4-401060-Chapter 1-TOP 100

14-Apr-21
TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
401060
ELECTRIC SAFETY
CHAPTER 1: BASIC CONCEPTS
Lecturer: Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D.

Email : nguyencongtrang@tdtu.edu.vn
congtrang0810@gmail.com
CHAPTER 1: BASIC CONCEPTS

1.1 Introduction, basic deﬁnitions
and nomenclature
1.2 Hazards of electric currents flow
through a human body
1.3 Factors related to the hazard of
electric currents passing a
human
1.4 Phenomenon of current plunge
into ground
1.5 Touch voltage
1.6 Step voltage
1.7 Permissible voltage
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 1 2
OBJECTIVES
 Explaining the fundamental principles of electrical

safety.
 Providing the basic concepts of direct contact and
indirect contact.
 In designing, operating and maintaining electrical
systems, the occupational and environmental
hazards associated with electrical components.
 It’s easy to use electricity safely at home &
workplace if you understand the risks and take care.
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1.1 INTRODUCTION, BASIC DEFINITIONS

AND NOMENCLATURE
1.1.1 Phenomenon of electric
shock: Occurs when electric
current flows through the human
body. The symptoms may effect
function of nerves, recycle,
breathing or burnt, or life damage.
- Electric shock when:
+ Contact voltage source
+ Create closed-loop current
flows a human body
+ Current has to large enough
value and long enough time.

AND NOMENCLATURE
1.1.2 Conducting and insulating material:

AND NOMENCLATURE
1.1.3 Types of contact
DIRECT CONTACT
A direct contact: refers to a

person coming into contact with a
conductor which is live in normal
circumstances
Causes: Due to carelessness,

accidental, incorrect installation
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AND NOMENCLATURE
1.1.3 Types of contact
INDIRECT CONTACT
 Indirect contact: refers to a
person coming into contact with
an exposed conductive-part
which is not normally alive, but
has become alive accidentally.
 Cause: Due to leakage of
electricity to the metal cover of
equipment, building structures,
electricity leakage to floors,
walls ...

AND NOMENCLATURE
1.1.4 Statistics on electrical accidents
According to voltage level: According to electrical skills:
• U ≤ 1kV: 76,4% • Electric major : 42,2%
• U > 1kV: 23,6% • Others major : 57,8%
Electrical
accident statistics
According to the age: According to the contact:

• Under 20: 14,5% • Direct contact: 55,9%
• 21-30: 51,7% • Indirect contact: 42,8%
• 31-40: 21,3% • Electric arc: 1,12%
• Over 40: 12,5% • Strong electric field:0.08%

AND NOMENCLATURE
1.1.5 Causes of electrical accidents
Due to the
Direct/Indirect qualifications of
contact electricity
managers and users
Causes of electrical
accidents
Electric arc Do not comply
due to right process
high voltage
Accident Effect of strong

due to electric field
step voltage and lightning
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AND NOMENCLATURE
1.1.5 Causes of electrical accidents
 Electrical accidents usually happen
at U ≤ 1000V, specifically at
220/380V network. Reasons:
 At this voltage level there are
often many electrical equipment
that workers are in direct contact.
 The technical staff, factory
director often do not fully assess
the danger of electric shock, so
they do not have active measures
to prevent accidents.

AND NOMENCLATURE
1.1.6 Steps to carry out when an electrical accident occurs
U <1000V:
 Isolate the victim from the power
source: cut off the power by opening a
CB or using an insulator to remove
the power cord from the victim.
 If the victim faints, take emergency
care on the victim's spot after 1-2
minutes
 Observe the scene to determine the
cause.
 Find measures to overcome the cause
of the accident, avoid re-arising, and
make a report.

AND NOMENCLATURE
1.1.6 Steps to carry out when an electrical accident occurs
U > 1000V: (For example, the
victim is occurred near the
medium-high voltage wire of the
power grid):
 Immediately notify the power
sector so that they cut off the
relevant power supply.
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1.2 HAZARDS OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS

FLOW THROUGH A HUMAN BODY
1.2.1 Current-time characteristic
 The value and duration of current existence affecting the
dangerous situation of the human being electric shock are
shown through:
Relationship Imax and the time t for the heart to stop beating
Current Imax(mA) 10 60 90 110 160 250

Electric shock duration t(s) 30 10 3 2 1 0,4

1.2.1 Current-time characteristic
Zones
time/current
of effects of
AC current
on human
body when
passing
from left
hand to feet
AC-1 zone: Imperceptible AC-4-1 zone: Up to 5%probability of heart fi brillation

AC-2 zone: Perceptible AC-4-2 zone: Up to 50% probability of heart fi brillation
AC-3 zone : Reversible effects: muscular contraction AC-4-3 zone: More than 50% probability of heart
AC-4 zone: Possibility of irreversible effects fi brillation

1.2.2 Voltage-time characteristic
 The characteristic is the
relationship between the
UT touch voltage (V) and
the current time across the
person.
 The time allowed to pass
human is infinite if the UT
< 50V.
 Corresponding UT = 50V
→ time allowed by person
is 5s.
Safety curve
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1.2.3 The effects of electric current
Electrolytic
effect
Harmful
when
there is Biological
electric effects
Effects on current
heat

1.2.3 The effects of electric current
 Effects on heat: burns the body: blood vessels,
nerves, heart, brain ... → destroy
 Electrolytic effect: destroy of bodily fluids
(blood) → destroy of blood components and
tissues.
 Biological effects: causing convulsions of
muscles, especially myocardium, lungs →
stopping of respiratory and circulatory organs.
If electric current passes through the brain:
direct damage to the central nervous system.
The phenomenon of ventricular congestion makes
the heart not work properly and thus stops the blood
circulation, making people die after a short time.

1.2.4. Evaluate the effect of electric current on the human body
Ihuman Harm to human body
(mA) AC current (50-60 Hz) DC current
0,6 - 1,5 Starting to feel numb Imperceptible
2-3 Numbness increased sharply Imperceptible
5-7 The muscles started to contract Pain like a needle
8 - 10 Hands difficult to leave electrical objects Increasing heat
20 - 25 Hands do not leave electrified objects, The muscles started
beginning to have difficulty breathing to contract
50 – 80 Respiratory paralysis, the heart Hands do not leave electrified
began to beat violently objects, beginning to have
difficulty breathing
90 – 100 If duration more than 3 s, Respiratory paralysis
then the heart stops beating
Conclusion:
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1.3 FACTORS RELATED TO THE HAZARD OF

ELECTRIC CURRENTS PASSING A HUMAN
1.3.1 Amplitude of current passing through human (Ing)
 Ing is lager, risk
the victim, and I ng
the ability of Zng
serious injury or
death
1.3.2. Impedance of human (Zng)

 Zng is made up of the human body including the outer skin
and body components such as meat, blood, fat, bones,
fluids, etc.

Diagram of human impedance (Zng)
 Zskin >>> Zcomponents in body: Due to horny skin

 f = 50 – 60HZ : XC   => Zng  Rng
 Normal:
- Normal skin : Rng = 1k  several dozen k
- When skin is lost : Rng = 600 700

Rng depends on:
 Health situation
 Surroundings
 Moisture of local skin in
contact with electricity
 Duration of existence –
 Touch voltage
 Touch pressure
 ….
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Human resistance value according to contact status
Contact status Human resistance
Dry Weet
Finger touch 40kΩ÷1MΩ 4kΩ÷15kΩ
Hand touches wire 10kΩ÷50kΩ 3kΩ÷6kΩ
Hand holds pliers 5kΩ÷10kΩ 1kΩ÷3kΩ
The palm touches the wire 3kΩ÷8kΩ 1kΩ÷2kΩ
Hand holds drill 1kΩ÷3kΩ 0.5kΩ÷1.5kΩ
Wet hands - 200Ω÷500Ω
Wet feet - 100Ω÷300Ω
Visceral part does not include skin - 200Ω÷1000Ω

The dependence of Rng on Utx (IEC 479)
Utx (V) R ng()
thin skin & very moist normal moist skin dry skin
25 1750 3250 6100
50 1450 2625 4375
75 1250 2200 3500
100 1200 1875 3200
125 1125 1625 2875
220 1000 1350 2125
700 750 1100 1550
1000 V 700 1050 1500
Other values 650 750 850
5% population 50% population 45% population

1.3.3 The influence of the electric current
path through human body
 To assess the degree of danger, based

1.3
on the amount of current flowing 1.5
through the heart. 0.3
0.7
 The most dangerous case is the 0.7
electric current flowing from the
chest to the left hand, but it is less
likely.
 The most likely to happen is from
the right hand to one of the legs. 0.8
1
Amount of electric current
through the heart
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1.3.3 The influence of the electric current
path through human body
 This is the factor that affects the most
victim's danger because it decides the 1.3
amount of electric current flowing through 1.5
0.3
the victim's heart or circulatory organs. 0.7
0.7
 The path of Ing Ing pass through the heart
Hand - body - hand 3.3%
Right hand - body - foot 3.7%
Left hand - body - foot 6.7%
0.8
1
Foot- body - foot 0.4% Amount of electric current
through the heart

1.3.4 Effect of frequency
Graph I limits the danger according to f
At industrial electrical frequencies (50-60 (Hz)) the degree of

destruction of cells, especially those related to the heart and
respiration is very large, so the dangerous current limit is minimal.
Thus: Ing limited  10 mA.
1.4 PHENOMENON OF CURRENT

PLUNGE INTO GROUND
1.4.1 The cause occurs when Electrical equipment is exposed
Broken phase wire fell to to the shell due to failure to the
the ground insulation, and the cover of the
equipment is grounded through
the earth resistance Rđ.
Iñ
Rnñ
The fault current will flow between the ground touch position or
ground electrode, emitting into the surrounding earth to return
to the source, or pass through another ground electrode.
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1.4 PHENOMENON OF CURRENT

PLUNGE INTO GROUND
1.4.2. Voltage increase
Uñaátmax
 When x   (x  20m) => Vđ = 0 x Uñaátx x

Iñaát
 When x  0 => Vñmax  Iñ .Rnñ

 The distribution of the increase
in the soil potential around the
place Iđ x
Vx4 < Vx3 < Vx2 < Vx1 Equipotential
curve
x4 > x3 > x2 > x1
1.5 TOUCH VOLTAGE
 Utx is the voltage applied to the Overhead line

human body at two different
points (hand-foot, hand-hand, Touch
etc.) when the person in voltage
contact with the object
appears unexpected voltage
due to the insulating damage
of the elements related in
electrical circuit.
Utx = Vtay – Vchân
Utx = Vtay – Vtay
Go to the source station
Utx = Vchân – Vchân
1.6 STEP VOLTAGE

 The step voltage (Ub) is the voltage that falls between the legs
of a person when entering an area with electricity
Iñ
A B
Rñ
x a
Where: x: the distance from the current entering the ground to the feet of the person
a: footstep distance
 The voltage Ub = 0 in the following cases:
+ When x  20m
+ When the human stands two feet at two points of the same equipotential line
+ When a  0
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1.7 PERMISSIBLE VOLTAGE

 Ucp is the limit voltage level that when contact, human are
not in danger to lives.
 Ucp is used in design calculations to ensure limited safety.
 Ucp depends on national standards, objective conditions of
the environment and frequency of power system.
1.7 PERMISSIBLE VOLTAGE
According to the According to Dry environment Wet

standard frequency environment
Poland, Switzerland, AC Ucp = 50 V Ucp = 25 V
Czechoslovakia, DC Ucp = 120 V Ucp = 60 V
Germany, IEC
Netherlands, Sweden AC Ucp= 24 V Ucp =12 V
DC Ucp =50 V Ucp = 25V
Russia AC Ucp =50 V Ucp =25 V
DC Ucp = 80 V Ucp = 50 V
Vietnam AC Ucp = 50 V Ucp = 25 V
DC Ucp = 120 V Ucp = 60 V
In particularly dangerous places such as mines, frozen rooms,

swimming pools, bathrooms, dentists' rooms, et: Ucp = 6 V or 12 V
SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENTS
In this chapter, we have learnt:

 Safe use of electricity
 Grounding system
 Step voltage
 Nomenclatures
 ASSIGNMENT:
1. Explain the fundamental principle of TN Grounding

System.
2. Description the grounding systems: TT, IT, TN.
3. What is step voltage?
 Read: [1] - Chapter 1 (pp. 1-7).
11

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14-Apr-21

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

Lecturer: Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D.

CHAPTER 1: BASIC CONCEPTS

 Explaining the fundamental principles of electrical

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 1 3

1.1 INTRODUCTION, BASIC DEFINITIONS

1.1 INTRODUCTION, BASIC DEFINITIONS

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 1 5

1.1 INTRODUCTION, BASIC DEFINITIONS

A direct contact: refers to a

Causes: Due to carelessness,

1.1 INTRODUCTION, BASIC DEFINITIONS

1.1 INTRODUCTION, BASIC DEFINITIONS

According to the age: According to the contact:

1.1 INTRODUCTION, BASIC DEFINITIONS

Accident Effect of strong

1.1 INTRODUCTION, BASIC DEFINITIONS

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 1 10

1.1 INTRODUCTION, BASIC DEFINITIONS

1.1 INTRODUCTION, BASIC DEFINITIONS

1.2 HAZARDS OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS

Current Imax(mA) 10 60 90 110 160 250

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 1 13

1.2 HAZARDS OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS

AC-1 zone: Imperceptible AC-4-1 zone: Up to 5%probability of heart fi brillation

1.2 HAZARDS OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS

1.2 HAZARDS OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 1 16

1.2 HAZARDS OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS

1.2 HAZARDS OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 1 18

1.3 FACTORS RELATED TO THE HAZARD OF

1.3.2. Impedance of human (Zng)

1.3 FACTORS RELATED TO THE HAZARD OF

 Zskin >>> Zcomponents in body: Due to horny skin

1.3 FACTORS RELATED TO THE HAZARD OF

1.3 FACTORS RELATED TO THE HAZARD OF

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 1 22

1.3 FACTORS RELATED TO THE HAZARD OF

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 1 23

1.3 FACTORS RELATED TO THE HAZARD OF

 To assess the degree of danger, based

1.3 FACTORS RELATED TO THE HAZARD OF

1.3 FACTORS RELATED TO THE HAZARD OF

At industrial electrical frequencies (50-60 (Hz)) the degree of

1.4 PHENOMENON OF CURRENT

1.4 PHENOMENON OF CURRENT

 When x   (x  20m) => Vđ = 0 x Uñaátx x

 When x  0 => Vñmax  Iñ .Rnñ

1.5 TOUCH VOLTAGE

 Utx is the voltage applied to the Overhead line

1.6 STEP VOLTAGE

1.7 PERMISSIBLE VOLTAGE

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 1 31

1.7 PERMISSIBLE VOLTAGE

According to the According to Dry environment Wet

In particularly dangerous places such as mines, frozen rooms,

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 1 32

SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENTS

In this chapter, we have learnt:

1. Explain the fundamental principle of TN Grounding

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401060-Chapter 1 33