ChemE 101 – 12.

2 Worksheet Department of Chemical Engineering

1 st Semester AY 2020-2021 University of the Philippines Diliman
Bubble Point and Dew Point Calculations

Name ChemE 101 Section

Instructions: Fill in any missing information in the provided solution to each problem. You may print this worksheet, or, in the absence of a
printer, write the complete solution on another sheet of paper.

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1
Problem 1
Assuming the validity of Raoult’s Law, do the following calculation for benzene(1)/toluene(2) system:
1. Given y1 = 0.33 and T = 100°C, find x1 and P.
2. Given y1 = 0.33 and P = 120 kPa, find x1 and T.
3. Given x1 = 0.33 and T = 100°C, find y1 and P.
4. Given x1 = 0.33 and P = 120 kPa, find y1 and T.

Additional information:
B
ln P sat kPa A
T C C
For Benzene: A = 13.7819, B = 2726.81, C = 217.572
For Toluene: A = 13.9320, B = 3056.96, C = 217.625

Solution:
For item (1):
This is a Dew P Calculation. We use the given vapor composition and T to determine the liquid composition and P. Using the value of
T to determine the saturation pressures of benzene and toluene:
2726.81
P1sat exp 13.7819 180.4528 kPa
100 217.572
3056.96
P2sat exp 13.9320 74.2597 kPa
100 217.625

We now expand Raoult’s Law to find a working equation for a Dew P calculation:
xi Pisat 2 2
yi y1 y2
yi xi P x1 x2 P P
P i 1 i 1 Pisat P1sat P2sat

y1 y2 1
Working equation:
P1sat P2sat P

Solving for the dew pressure:

1
0.33 0.67
Pdew 92.1564 kPa
180.4528 74.2597

Using Raoult’s Law to determine the liquid composition:

xi Pisat
yi
P
y1P 0.33 92.1564
x1 sat
P1 180.4528
x2 1 x1 0.8315

x1 0.1685, x 2 0.8315
For item (2):
This is a Dew T Calculation. We use the given vapor composition and P to determine the liquid composition and T. Using the value of
P to determine the saturation temperatures of benzene and toluene:
2726.81
T1sat 217.572 85.5953
13.7819 ln 120
3056.96
T2sat 217.625 116.6696
13.9320 ln 120

2
We use these values of saturation temperatures to determine the initial guess T0:
T0 y1T1sat y2T2sat 0.33 85.5953 0.67 116.6696 106.4151 C

We now expand Raoult’s Law to find a working equation for a Dew T calculation:
xi Pisat 2 2
yi y1 y2
yi xi P x1 x2 P P
P i 1 i 1 Pisat P1sat P2sat

y1 y2 1
Working equation:
P1sat P2sat P

Plugging-in the Antoine equation into our working equation and using the initial guess T0, we solve for T:
y1 y2 1
P1sat P2sat P
1
y1 y2
P
P1sat P2sat

0.33 0.67
120
2726.81 3056.96
exp 13.7819 exp 13.9320
T 217.572 T 217.625
T 109.1309 C

Using this value of temperature, we compute for the saturation pressures:

2726.81
P1sat exp 13.7819 229.3956 kPa
109.1309 217.572
3056.96
P2sat exp 13.9320 97.1751 kPa
109.1309 217.625

Using Raoult’s Law to determine the liquid composition:

x i Pisat
yi
P
y1P 0.33 120
x1 sat
P1 229.3956
x2 1 x 1 0.8274

x1 0.1726, x 2 0.8274
For item (3):
This is a Bubble P Calculation. We use the given liquid composition and T to determine the vapor composition and P. Using the value
of T to determine the saturation pressures of benzene and toluene:
2726.81
P1sat exp 13.7819 180.4528 kPa
100 217.572
3056.96
P2sat exp 13.9320 74.2597 kPa
100 217.625

3
We now expand Raoult’s Law to find a working equation for a Bubble P calculation:

2 2
𝑥𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑥1 𝑃1𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑥2 𝑃2𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑦𝑖 𝑃 = 𝑥𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡 → ∑ 𝑦𝑖 = ∑ → 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 = +
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

Working equation: 𝑥1 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡

1 + 𝑥2 𝑃2 = 𝑃

Solving for the dew pressure:

𝑃𝑏𝑢𝑏𝑙 = 0.33(180.4528) + 0.67(74.2597) = 109.3034 kPa

Using Raoult’s Law to determine the vapor composition:

𝑥𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡
= 𝑦𝑖
𝑃

𝑥1 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡 0.33(180.4528)
𝑦1 = = = 0.5448
𝑃 109.3034
𝑦2 = 1 − 𝑦1 = 0.4552

𝑦1 = 0.5448, 𝑦2 = 0.4552
For item (4):
This is a Bubble T Calculation. We use the given liquid composition and P to determine the vapor composition and T. Using the value
of P to determine the saturation temperatures of benzene and toluene:
2726.81
T1sat 217.572 85.5953
13.7819 ln 120
3056.96
T2sat 217.625 116.6696
13.9320 ln 120

We use these values of saturation temperatures to determine the initial guess T0:
T0 y1T1sat y2T2sat 0.33 85.5953 0.67 116.6696 106.4151 C

We now expand Raoult’s Law to find a working equation for a Bubble T calculation:

2 2
𝑥𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑥1 𝑃1𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑥2 𝑃2𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑦𝑖 𝑃 = 𝑥𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡 → ∑ 𝑦𝑖 = ∑ → 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 = +
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

Working equation: 𝑥1 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡

1 + 𝑥2 𝑃2 = 𝑃

4
Plugging-in the Antoine equation into our working equation and using the initial guess T0, we solve for T:

𝑥1 𝑃1𝑠𝑎𝑡 + 𝑥2 𝑃2𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑃
𝑃 = 𝑥1 𝑃1𝑠𝑎𝑡 + 𝑥2 𝑃2𝑠𝑎𝑡
2726.81 3056.96
→ 120 = [0.33 (𝑒𝑥𝑝 (13.7819 − )) + 0.67 (𝑒𝑥𝑝 (13.9320 − ))]
𝑇 + 217.572 𝑇 + 217.625

→ 𝑇 = 103.3068°𝐶

Using this value of temperature, we compute for the saturation pressures:

2726.81
𝑃1𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (13.7819 − ) = 197.1483 kPa
103.3068 + 217.572
3056.96
𝑃2𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (13.9320 − ) = 82.0014 kPa
103.3068 + 217.625

Using Raoult’s Law to determine the liquid composition:

𝑥𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡
= 𝑦𝑖
𝑃

𝑥1 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡 0.33(197.1483 kPa)

𝑦1 = = = 0.5422
𝑃 120
𝑦2 = 1 − 𝑦1 = 0.4578

𝑦1 = 0.5422, 𝑦2 = 0.4578

5
PROBLEM 2
A 70 mol% toluene mixture (with benzene) in a
closed isothermal piston cylinder at 100oC and
1000 mm Hg
is depressurized to 600 mmHg. Solve analytically.
1. What is the initial state of the system?
2. At what P will the first bubble form? What is
its composition?
3. At what P will the last drop of liquid
evaporate? What is its composition?
4. What are the liquid and vapor compositions
at 750 mmHg? What is the vapor-liquid ratio
at this point?
5. What is the final state of the system?
Solution:
For item (1):
We can check for the initial state of the system by performing P calculations (Bubble P and Dew P). We use the composition given
and set it to either x or y, and then compute for the corresponding pressure.

Bubble P Calculation: Let 1=toluene, 2=benzene.

Given: x1=0.7, T=100°C
Required: Pbubble

Computing for the saturation pressures:

1346.773
6.95805
P1sat 10 100 219.693
556.3432 mm Hg
1203.531
6.89272
sat 100 219.888
P 2 10 1350.109 mm Hg

Computing for the bubble pressure:

Pbubble x1P1sat x 2P2sat 0.7 556.3432 0.3 1350.109 794.4729 mm Hg

Dew P Calculation:
Given: y1=0.7, T=100°C
Required: Pdew

Computing for the dew pressure:

1 1
y1 y2 0.7 0.3
Pdew 675.4838 mm Hg
P1sat P2sat 556.3432 1350.109

We now compare the system pressure (1000 mm Hg) with the bubble and dew pressures. Since the system pressure is greater than the
bubble pressure, the initial state of the system is a subcooled liquid.

For item (2):

P 794.4729 mm Hg

Using Raoult’s Law to compute for the vapor composition:

x1P1sat 0.7 556.3432
y1
P 794.4729
y2 1 y1 0.5098

y1 0.4902, y2 0.5098

6
For item (3):
P 675.4838 mm Hg

Using Raoult’s Law to compute for the liquid composition:

y1P 0.7 675.4838
x1 sat
P1 556.3432
x2 1 x 1 0.1501

x1 0.8499, x 2 0.1501

For item (4):

We compare the final system pressure (600 mm Hg) with the bubble and dew pressures. Since the system pressure is less than the dew
pressure, the final state of the system is a superheated vapor.

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we could better gauge your progress and adapt as necessary. The link can be found in our ChemE 101
course main page in UVLê