11-Dec-17

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

401067
ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENT
PROCESS
CHAPTER 2: IMPEDANCES OF OPERATIONAL
EQUIPMENT AND ESTABLISMENT OF
SHORT CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D.

CHAPTER 2: IMPEDANCES AND

SHORT CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
2.1 System impedance
2.2 Synchronous machine
2.3 Transformer
2.4 Cables and overhead lines
2.5 Asynchronous machine
2.6 Loads
2.7 Equivalent transformations
2.8 Adequation transformation
2.9 Transformation methods in Ohm system
2.10 Transformation methods in per-unit system
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 2

OBJECTIVES

 Understand impedance of components in

the system network.
 Know methods of transformation.

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 3

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2.1 SYSTEM IMPEDANCE

 Many voltage levels in power system. But there is only one
voltage level in equivalent diagram. That is base voltage level.
 Select any base voltage Ubs and Sbs => Find Ibs ; Zbs
named value
relative value 
basic value
Named unit Relative unit

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 4

2.1 SYSTEM IMPEDANCE

Esys Rsys Xsys

system
Case 1: Given S.sys ; x/k.sys

Where:
S.sys : total system power
x/k.sys : transient reactance
of system
Xsys: reactance of system.
X*sys: relative reactance of
system.
Ubs: base voltage
Sbs: base apparent power

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 5

2.1 SYSTEM IMPEDANCE

Case 2: Given S//k.sys

Case 3: Given I//k3

Where:
S//k.sys : initial symmetrical short circuit power
I//k3 : initial symmetrical short circuit current
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 6

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2.2 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE (Generator)

E XXr.G
F

Case 1:Given Sr.G ; X//d%

Case 2: Given SrG ; X/d%

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 7

2.3 TRANSFORMER

2.3.1 Transformer with two winding

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 8

2.3 TRANSFORMER

2.3.1 Transformer with two winding

Where:
RT: Equivalent resistance of transformer
XT: Inductive reactance of transformer
SrT: Rated apparent power
ZT: Transformer impedance
ukrT: Rated value for short circuit voltage in %
PkrT: Transformer winding losses

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 9

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2.3 TRANSFORMER

2.3.2 Transformer with three winding

L
L XLT

H
XXCH

XXHM
H M
M

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 10

2.3 TRANSFORMER

2.3.2 Transformer with three winding

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 11

2.3 TRANSFORMER

Note: Autotransformer
T
cao
H trung
M Autotransformer gain:

haï
L

XX
MT

XXHC

XLH
X

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 12

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2.3 TRANSFORMER

Note: Autotransformer XXMT

T
H
cao M
trung X
XC
H

XXHL

L
haï

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 13

2.4 CABLES & OVERHEAD LINES

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 14

2.4 CABLES & OVERHEAD LINES

Where:
R’L: Resistance per length
X’L: Reactance per length
Z’L: Impedance per length
UL: Rated voltage of line
l: Length of line

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 15

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2.5 ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINE (Motor)

Case 1: Given SrM ; X//d%

Case 2: Given SrM ; x/d%

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 16

2.5 ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINE (Motor)

Where:
PrM: Rated active power
SrM: Rated apparent power
rM: Motor efficiency
rM: Phase angle at rated power
XM: Impedance of motor
X*M: Relative impedance of motor
x//d: Subtransient reactance of motor
x/d: Transient reactance of motor

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 17

2.6 LOADS

I ZL = RL + jXL
SL = PL + jQL EL

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 18

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2.6 LOADS

Electromotive force (EMF)

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 19

Notes
 Limiting reactor:

LR jXLR
Given UrLR ; XLR% ; IrLR

 Generator: Given X*//d . Find X//d ?

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 20

2.7 EQUIVALENT TRANSFORMATIONS

Delta - star conversion:

1
X1 X12 X13
<=>
X2
2 3
2 X3 3 X23
Star Delta

Delta Star

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 21

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2.8 ADEQUATION TRANSFORMATION

Parallel branches conversion:

E1 E2 En

X2
X1 Xn

XNsc
X

- Equivalent EMF:

- Equivalent conductance:

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 22

2.8 ADEQUATION TRANSFORMATION

Ex1: Merger of branch sources: E2

E1 E2 E1 E2

E8 X2
X8 X3 X4
X1 X2 X1 X2
X3 X4 X3 X4
X6 X7
X6 <=> X6 X6 X7
<=>
X5 X7

E10 E6 = 0
E2 E 5 = 0 E6 = 0
EEeqñtr== E10
10

X2 X10
E9 X 9 X4
<=> <=>
<=> XX
X7 X7 
sc.

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 23

2.9 TRANSFORMATION METHODS

IN OHM SYSTEM

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 24

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2.10 TRANSFORMATION METHODS

IN PER-UNIT SYSTEM

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 25

NOTES
1/ Nguồn song song với tải
E1 Y1

Eeq
E ñtr Yeq
ñtr

<=>
Ypt
Y L

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 26

NOTES

2/ Tính chất đối xứng của sơ đồ

110kV
N1
N1 22kV
XC /2 XT3

T1 N2 T3 N2

T2 XT /2
XH /2 XF

N3
F1 F2 F3 XF /2

Hinh a Hinh b

=> Khi NM tại N1 và N2 thì sơ đồ đối xứng => biến thành hình b
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 27

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NOTES

2/ Tính chất đối xứng của sơ đồ

110kV

N1 22kV
XC XC XT3

T1 N2 T3
T2 XH
XT XT
XH XF

N3
N3
F1 F2 F3 XF XF

Hinh a
Hinh c

=> Khi NM tại N3 thì sơ đồ không đối xứng => biến thành hình c
Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 28

NOTES

2/ Tính chất đối xứng của sơ đồ

110kV 10,5kV

F1
115kV
T1
ÑD
KÑ

HT N
F2

T2
SƠ ĐỒ TRÊN CÓ TÍNH CHẤT ĐỐI XỨNG KHÔNG ? WHY ?

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 29

NOTES

3/ Sử dụng hệ số phân bố dòng

R1 R2
I1 I2
I

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 30

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SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENTS

 In this chapter, we have learnt:

 How to set up impedance of components in the
system network.
 Know to methods of transformation.
 ASSIGNMENTS:
 Refer : [1]: 81-89; [2]: 67-94 ; [3]: 136-149
 Do homework: [1] Ex1 & Ex2, page from 153 to
155

Nguyen Cong Trang, Ph.D. 401067- Chapter 2 31

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