11-Dec-17

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

401067
ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENT
PROCESS
CHAPTER 1: DEFINITIONS AND COMPONENTS OF
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D.

CHAPTER 1: DEFINITIONS AND

COMPONENTS OF SHORT CIRCUIT

1.1 Basic concepts and definitions

1.2 Causes and effects

1.3 Time behavior of the short circuit current

1.4 Classification of short circuit types

1.5 Methods of short circuit calculation

1.6 Calculating with reference variables

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 2

OBJECTIVES

 Understand about concepts, causes and

effects
 Distinguish the types of short circuit
 Know methods of short circuit calculation

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 3

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1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

1.1.1 CONCEPTS:

WHAT IS
SHORTCIRCUIT

?
Short circuit is the phenomenon that phases
contact to each other or phases contact to ground.
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 4

1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

1.1.2 DEFINITIONS:
 Voltage:
 E : Internal voltage of voltage source

 E”: Subtransient voltage of synchronous generator.

 Current:
 Ia : cut-off current.

 Ian: Starting current.

 Ib : Operating/burden current.

 Ik : Steady state short circuit current.

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 5

1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

1.1.2 DEFINITIONS:
 Current:
 I”k : Initial symmetrical short circuit current.

 I”k1 : Single-phase short circuit current.

 I”k2 : Two-phase short circuit current.

 I”k3 : Three-phase short circuit current.

 I”k2E: Two-phase short circuit with contact to ground.

 Ir : Rated current.
 Icu : Rated short circuit breaking current.

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 6

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1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

1.1.2 DEFINITIONS:
 Power:
 P : Active power

 Q : Reactive power

 S : Apparent power.

 S”k: Initial symmetrical short circuit power.

 Impedance:
 Zk : Short circuit impedance of network.

 x”d: Subtransient reactance of generator

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 7

1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

1.1.2 DEFINITIONS:
 Impedance:
 x’d : Transient reactance of generator.

 Z1 : Positive sequence system impedance (PSS).

 Z2 : Negative sequence system impedance (NSS)

 Z0 : Zero sequence system impedance (ZSS).

 L : Inductance.

 C : Capacitor.

 R : Resistance.

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 8

1.2 CAUSES AND EFFECTS

1.2.1 CAUSES:
 Damaged insulation.

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 9

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1.2 CAUSES AND EFFECTS

1.2.1 CAUSES:
 Human or animal carelessness.

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 10

1.2 CAUSES AND EFFECTS

1.2.1 CAUSES:
 Natural disasters:

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 11

1.2 CAUSES AND EFFECTS

1.2.1 CAUSES:
 Internal overvoltage in on-off control action, too old for
insulation.
 Mistake for operating, not observe equipments, ….

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 12

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1.2 CAUSES AND EFFECTS

1.2.2 EFFECTS:
 Interruption of power supply.
 Destruction of system components.
 The short circuit current is very high.
 Development of unacceptable mechanical and
thermal stresses in electrical operation equipment.
 Voltage drop makes pausing motor.
 Effect on information lines.
 Destabilization of power system.

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 13

1.2 CAUSES AND EFFECTS

How to overcome short circuit?

 Using the suitable connection diagram.
 Selecting devices such that it stand high current in
short time.
 Using device where limited short circuit current
such as resistor, electric impedance…
 Using automatic devices which eliminating fault
equipments.

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 14

1.2 CAUSES AND EFFECTS

Why do we calculate short circuit?

 To select electric equipments and wire/cable.

 To check dynamic stability and heat stability.

 To chose earth/wire connection diagram

 To calculate and modify the relay system.

 To select devices that limited short circuit current

 …..
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 15

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1.3 TIME BEHAVIOR OF THE SHORT

CIRCUIT CURRENT

 Example: Three poles short circuit

Equivalent circuit of the short circuit

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 16

1.3 TIME BEHAVIOR OF THE SHORT

CIRCUIT CURRENT
 Short circuit current components
+ Forced current (due to source voltage)
=> Sinusoidal form => periodic => ipe
+ Free DC current (aperiodic) => iape
Ip
Iape.0
iape

Ipe.m

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 17

1.3 TIME BEHAVIOR OF THE SHORT

CIRCUIT CURRENT
 Short circuit current components

=> Maximum current value of short circuit at subtransient

period (around ½ cycle after fault). Highest value of this
current is peak current (ip)
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 18

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1.3 TIME BEHAVIOR OF THE SHORT

CIRCUIT CURRENT
 Short circuit current components
IF: far from generator short circuit:
I’’k: Initial symmetrical short
circuit current.
ip: Peak short circuit current.

iDC: Decaying DC aperiodic component.

A: Initial value of DC aperiodic component.
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 19

1.3 TIME BEHAVIOR OF THE SHORT

CIRCUIT CURRENT
 Short circuit current components
IF: near to generator short circuit:

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 20

1.3 TIME BEHAVIOR OF THE SHORT

CIRCUIT CURRENT
 Peak short circuit current

Xk/Rk ≤1 2 3 4 5 8 10 15 20 30 40 50
kp 1,03 1,2 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,8 1,9 1,91 1,93 1,93 1,93 1,94

k p  1  2 : peak factor, normally:

X
Ta  : attenuation time factor
R

=> Peak current is to check durability/stability of devices.

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 21

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1.3 TIME BEHAVIOR OF THE SHORT

CIRCUIT CURRENT
 Short circuit power

 Shows short circuit level and depends on total

network impedance variation.
 If impedance total is small, then short circuit power
and heavy level are high.
 Shows cut power of circuit breaker:
Scut.r > S//k

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 22

1.3 TIME BEHAVIOR OF THE SHORT

CIRCUIT CURRENT
 Generator
IN

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 23

1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF SHORT

CIRCUIT TYPES
1.4.1 Three phase short circuit:
VRS R
VRT
I”k3 Accounted probability
S
VST
I”k3 is 5%
T

1.4.2 Double-phase short-circuit without

contact to earth :
VRS R
VRT I”k2 Accounted probability
S
VST
I”k2 is 10%
T

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 24

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1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF SHORT

CIRCUIT TYPES
1.4.3 Double-phase short-circuit with earth
VRS R
Accounted probability VRT I”k2E S
VST
is 20% I”k2E
T

Ground
1.4.4 Single phase short circuit between
line to ground R
VRS
Accounted probability VRT
S
VST
is 65% I”k1
T
Ground

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 25

1.5 METHODS OF SHORT

CIRCUIT CALCULATION

1.5.1 Equivalent voltage source:

 The equivalent voltage source depend on voltage of
the generator and network inputs for the calculation
of short circuit currents.

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 26

1.5 METHODS OF SHORT

CIRCUIT CALCULATION

1.5.2 Superposition method:

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 27

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1.6 CACULATING WITH

REFERENCE VARIABLES

 The Ohm system with units: kV, kA, V, MVA…

 The pu (per unit) system: pu

EX: Reactance of a synchronous machine xd,

x’d, x”d are given in pu or in %pu, multiplied
by 100%.

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 28

SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENTS

 In this chapter, we have learnt:

- Know to deferent short circuits
- Know concepts, causes and effects
- Know methods of short circuit calculation
 ASSIGNMENTS:
 Refer : [1]: 47-73; [2]: 45-64 ; [3]: 29-52
 Question next slide

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 29

QUESTIONS

1/ What is the short circuit?

2/ How many types of short circuit in the system?
3/ Can you give some examples of short circuit which
you knew?

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067-Chapter 1 30

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