GE 3 │ MATHEMATICS IN THE

MODERN WORLD

WEEK: 3

AY 2021-2022

STUDENT’S NAME:

YEAR AND SECTION:

DATE RECEIVED:

TEACHER’S NAME: VILMA P. NIDUA

 Nature of Mathematics: Sets, Functions, Relations,
Binary Operations

I. Overview

The concept of sets is used for the foundation of various topics in mathematics like functions and
relations which will also be discussed in this module.

We use the idea of sets in everyday life as we look for the common properties or characteristics
among objects. Whether we realize it or not, we are classifying objects many times each day in our lives
such as a set of fruits that our mother bought from the market, set of sweets from candy store, a collection
of gadgets and shoes that we have in our house.

II. Learning Outcomes

At the end of the session, the learners are expected to:

1. Define sets, functions and relations.
2. Perform simple operations on sets.

III. Discussion and

Self-Assessment
Activities(SAA)

SET
The collection of well-defined distinct objects is known as a Father of Set Theory
set. ‘Well-defined’ refers to a specific property which makes it
The word well defined
easy to identify whether the given object belongs to the set or not.
was used by the
On the other hand, the word ‘distinct’ means that the objects of a German Mathematician
set must be all different. George Cantor (1845-
1918 A.D) to define a
To deeply understand the concept of set, we must first set.

know the different notations involved in the topic. The following

table shows some of the commonly used notations or symbols in
sets.

N → the set of natural numbers ={1,2,3,…} Q → the set of rational numbers

W → the set of whole numbers ={0,1,2,3,…} R → the set of real numbers

Z or I → the set of integers ={…,-2,-1,0,1,2,…} C → the set of complex numbers

Z+ → the set of positive integers ∈ → ‘belongs to’; ‘an element of’

Z- → the set of negative integers ∉ → ‘does not belong to’; ‘not an element of
 Each object in the set is called an element or member and is represented by the symbol ∈ and is
read as ‘belongs to’, ‘is an element of’ and ‘is a member of’. Suppose 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢}, then we can say that
𝑎 ∈ X, e ∈ X, 𝑖 ∈ X etc. Take note, we use capital letters to denote the name of the set, and small letters
to denote elements. All elements in the set are enclosed in curly brackets { }, or also known as set
brackets or simply braces. Some sets make use of ellipsis (…) to indicate that the elements continue for
infinity (infinite sets). Let’s have 𝑌 = {1,2,3,4,5, … } as an example. But we can also use ellipsis in sets with
fixed number of elements (finite sets), say 𝑍 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, … , 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧}.

There are two methods to represent a set, namely Roster Method (Tabular Form) and Rule
Method (Set-Builder Form). Let us distinguish the two forms.

ROSTER METHOD RULE METHOD

- a set is represented by listing all its

elements, separated by commas
and enclosed in curly brackets.
Examples:
• If A be the set of vowels in the
English alphabet then, 𝑨 =
{𝒂, 𝒆, 𝒊, 𝟎, 𝒖}.
• If B be the set of natural numbers less
than 5, then 𝑩 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒}
Note : To write a set in Roster form,
elements are not to be repeated, that is,
all elements are taken as distinct. For
example, if A be the set of letters used in
the word economics, then A = {e, c, o,
n, m, i, s}.
- elements in a set are not listed,
instead, represented by some
common property.
Examples:
• If C be the set of vowels in the English
alphabet then, C= {𝒙/
𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒗𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒍 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝒍𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒃𝒆𝒕}
• If D be the set of natural numbers less
than 5, then 𝑫 = {𝒙/𝒙 ∈ 𝑵, 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟓}
Note : The symbol ‘/’ is read as
‘such that’. In some other books, the
symbol used is ‘:’

Examples: Examples:
Write the following in Roster Method. Write the following in Rule Method.
• 𝐿 = {𝑥/𝑥 ∈ 𝑊, 𝑥 < 4} • 𝐾 = {−2, −1,0,1,2}
𝑳 = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑} 𝑲 = {𝑥/𝑥 ∈ 𝑍, −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2}
• 𝐽 = {𝑥/𝑥 ∈ 𝑁, 10 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 18} • 𝐶 = {2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005}
𝑱 = {𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟒, 𝟏𝟓, 𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟖} 𝑪 = {𝒙/𝒙 ∈ 𝑵, 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟓}

What are the

Aside from the previously mentioned finite set and infinite
different types
set, there are other types or classifications of sets: singleton
of sets?
set, null set, universal set and disjoint set.

Singleton set is also known as unit set which has exactly one
element. Example is E= {3}. Null set or empty set contains no element which is denoted
by { } or ∅. The universal set is the set containing all elements of interest in a particular
situation and is denoted by 𝑼. Lastly, sets with no common element are disjoint.
EQUAL SET EQUIVALENT SET
Two sets are said to be Two sets are said to be Do the words equal
equal if they contain the same equivalent if they contain the and equivalent
elements. same number of elements
mean the same?
That is, the elements are (cardinal number).
identical. Here, the elements may
Examples: differ.
• If R={a,b,c}, S={c,a,b}, then Examples:
R=S • If V={1,3,5,7}, W={2,4,6,8},
• If T={1,2,3,4}, then V and W are equivalent
V={1,2,2,3,3,4), then T=V. since they have the same
number of elements
 SUBSET
Let set A be the set of all students under the College of Education in LICOMCO this academic year
and let set B be the set of all students of BSED1- Math. In this example, each element of set B is also an
element of set A. Such a set B is said to be a subset of set A and is written as 𝑩 ⊆ 𝑨.

Let’s consider the following sets: M= {1,2,3,4,5,…} and N= {…,-2,-1,0,1,2,…}. Here, we can see
that each element in set M is also an element in set N, therefore 𝑴 ⊆ 𝑵. Here is another example: O=
{1,2,3,4,…,17,18,19,20} and P= {2,4,6,8,10}, therefore 𝑷 ⊆ 𝑶.

VENN DIAGRAM
The relationship among sets can be illustrated in Venn Diagrams (named after English logician
John Venn). In this diagram, the universal set is represented by a rectangular region.

BASIC SET OPERATIONS

Differences of Sets

The difference of sets A and B, denoted by A-B or A\B, is the set of elements which belong to A
but which does not belong to B.

Example: Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5,6} and 𝐵 = {2,4,6,8}, then

𝑨 − 𝑩 ={1,3,5} and 𝑩 − 𝑨 = {8}.

Complement of a Set
The complement of set A is the set containing of all elements in the universe set 𝑡, which are not
elements of set A. It is denoted by A’ or A or AC (all read as ‘complement of set A).

Example: Let 𝑡 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} and

𝐴 = {1,2,5,7,8}, then 𝑨′ = {3,4,6,9,10}.
 Intersection of Sets
The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of elements common to both A and B. In symbols,
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 is read as ‘A intersection B’.

Example: Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5} and 𝐵 = {1,4,7,10,13},

then 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 = {1,4}.

Union of Sets

The union of two sets A and B is the set containing of all elements which belong to either A or B or
both. We write it as 𝐴 𝖴 𝐵 and is read as ‘A union B’.

Example: Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5} and 𝐵 = {2,4,6,8}, then

𝑨 𝖴 𝑩 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,8}.

CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS

Consider 𝐴 = {1,3} and 𝐵 = {2,4,6}. The set of all ordered pairs of elements of A and B is
{(1,2), (1,4), (1,6), (3,2), (3,4), (3,6)}.This set is denoted by 𝑨 𝒙 𝑩 and is called the cartesian product of
sets A and B. In symbols 𝑨 𝒙 𝑩 = {(1,2), (1,4), (1,6), (3,2), (3,4), (3,6)}.

On the other hand, 𝑩 𝒙 𝑨 = {(2,1), (2,3), (4,1), (4,3), (6,1), (6,3)}.

Clearly, 𝑨 𝒙 𝑩 ≠ 𝑩 𝒙 𝑨.

TRY THESE 1:
Given the following sets with the indicated elements.
UNIVERSAL SET : U = {x /x ∈ ℤ, 8 ≤ x ≤ 18}
SUBSETS: D = {8,10,12,14,16} ; E = {11,12,13,14,15}
Perform the following operations:
1. D – E 5. E’ 9. (D – E)’
2. E – D 6. D ∩ E 10. D X E
3. D ∪ E 7. U ∩ E
4. D’ 8. E X D

Note: A Venn diagram will help a lot in answering these.

RELATIONS

Consider the following: A= {Arjo, Gab, Paolo, Oyo} and B= {Ria, Kiana, Danica}. Let’s assume that
Ria has one brother Arjo, Kiana has two brothers Gab and Paolo and Danica has one brother Oyo. If we
define relation R ‘is a brother of’ between the members of A and B, then Arjo R Ria, Gab R Kiana, Paolo
R Kiana and Oyo R Danica. These can be written in the form of ordered pairs: (Arjo, Ria), (Gab, Kiana),
(Paolo, Kiana) and (Oyo, Danica). In short, we have a set R with those ordered pairs.
𝑹 = {(𝑨𝒓𝒋𝒐, 𝑹𝒊𝒂), (𝑮𝒂𝒃, 𝑲𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒂), (𝑷𝒂𝒐𝒍𝒐, 𝑲𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒂), (𝑶𝒚𝒐, 𝑫𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂)}
From here, 𝑹 ⊆ 𝑨 𝒙 𝑩, that is, 𝑹 = {(𝒂, 𝒃)/ 𝒂 ∈ 𝑨, 𝒃 ∈ 𝑩 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝑹𝒃}.
If R is a relation between two sets, then the set of its first elements of all the ordered pairs of R
iscalled domain and set of 2nd elements of all the ordered pairs of R is called range of the given
relation.

From our previous given relation, the Domain={Arjo, Gab, Paolo, Oyo} and the Range= {Ria,
Kiana, Danica}.
 Example:
Given: 𝐴 = {3,4,5,6,7,8} and 𝐵 = {2,3}
R is a relation from A to B defined by 𝑹 = {(𝒂, 𝒃)/𝒂 ∈ 𝑨, 𝒃 ∈ 𝑩 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝒃}.
Find a) R, b) Domain and c) Range.
(Here, R ‘is divisible by’)
a) R= {(3,3),(4,2),(6,2),(6,3),(8,2) *** 3 is divisible by 3,4 is divisible by 2…
b) Domain= {3,4,6,8}
c) Range= {2,3}

FUNCTIONS

Consider the relation f={(l,1), (o,3),(v,5),(e,7)}. We see that each element in set A has a unique
image in set B. This relation is defined as a function from A to B (𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑩). We can also note that, in a
function, no two ordered pairs have the same first element.
Set A Set B
FUNCTION
l 1 √ each element in
set A has a unique
o 3
image in set B
v 5 √ each element in
set A is paired only
e 7 once to an element
in set B

CLASSIFICATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION MANY-TO-ONE FUNCTION

REMINDER:
ONE -TO- MANY

A one-to-many relation can occur,

BUT, it is NOT A FUNCTION.

Example:
1. A= {(1,2),(2,3),(3,4),(4,5)} - This is a function since no two ordered pairs have the
same 1st element
2. B= {(1,2),(1,3),(3,4),(3,5)} – This is not a function since 1 and 3 are repeated as a
1st element.
3. y = x + 4 - This is a function since all elements in x will correspond a unique
element in y.
4. This is a function since no two first element is repeated.
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
Y 2 3 4 2 3 4
 5. This is not a function since not all elements in x corresponds to a unique element in y.

TRY THESE 2:
Tell whether the following is a function or a mere relation.
1.
3. X = {(4,5),(4,6),(4,7),(4,8),(4,9)}
4. A = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(5,5)}
5.
x 1 3 5 7 9 11
y 1 1 1 1 1 1

2.

IV. Summary/Key
Points

Set is defined as a well-defined collection of objects. In representing a set in Roster form (Tabular Form),
all elements are written but in set builder form (Rule Method), a set is represented by the common
property.

A finite set is a set in which the elements can be counted and if the elements cannot be counted, it is
infinite. If each element of set A is also an element of set B then A is called the subset of B.

There are the basic operations on sets. Given two sets A and B,

(a) Set Difference. A-B is a set of those elements which are in A but not in B;

(b) complement of a set A is a set of those elements which are in the universal set but not in A;

(c)intersection of two sets is a set of those elements when belong to both the sets; and

(d) union of two sets is a set of those elements which belong to either of the two sets.

Cartesian product of two sets A and B is the set of all ordered pairs of the elements of A and B.

Relation is a subset of A×B where A and B are sets.

Function is a relation wherein every element in set A has a unique image in set B and no two ordered
 pairs have the same first terms.
All relations are functions BUT not all functions are relations.

V. End of Module
Assessment (EMA)

I. Consider: 𝑡 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎}, 𝑨 = {𝟐, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎} 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = {𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟖}. Find the
following:
1) 𝐴⋂𝐵 2) 𝐵⋃𝐴 3) 𝐴′
II. Given 𝐴 = {2,3,5} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑}. Find the following:
4) 𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 5) 𝐵 𝑥 𝐴
III. For numbers 6-10, determine if each relation represents a function or.

6) 7)

8) R= {(2,1),(4,4),(8,5),(6,1)}.

9) Y= {(2,m),(12,a),(3,t),(15,h)}.

10) A= {(a,10),(i,5),(h,10),(p,15),(a,5)}.

VI. Looking Ahead

Show 3 graphs of a function and 2 graphs of a mere relation.

VII. Self and Module

Evaluation

Rate your learning experience in using this module according to the following scale.

Put a check mark on your response.

 4 – I learned a lot from this module.

 3 – I learned just right.
 2 – I still need guidance on certain topics.
 1 – I did not understand anything.

VIII. References

Retrieved from:

Villano, M.L., et. al., (2012). 21st Century Mathematics: A Vision for a Better Future. Quezon
City(Philippines): Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

https://faculty.psau.edu.sa/filedownload/doc-11-pdf-07532bb8bd0171f0fa684ff1f4f7debf-original.pdf

https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/sets-introduction.html
 https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/31/img15/books/tiles/9352036042_chemistry.pdf

https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra1/RealNumbers/RNBinary.html

https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Mount_Royal_University/MATH_2150%3A_Higher_Arithmetic/1%3A Binary
_operations/1.1%3A_Binary_operations

ANSWER TO “TRY THESE” IN MODULE 2

.
1. 492
2. 7 + ab
𝑚
3. – p = 2p
𝑛
4. 5 + 7x OR 7x + 5
5. 3x – 2y = 32