories and a 50g helping of Yorkshire pudding gives you 130. lOOg of raw
cabbage is only 15, a 100ml glass of wine is 75 and a pint (568ml) of beer is 160. A fried egg will cost you
145 calories, but a boiled one will give you only 65. The calorie-counter will then allow himself say 1000
calories a day. A well-balanced diet should provide all the vitamins we normally require. Vitamins are vital
for growth, good health and maintenance of the normal functions of the body. Modern methods of
preserving, freezing and long-term storage of food, together with overcooking, destroy many of the
vitamins, Everybody knows that vitamins A, B, C, D are essential for our body. Dairy products, vegetables,
margarine, liver, fruit contain a lot of vitamin A; meat, milk, fish, whole cereals contain vitamin B and fresh
green vegetables, fruit, potatoes, tomatoes contain vitamin C.
People who are overweight are more likely to become ill as they get older. Poor diet has also been
linked with heart disease, cancer, blood pressure and strokes.
A healthy diet is one, which gives us all the nutrients we need to stay fit and well. To get all the
nutrients we need we should eat a balanced diet containing a range of different foods.
Most people eat too much fat, salt and refined sugar. In order to improve our health we should:
• try to avoid becoming overweight
• increase out intake of dietary fibre and starch
• eat less fat, sugar, salt and alcohol
Here is a list of some foods, which are good for us: Cereal foods. These are a good source of
starch and protein as well as a good source of vitamins and minerals. Cereals include: wheat, rice, oats,
barley, maize and rye. Bread is the main product made from wheat. Breakfast cereals are made from a
variety of different cereals. Starchy vegetables. These contain a lot of starch. Examples are potatoes and
sweet potatoes. Fruit and vegetables. Fruit and vegetables are important for good health because of the
dietary fibre and vitamins they contain. It is important to eat at least three portions of vegetables or fruit a
day. Pulses and nuts. These are a good source of protein.

28
 Here is a list of some foods which are bad for us: Sugar, sugary foods and drink. These foods
provide very little in the way of useful nutrients. They have a damaging effect on teeth and should only form
a small part of our diet. Examples are: cans of fizzy drinks, sweets and sweet cakes. Fats. Although we do
need some types of fat in our diet we do not need very much. Fat is found in chocolate, butter, cream, cakes,
cheese, some meat (often in beef burgers and sausages). More and more teenagers (and indeed whole
families) are eating fast food or convenience food rather than food cooked from fresh ingredients.

If you would like to have a healthier diet here are some simple, positive steps you can take:
• Cut down on fizzy drinks, sweets and chocolate.
• Eat a healthy breakfast before you leave for school in the morning.
• Eat fresh food when you want a snack.
• Don't eat chips and hot-dogs every day.

PRACTICE 1. Discuss the following points with your friends.

1) What food is good for us? Bad?
2) What would you advise a person who wants to lose weight?
3) What are your eating habits:
• how much meat or fish you eat on a typical day
• what you eat a lot of
• what you eat a little of
• how much you drink
• whether you think you have a healthy diet (give reasons)?

PRACTICE 2. Study the Vegetarian food pyramid and compose a vegetarian food menu.

29
 9. NATIONAL FOOD AND CUISINE

PRACTICE 1. Read the text.

Rye bread is one of the oldest and most fundamental Lithuanian food products. Two kinds of bread
are traditional, plain fermented and scalded.
Soup is the main dinner and supper food. Most popular are sour soups, sauerkraut, beet and sorrel,
with smoked meat stock as the base. Sauerkraut soup is also made with goose pieces. Meat cooked in soup
is often eaten as a second course. Meatless soups are eaten on fast days. Most soups are served with bread or
potatoes. Cold beet soup with hot potatoes is a very popular summer fare. Cold sweet soups are also
popular, especially in summer. In olden times and now, sweet soups made with berries, fruit and tiny
dumplings are a treat. Another summer soup, mutinys, made with dried black bread, water, sugar and
crushed fruit is very refreshing on hot summer days.
Meat. Lithuanians consume a lot of meat and meat by-products. Pork has always been the most
widely used meat, fresh, brined or smoked, and continues to be so to this day.
Potatoes Many delicious, tasty dishes are made with potatoes. They are eaten alone or as an
accompaniment to a main course of soup, meat, fish, mushrooms, eggs and dairy products. The most
popular potato dishes are "zeppelins", potato sausages, potato casserole and pancakes. Lithuanian recipes
reflect the diversity of potatoes.
Milk. Lithuanians eat sweet and sour milk. Milk is used to whiten soups, make cheese, cottage
cheese and churn butter.
Mushrooms. Lithuania is rich in mushrooms, more than four hundred edible varieties are found in
the forests. The most popular are boletes, the kings of all mushrooms. Also collected are chanterelles,
blevits, morels and many others. Mushroom season begins early spring and continues till late autumn,
autumn being most abundant season. Then entire families go mushrooming and return with overflowing
baskets.The most abundant forests are in Dzukija, the south eastern region. Traditionally the inhabitants of
this part of the country are the most prolific mushroom gatherers and this region's cooks are known for the
most creative mushroom recipes. All over Lithuania mushrooms are used in many dishes, to add special
flavor to meat, fish and potato dishes. Mushrooms are used fresh, dried, salted or marinated.
Fish. Along with fresh water fish, salt water fish are also popular. Fish are much used for food
reserves, small fish are dried, while larger ones are salted. Some salted fish are hot smoked for immediate
use. Fish for salting are seasoned with black pepper, powdered bay leaf, crushed juniper berries and ground
cardamom. Herring are popular throughout Lithuania.
Vegetables. The most popular vegetables have always been cabbages, beets, carrots, cucumbers,
onions, turnips, radishes, parsnips and horseradish. Cabbage is eaten fresh and fermented, seasoned with
caraway seed, cranberries, apples and salt. Beets are used fresh, fermented and are available all year round.
In summer, cucumbers are eaten fresh and in autumn and winter, fermented and pickled. Onion is the
30
traditional, primary, aromatic vegetable. Other popular aromatic plants are dill, caraway, marjoram, garlic
and horseradish.
Grain. Rye was and still is the most important crop, used mainly for rye bread. Second place goes
to barley, which is used to make groats and flour. Wheat is in third place and oats in fourth place.
Buckwheat was and is grown in the hilly regions of northern and southern Lithuania. Peas and beans are
eaten raw, cooked and are also ground into flour. Among oil crops, hemp and poppy seeds have always been
used to make hemp and poppy milk, which replaces cow's milk during fast days and special holidays.
Eggs. Chicken eggs are more popular than other eggs. Eggs are boiled and baked. They are the basis
of many recipes and are included in meat, fish, vegetable dishes and baked goods. Today the traditional
omelette remains a favourite dish among Lithuanian cooks, especially when an unexpected guest arrives.
Baked goods and sweets. Lithuanian people do not have a sweet tooth. Baked goods and sweets are
not a part of daily eating. However each homemaker does her very best to be creative and to pamper the
family especially during holidays and special occasions. At the beginning of this century, many new foods
came to Lithuania, among them tortes and the famous baumkuchen from Germany, which now is a must for
every special occasion. Today Lithuanian homemakers have many recipes for all occasions.
Drinks. Mead and beer are ceremonial and traditional drinks. Mead is the oldest and noblest drink,
served during banquets and special occasions. Beer has been brewed in Lithuania since ancient times and
even today is a popular, traditional drink. It is always brewed for family celebrations, feast days, barn
raisings and funerals. Beer is brewed from sprouted barley malt. The making of home made wine in
Lithuania was begun at the beginning of the twentieth century. Most wine was made in the South Western
region, from forest and orchard fruits and berries. Another ancient drink is made from birch and maple sap,
collected in early spring. Sap is drunk fresh and fermented for summer drinking. To satisfy thirst,
Lithuanians brew a semi sour drink, gira - kvass. Much appreciated from ancient times are linden, thyme,
caraway seed, mint, raspberry, strawberry, camomile, dill seed and other herb teas, which not only refresh
but also have healing properties.

PRACTICE 2. Discuss your favourite national food with your friend. What food don’t you like?

PRACTICE 3. Classify the most popular Lithuanian food filling- in the table. Discuss what particular
food is used on special occasions (Christmas, birthday party, wedding etc.)

The most popular Lithuanian National food and drink

Bread Soup Meat Potatoes Milk Mushrooms Fish Vegetables Grains Eggs Sweets Drinks

31
 10. METHODS OF COOKING AND PREPARING FOOD

10.1. Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous Tense is used to describe events, which are in progress now, at the moment of speaking
and are not finished. Study the table:
Sent. Question To be: Subject To be: Verb Object Adverbial Modifier
type word am am Manner Place Time
are are
is is
I am
You are making
Positive

We bringing
They writing
He, she, it is tasting
My brother smelling
Her friend cleaning
The cake crying
You are not me nicely at work
They (aren’t) making you beautifully in the kitchen at 10 o’clock
We bringing him tasty at home
He, she, it is not writing her loudly at the restaurant during the day
My brother (isn’t) tasting them precisely at school
Negative

Her friend smelling us happily in prison at night

The cake cleaning my greatly in the café
I am not crying dog bitterly on the table at 8 o’clock
(I’m not) a letter
When am I
Why are you making
Where we bringing
How they writing
What is he, she, it ____ tasting
(kas,ką?) my brother smelling
Whom her friend cleaning
Question

(ką?) the cake crying

Who (ką?)

PRACTICE 1. Complete the sentences with one of the following verbs in the correct form: come get
happen look make start stay try work

1) 'You're working hard today.' 'Yes, I have a lot to do.'

2) I...................................................for Christine. Do you know where she is?
3) It...................................................dark. Shall I turn on the light?
4) They haven't got anywhere to live at the moment. They...................................................with friends until
they find somewhere.
5) 'Are you ready, Ann?' 'Yes, I....................................................'
6) Have you got an umbrella? It...................................................to rain.
7) You................................a lot of noise. Could you be quieter? I................................to concentrate.
8) Why are all these people here? What...................................................?

32
10.2. Past Continuous Tense

Past Continuous Tense is used to describe events, which were in progress in the past at a certain time. Study
the table.
Sent. Question To be: Subject To be: Verb Object Adverbial Modifier
type word was was Manner Place Time
were were
I was
You were making
Positive

We bringing
They writing
He, she, it was tasting
My brother smelling
Her friend cleaning
The cake crying
You were not me nicely at work
They (weren’t) making you beautifully in the kitchen at 10 o’clock
We bringing him tasty at home
He, she, it was not writing her loudly at the restaurant during the day
Negative

My brother (wasn’t) tasting them precisely at school

Her friend smelling us happily in prison at night
The cake cleaning my greatly in the café
I crying dog bitterly on the table at 8 o’clock
When was I a letter
Why were you making
Where we bringing
How they writing
What was he, she, it ____ tasting
Question

(kas,ką?) my brother smelling

Whom her friend cleaning
(ką?) the cake crying
Who (ką?)

PRACTICE 2. What were you doing at the following times? Write one sentence as in the examples.
The Past Continuous is not always necessary (see the second example).

1) (at 8 o'clock yesterday evening) I was having dinner with some friends.
2) (at 5 o'clock last Saturday) I was on the train to London.
3) (at 10.15 yesterday morning) ......................................................................................................................
4) (at 4.30 this morning)...................................................................................................................................
5) (at 7.45 yesterday evening) .........................................................................................................................
6) (half an hour ago) ........................................................................................................................................

PRACTICE 3. Put the verbs into the correct form, Past Continuous or Past Simple.

1) Jane was waiting (wait) for me when I arrived (arrive).

2) 'What...................................................(you/do) this time yesterday?' ‘I was asleep.'

33
3) '................................................... (you/go) out last night?' 'No, I was too tired.'
4) 'Was Carol at the party last night?' 'Yes, she............................………(wear) a really nice dress.'
5) How fast........................................(you/drive) when the accident.......................................(happen)?
6) John...................................................(take) a photograph of me while.........................................(not/look).
7) We were in a very difficult position. We...............................................(not/know) what to do.
8) I haven't seen Alan for ages. When I last...................................................(see) him, he ………………..
................(try) to find a job in London.
9) I.............................................(walk) along the street when suddenly I......................................... (hear)
footsteps behind me. Somebody..............................................(follow) me. I was frightened and I
.............................................(start) to run.
10)When I was young, I...................................................(want) to be a bus driver.

10.3. Methods - cooking and preparing food.

There are a lot of various ways to prepare food. Look at the table and decide which of them are the most
familiar, usual to you and which ones you do not use in every day life. Translate the unknown words.

Method of cooking/ preparing English Translation

food
to steam
to simmer
to boil
ways of cooking food to fry
to bake
to roast
to grill
to stew
to barbecue
to smoke
to mix
to peel
to stir
to mince
to cut
ways of preparing food to chop
to slice
to grate
to crack
to season
to sprinkle
to dry
to pickle
to marinate

PRACTICE 4. Answer the questions:

1) Do you like cooking?

2) Does your friend like cooking?

34
3) What are you cooking on Sundays?
4) What were you cooking yesterday?

PRACTICE 5. Match the method of cooking with its definition.

1) baking a) cooking in steam; used for puddings, fish, etc

2) boiling b) cooking meat or fruit in a small amount of water and its own juices
3) frying c) cooking foods in enough water to cover them, at a temperature lower than 100°C
4) roasting d) cooking in fat; used for chips, doughnuts, etc
5) simmering e) the food is placed in the oven; used for preparing cakes, breads
6) steaming f) is done by placing the food in the oven or oven coals and cooking until it is tender;
7) stewing used for cooking meats
g) cooking foods in enough water to cover them, at 100°C

PRACTICE 6. Fill in the blanks with the words given on the right.

(1).....the crab into large pieces. Then fry black beans, garlic, ginger and (2).....onions a) minced e) fry
very quickly before adding (3)..... meat. (4)..... again for one minute and then (5)..... b) cut f) stir
the crab pieces, half a pint of chicken stock or water, and a little dry sherry or rice c) add g) chop
sprinkle wine, (6)..... for ten minutes and then add two beaten eggs. (7)..... slowly for d) serve h) heat
one minute and then (8)......

11. RECIPES

11.1. Christmas Pudding, Omelette with cheese, Roast leg of lamb.

PRACTICE 1. Have a look at the recipes A-C. Which food is the simplest to cook?

A. Christmas Pudding
Ingredients:
225g (8oz) plain flour
1 tspn cinnamon
1/2 tspn grated nutmeg
1/2 tspn ground all spice (mixed spice)
150g (60oz) candied peel, chopped finely
50g (2 oz) blanched almonds, chopped
225g (8 oz) soft dark brown sugar
225g (8 oz) shredded suet
4 eggs
220ml (6fl. oz) milk
100ml (4fl. oz) brandy (or use milk in non-alcoholic version)
Pinch of salt
35
Begin the day before you plan to steam the pudding. Sift the flour, spices and salt into a large mixing bowl. Stir in the
breadcrumbs, dried fruits, peel, almonds and sugar. Then add the suet and mix well.
Beat together the eggs, milk and brandy separately and then add to the main mixture and ensure that all the
ingredients are thoroughly mixed.
Usually at this time the family gathers around to stir the pudding and make a secret wish. The mixture should have a
sloppy consistency and should be covered and left overnight.
When you are ready to steam the pudding, pack the mixture into a lightly greased basin and cover with a non-stick
baking paper and then enclose the entire basin in foil and tie with string. Traditionally unbleached calico or muslin
was used.
Place the pudding on a steam rack or upturned saucer in a saucepan of simmering water for five hours to steam. The
water should come half way up the basin. Remember to top up the water in the saucepan as needed during the
steaming process.
Once the cooking time is over allow the pudding to cool completely. When this is done remove the foil and the non-
stick baking paper and replace with fresh ones. The pudding should then be stored in a cool dry place to mature until
Christmas day.

B. Omelette with cheese

Ingredients:
6 eggs; 5 tablespoons milk
300 g (9 oz) farmer's cheese, sliced thin
50 g (4 tablespoons) butter
pinch of salt
onion greens and dill, chopped

Melt butter in frying pan, bake cheese slices. Beat eggs with salt and milk. Grease a shallow baking dish, layer baked
cheese slices and cover with beaten eggs. Bake in preheated oven at 325F/165C, for about 10—15 minutes.
Sprinkle with chopped herbs and serve with bread and fresh vegetables.

C. Roast leg of lamb

Ingredients:
1 k (2 lbs) leg of lamb; 1 carrot, cut finely
1 onion, cut finely; 1 parsnip, cut finely
6 garlic cloves, 3 cut in half, 3 minced
seasonings, bay leaves, salt and pepper to taste
1 l (4 cups) sour milk or buttermilk
30 g (2 tablespoons) fat

Soak meat in sour milk or buttermilk for 4 hours. Blot dry, rub with minced garlic, poke 6 small holes in meat and
insert the remaining garlic halves into the meat. Place seasoned meat into greased baking pan, sprinkle meat with
pepper and powdered bay leaves, add aromatic vegetables and bake in preheated oven at 350F/180C, basting with pan
juices. Bake for about 1 hour. Serve hot with potatoes and dill pickles.

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PRACTICE 2. Fill in the gaps with the words given on the right

Irish Stew (enough for 4 people)

1 lb (0. 45kg) stewed lamb; 1.5 Ib (0.68kg) potatoes; 0.5 Ib (0.23kg) onions; 0.5 pint (0.28 litres) water; salt
and pepper; 1 teaspoon chopped fresh parsley
(1)..... the meat up into fairly small pieces, removing the fat. (2)..... the onions. (3) a) season f) slice
.....the potatoes and cut them into thick slices. Put the meat and vegetables into a b) sprinkle g) peel
saucepan in layers, finishing with a layer of potatoes. (4)..... with salt and pepper. c) cut h) pile
(5)..... water. Bring to the boil, then cover and (6)..... gently for about two hours. d) pour i) add
To serve, (7)..... the meat and onions in the centre of the dish, with the potatoes e) simmer
round the edge, and (8).....the sauce over the meat. (9).... the parsley over the
potatoes.

PRACTICE 3. Tell each other the recipes of your favourite dishes.

11.2. Present Perfect Tense.

Present Perfect is used when we want to describe that something has happened/ has been done but do not
indicate the time of the event - it is only the fact that is important. But the action in the past has a result now:

The present perfect is have/has + past participle. The past participle often ends in -ed (finished/decided
etc.), but many important verbs are irregular (lost/done/been/written etc.). For a list of irregular verbs, see
pages 23 and study the table below.

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 Sent. Question To have: Subject To have: Verb Object Adverbial Modifier
type word have have (Manner) Place Time
has has
I have been the cake
You made drunk
We brought to me
Positive

They written the room

He, she, it has tasted them
My brother smelt my dog
Her friend cleaned his brother
The cake cried him
seen them at work
You have not been
They (haven’t) made beautifully in the kitchen
We brought tasty at home
He, she, it has not written
My brother (hasn’t) tasted loudly at the restaurant
Negative

Her friend smelt precisely at school

The cake cleaned happily in prison
I cried greatly in the café
seen bitterly on the table
When have I been
Why you made
Where we brought
How they written
What has he, she, it ____ tasted
(kas,ką?) my brother smelt
Whom her friend cleaned
Question

(ką?) the cake cried

Who (ką?) seen

PRACTICE 4. Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet.

1) After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says 'Would you like something to eat?' You say: No,
thank you. I’ve just had lunch. (have lunch)
2) Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says 'Can I speak to Joe?' You say: I'm
afraid........................................................................................................................(go out)
3) You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away.
You say: Wait a minute!................................................................................ (not/finish)
4) You are going to a restaurant this evening. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says 'Shall I
phone to reserve a table?' You say: No,...........................................................it. (do)
5) You know that a friend of yours is looking for a job. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her. You
say:......................................................................................................................................? (find)
6) Ann went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks ‘Is Ann still at the bank?' You
say: No,.............................................................................................................(come back)

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 12. REVISION

PRACTICE 1. Work in groups. Choose a topic covered and ask your friends 10 words from the topic you
have chosen. Give 1 point/ a word. The winner is the group having received the biggest number of points.

PRACTICE 2. Answer the following questions. Pay attention to the structure of the questions.

1) What is the time now?

2) What are your working hours?
3) Do you work full time/ par-time/ shifts?
4) What kitchenware can be found there in your kitchen?
5) What’s on the menu today?
6) How much does cappuccino coffee cost in your café?
7) What’s your favourite food/ drink?
8) What do you usually like for breakfast?
9) What will you have for lunch today?
10) What did you have for dinner yesterday?
11) What dinner courses do you know?
12) What would you like for supper this evening?
13) What meals are included into traditional English breakfast?
14) What is traditional Lithuanian food?
15) What is healthy food?
16) What methods of food cooking/ preparing can you name?
17) Could you give a recipe of your favourite dish?
18) Do you like eating out? Why?

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 REFERENCES

1. B. Imbrasienė LITHUANIAN TRADITIONAL FOODS, Vilnius, 1998

2. D. Guščiuvienė, L.Lenkauskienė 14 ENGLISH TOPICS, Kaišiadorys, 1998
3. L.Soars, J. Soars HEADWAY STUDENT’S BOOK, Oxford,1999
4. L.Soars, J. Soars HEADWAY WORKBOOK, Oxford,1999
5. R. Murphy ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN USE, Cambridge, 1997
6. V. Evans, J. Dooley ENTERPRISE 3 COURSEBOOK, Swansea, 1998
7. V. Evans, J. Dooley ENTERPRISE 3 WORKBOOK, Swansea, 1998
8. V. Evans, J. Dooley MISSION COURSEBOOK, Newbury, 2000
9. V. Evans, FCE USE OF ENGLISH, Newbury, 2000
10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
11. http://www.vegsource.com/nutrition/pyramid.htm
12. www.bicyclegermany.com/german_food_&_drink.htm

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