Review of Basic Concepts

03 ME 6021 Compressible and Incompressible Flows
Compressible and
Incompressible Flows
Review of Basic Concepts
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

2
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
Study of fluids either in motion (fluid dynamics) or at rest

(fluid statics).
Subsequent effects of the fluid upon the boundaries,

which may be either solid surfaces or interfaces with
other fluids.
Gases and liquids are classified as fluids.

2
3

4
Concept of a Fluid
States of Matter – Fluid & Solid


 we interact with them (e.g., when you stir
Fluids tend to flow when
 your morning coffee)

 you type on a keyboard,
solids tend to deform or bend (e.g., when
the springs under the keys compress)
Technical distinction between a solid and a fluid


A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under the

application of a shear (tangential) stress no matter how
 small the shear stress may be.


A solid deforms when a shear stress is applied, but its deformation
does not continue to increase with time.

5
3

Concept of a Fluid
SOLID FLUID

Fluid continues to deform (or move) under the application of a
shear force.

Fluid at rest cannot sustain a shear stress.

Concept of a Fluid
In fluid, the molecules can move freely but are constrained through a
traction force called cohesion.
For liquids, it is stronger which is sufficient enough to hold the

molecule together and can withstand high compression, which is
suitable for application as hydraulic fluid such as oil.
The combination of cohesion forces between adjacent molecules

from a tensioned membrane known as free surface.

Concept of a Fluid
For gases, it is very weak which enables the gas to disintegrate

and move away from its container.


10
Fluid as a continuum
Fluid's properties such as density, or conditions such as

pressure and temperature, we do not imply such
properties or conditions of individual molecules, but
those of “fluid” as a whole.
In other words, we refer to the average or macroscopic

aggregate effects of the fluid molecules, reflected in
pressure, temperature, density, etc. Such an approach to
treating a fluid is called continuum based approach. In
other words, fluid is treated as continuum.

11
The density ρ of a fluid is best defined as
Density is essentially a point function and fluid

properties can be thought of as varying continually in
space. Such a fluid is called a continuum

12
The fluid behaviour in which its properties are continuous

field variables, either scalar or vector, throughout the
control volume is known as continuum.
As a consequence of the continuum assumption, each fluid

property is assumed to have a definite value at every point in
space. Thus fluid properties such as density, temperature,
velocity, and so on, are considered to be continuous functions
of position and time
Thus the complete representation of density (the field

representation) is given by p = p(x, y, z, t)

13
The continuum approach can be applied only when the

mean free path of the fluid is smaller than the physical
characteristic length of the system under consideration,
say, the diameter of the tube in which the gas flows, or
size of a container in which gas is stored.

14
10-08-2012 Dept. Mech.ENgg. CE Adoor 10

15
The continuum approach is usually not valid when the

gas pressure is very small (few milli-torr like in a
vacuum), or the aperture size is small (like in an orifice)
A nondimensional number utilized to judge whether

continuum model is valid or not. It is defined as the ratio
of mean free path of the molecule (λ) to the
characteristic length of the flow field (Lc).
Knudsen number, Kn = λ /Lc
If Kn ≥ 0.1, continuum assumption of fluid mechanics is
no longer a good approximation and statistical methods
are used.

16
Viscosity & its effects
Newton's law of viscosity
– Shear stress,
– Shear force,
– μ –dynamic or absolute viscosity

2
• SI system of units: kg/m.s or N.s/m or Pa.s
1 Poise = 0.1 Pa.S

17
• The rate of deformation (velocity gradient) of a Newtonian fluid is

proportional to shear stress, and the constant of proportionality is the
viscosity

18
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Fluids in which shear stress is not directly proportional to
deformation rate are non-Newtonian.
Two familiar examples are toothpaste and paint.
Non-Newtonian fluids commonly are classified as having
time-independent or time-dependent behavior.
May be adequately represented by the power law
n
model, τ = k (du/dy)
n- flow behavior index and the
coefficient, k – consistency index.
19
Apparent Viscosity
Power law model made similar to Newton model
n n-1
τ = k |(du/dy) | = k |(du/dy) | du/dy
τ = η du/dy
n-1
η = k |(du/dy) | is referred to as the apparent viscosity.
The big difference is that while μ is constant (except

for temperature effects), η depends on the shear rate.
20
Non-Newtonian Fluids ( Time independent)
Pseudoplastic (or shear thinning) fluids, (n < 1)
η decreases with increasing shear rate
Examples include blood, latex paint, polymer solutions, colloidal
suspensions, and paper pulp in water.
Dilatant (or shear thickening) fluids,(n > 1)

η increases with increasing shear rate.
Mixture of cornstarch and water, Sand that is completely
soaked with water, wet concrete are examples of dilatant fluids.
Bingham plastic.
A "fluid" that behaves as a solid until a minimum yield stress.
Exhibits a linear relation between stress and rate
of deformation
Clay suspensions, and toothpaste are examples

21
• Variation of shear stress with the rate of deformation for

Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids (the slope of a
curve at a point is the apparent viscosity of the fluid at
that point).

22

Non-Newtonian Fluids ( Time dependent)
Thixotropic fluids
  
Show a decrease in η with time under a constant applied shear stress
 
many paints are Thixotropic, ice-cream
Rheopectic fluids

Show an increase in η with time.
• coal-water slurries and protein solutions, gypsum
pastes and printers inks..
Viscoelastic fluids

  to their original shape when the applied
Fluids partially return
stress is released.
 
Soap solutions, gels, synovial fluid, emulsions, foams etc.

23
Causes of Viscosity
The causes of viscosity in a fluid are possibly attributed to two factors:
Intermolecular force of cohesion
molecular momentum exchange
Due to strong cohesive forces between the molecules, any layer in a
moving fluid tries to drag the adjacent layer to move with an equal speed.
Momentum exchange due to migration of molecules causes forces of

acceleration or deceleration to drag the layers so as to oppose the
differences in velocity between the layers and produce the effect of
viscosity.

24

For liquids, molecular motion is less significant than the forces of cohesion, thus
viscosity of liquids decrease with increase in temperature.
• For gases, molecular motion is more significant than the cohesive forces,
thus viscosity of gases increase with increase in temperature.

25
Kinematic Viscosity, ν = μ / ρ
2
– SI system of units: m /s.
2 –
– Popularly used unit is stoke (cm /s) = 10
4 2
m /s
–6 2
– 1 Centi stoke = 10 m /s
Kinematic viscosity represents momentum diffusivity

τ = μ (du/dy) = (μ/ρ) d (ρu)/dy) = ν d (ρu)/dy)
d (ρu)/dy) is momentum flux in y direction

26

• No-slip Condition of Viscous Fluids
• The relative velocity between the solid surface and
the adjacent fluid particles is zero whenever a viscous
fluid flows over a solid surface.
• This behavior of no-slip at the solid surface is not

same as the wetting of surfaces by the fluids. For
example, mercury flowing in a stationary glass tube
will not wet the surface, but will have zero velocity at
the wall of the tube.
• The wetting property results from surface tension,

whereas the no-slip condition is a consequence of
fluid viscosity.
27
Ideal Fluid
– Hypothetical fluid with zero viscosity

– Resulting motion is called as ideal or inviscid flow
– In an ideal flow, there is no existence of shear force because of
vanishing viscosity.
Real Fluid
• All the fluids in reality have viscosity (μ > 0) and hence

they are termed as real fluid and their motion is known as
viscous flow.

28
Fluid properties
Density (ρ)
– The density ρ of a fluid is its mass per unit volume . If a
fluid element enclosing a point P has a volume δV and
mass δm, in a medium where continuum model is valid
one can write
-9 3
– The limiting volume δV * is about 10 mm for all liquids
and for gases at atmospheric pressure.
– The density for air at standard atmospheric conditions,

that is, at a pressure of 101.3 kPa and a temperature of
3
15°C, is 1.23 kg/m For water, the nominal value of
3
density is 1000 kg/m
29
Fluid properties
Specific Volume (v)
– The specific volume of a fluid is the volume occupied by unit
mass of fluid.
Thus, v = 1/ρ
3
– unit is m /kg

30
Fluid properties
Specific Weight (γ)

– weight of the fluid per unit volume
– Arising from the existence of a gravitational force
– The relationship  and g can be found using
the following:
– since = m/
– specific weight,  = g
3
– Units: N/m
– Typical values:
3 3
• Water = 9814 N/m ; Air = 12.07 N/m

31
Fluid properties
Specific Gravity (s)
– The specific gravity is often used to determine the specific weight

or density of a fluid.
– It is defined as the ratio of the density of a fluid to the density of a

standard fluid.
– It is also defined as ratio of the specific weight of a fluid to the

specific weight of a standard fluid.
– Reference fluids
• For liquids, water at a reference temperature of 4°C

• For gases, air at atmospheric conditons
Specific gravity of mercury is 13.6

32
Fluid Properties
Vapor pressure
A liquid at any temperature will have some molecules with more kinetic
energy
The molecules with higher kinetic energy will be able to escape the
intermolecular attractive forces in the liquid and enter the gas phase Some of
the molecules that vaporize into the gas phase will re-enter the liquid phase
At equilibrium, the number of molecules vaporizing into the gas phase is

balanced by an equal number of molecules re-entering the liquid phase The
pressure resulting from molecules in the gaseous state is the vapor pressure.

33
Fluid Properties
Vapor pressure

A transition from the liquid state to the gaseous state
(boiling ) occurs if the local absolute pressure is less than
the vapor pressure of the liquid.

In liquid flows, conditions can be created that lead to a
pressure below the vapor pressure of the liquid. When
this happens, bubbles are formed locally. This
phenomenon, called cavitation, can be very damaging
when these bubbles are transported by the flow to higher-
pressure regions.

34
.
Surface tension & its effects

There is no resultant cohesive force on the molecule P in
any direction.

Molecule Q experiences a net inward pull, which
depends upon relative number of the molecules
between the lower and the upper halves of its sphere
of influence.

The inward pull is maximum on the molecules, such as
the molecule R laying on the surface.

Whenever it is required to move a molecule from
the interior of the liquid to the surface, an amount of
work has to be done on it against the inward force of
attraction.

35
surface tension is that property of a liquid by virtue of which, it

behaves like an elastic stretched membrane under tension, so as to
occupy a minimum surface area.
The pulling force that causes this tension acts parallel to the surface
and is due to the attractive forces between the molecules of the liquid.
The magnitude of this force per unit length is called surface tension
(or coefficient of surface tension) and is usually expressed in the unit
N/m.
2
• Surface tension may also be defined as the work in Nm/m or
N/m required to create unit surface of the liquid

36
• Phenomena due to surface tension
• Rain drops and a globule of mercury placed on glass plate are

spherical.
• Hair of shaving brush/painting brush, when dipped in water spread

out, but as soon as it is taken out. Its hair stick together.
• A greased needle placed gently on the free surface of water in a

beaker does not sink.
• Similarly, insects can walk on the free surface of water without

drowning.

37
Forces in Fluids
Two types of forces exist on fluid elements

– Body Force: distributed over the entire mass or
volume of the element. It is usually expressed per
unit mass of the element or medium upon which
the forces act. Example: Gravitational Force,
Electromagnetic force field etc. Body forces act on
each volumetric portion dV of the CV.

38
Surface Force: Forces exerted on the fluid

element by its surroundings through direct
contact at the surface.
Surface force has two components:
– Normal Force: along the normal to the area
– Shear Force: along the plane of the area.

39
Fundamental Equation of Fluid Statics
-∇ p + ρg =0
Pressure force/vol. + Body force / vol. =0
Components of above vector equation

-∂p/∂x + ρgx = 0
-∂p/∂y + ρgy = 0
-∂p/∂z + ρgz = 0

03 ME 6021 Compressible and Incompressible Flow
40
Fundamental Equation of Fluid Statics
• If the coordinate system is chosen with the z axis
directed vertically upward,
gx = 0, gy = 0, and gz =g.
∂p/∂x = 0, ∂p/∂y = 0, ∂p/∂z = - ρg
dp/dz = - ρg = -γ
• To determine the pressure distribution in a static

fluid, above may be integrated and appropriate
boundary conditions applied.

Buoyancy 41
• Buoyant force- The lift generated on a body

which is either wholly or partially immersed in
a fluid due to the net vertical component of
hydrostatic pressure forces experienced by the
body.
• Buoyancy- Phenomenon

42

Stability of Unconstrained Submerged Bodies in Fluid 43
• Equilibrium of submerged bodies in a liquid

requires that the weight of the body acting
through its centre of gravity should be collinear
with an equal hydrostatic lift acting through the
centre of buoyancy.
• In general, if the body is not homogeneous in its

distribution of mass over the entire volume, the
location of centre of gravity G does not coincide
with the centre of volume, i.e., the centre of
buoyancy B.

Stability of Unconstrained Submerged Bodies in Fluid 44
• Depending upon the relative locations of G and B, a

floating or submerged body attains three different states
of equilibrium-

Stable Equilibrium

Unstable Equilibrium

Neutral Equilibrium

Stable Equilibrium 45
If centre of gravity is located below the centre of buoyancy.

If the body is tilted slightly in any direction, the buoyant
force and the weight always produce a restoring couple
trying to return the body to its original position.
If point G is above point B, any disturbance from the

equilibrium position will create a destroying couple which
will turn the body away from its original position

When the centre of gravity G and centre of buoyancy B

coincides, the body will always assume the same position
in which it is placed and hence it is in neutral equilibrium

Stability of Floating Bodies in Fluid 48
For small values of θ the point M is practically

constant in position and is known as metacentre

• For a floating body, the stability is by the relative position

of M and G.
• The distance of metacentre above G along the line BG is
known as metacentric height GM
• Hence the condition of stable equilibrium for a floating

body can be expressed in terms of metacentric height as
follows:
GM > 0 (M is above G) Stable equilibrium

•
GM = 0 (M coinciding with G) Neutral equilibrium
•
GM < 0 (M is below G) Unstable equilibrium


Description of Fluid Motion- Lagrangian Method 51
• the fluid motion is described by tracing the kinematic

behaviour of each particle constituting the flow.
• Identities of the particles are made by specifying their

initial position (spatial location) at a given time
• The position of a particle at any other instant of time then

becomes a function of its identity and time.

Description of Fluid Motion-Lagrangian Method 52
• scalar components with respect to a rectangular

cartesian frame of coordinates.
x = x(x0, y0, z0, t)

y = y(x0, y0, z0, t)
z= z(x0, y0, z0, t)

• Velocity of a particle
• In terms of scalar components

54

• Acceleration of a particle
• In terms of scalar components

56

Description of Fluid Motion-Eulerian Method 57
• It avoids the determination of the movement of each

individual fluid particle in all details
• In Eulerian view, all hydrodynamic parameters are

functions of space and time.
• Mathematical representation of the velocity field
where

58

Description of Fluid Motion-Eulerian Method 59
u = u(x, y, z, t)
v = v(x, y, z, t)
w =w(x, y, z, t)
• Acceleration field
a = a(x,y,z,t)
• Pressure field
P = P(x, y, z, t)

60

CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS 61
• Steady Flow
Hydrodynamic parameters and fluid properties at any
point do not change with time.
Using Eulerian approach, steady flow conditions
• Unsteady Flow
Hydrodynamic parameters and fluid properties changes
with time.

62

CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS 63
• Uniform Flow
Hydrodynamic parameters and fluid properties at any
point do not change with space.
Using Eulerian approach, steady flow conditions
• Unsteady Flow
Hydrodynamic parameters and fluid properties changes
with space.

64
In Lagrangian approach, a material of the fluid is identified, tracked (or followed) it as it moves, and monitored the change in its
properties. The properties may be velocity, temperature, density, mass, or concentration, etc in the flow field. The time change of
the temperature in such a measurement is denoted as which called material derivative or substantial derivative. Thus the material
derivative is a Lagrangian derivative and is denoted as
In the Eulerian approach, a certain fixed location in the flow field is identified and followed the change in its property, as different
materials pass through that location. In such case, the following property is recorded by the sensor. The time- change of the
property in such a measurement is the partial derivative of the property with respect to time. This is also called the local rate of
change of that property in the flow field. Thus the local derivative is an Eulerian derivative and is denoted as
By expressing the material derivative in terms of Eulerian quantities we will be able to apply the conservation laws in the Eulerian
reference frame.

65

66
Thus the Lagrangian derivative contains an extra term besides the Eulerian derivative. The first term on the right hand side is
called the local acceleration or the unsteady acceleration (Eulerian acceleration). The last three terms make up the convective
acceleration, which is defined as the acceleration due to convection or movement of the fluid particle to a different part of the flow
field. That is, the Lagrangian derivative is expressed by the Eulerian derivative as

67
 In vector form, Components of Acceleration in Cylindrical Polar Coordinate System ( r, , z )

68
Fig : Velocity Components in a cylindrical Polar Coordinate System
 In a cylindrical polar coordinate system , the components of acceleration in r, θ and z directions can be written as
Explanation of the additional terms appearing in the above equation:
1. The term appears due to an inward radial acceleration arising from a change in the direction of Vθ (velocity
component in the azimuthal direction) with θ. This is known as centripetal acceleration.
2. The term VrVθ/r represents a component of acceleration in azimuthal direction caused by a change in the direction Vr of
with θ
Flow visualization - Flow lines

 Most fluids (air, water, etc.) are transparent, thus their flow patterns are invisible to us. Flow visualization is used to make 69
flow patterns visible so that we can visually acquire qualitative and quantitative flow information.
 To understand the fluid flow effectively we have to visualize it graphically. Timelines, Pathlines, Streaklines and
Streamlines provide a vivid visualization of a fluid flow.
 These lines are obtained for the actual flow by marking the fluid particles by dye or smoke and then tracing the path of these
marked particles as they flow. These flow lines are also defined and obtained mathematically by integrating the velocity
field or the vector field for space or time or both with appropriate limits.
Streamlines
 Streamlines are the Geometrical representation of the of the flow velocity.
 A streamline at any instant can be defined as an imaginary curve or line in the flow field so that
the tangent to the curve at any point represents the direction of the instantaneous velocity at that point.
 In an unsteady flow where the velocity vector changes with time, the pattern of streamlines also
changes from instant to instant.
 In a steady flow, the orientation or the pattern of streamlines will be fixed.
 There can be no flow across the streamlines as they are tangent to the velocity at every point in
the flow.
 Streamlines are obtained mathematically by integration of the velocity field for space parameter
over the region of flow field under consideration. 70

71

72
Hidden in the definition of streamline is the fact that there cannot be a flow across it; i.e. there is no flow normal to it. Sometimes,
as shown in Fig. above we pull out a bundle of streamlines from inside of a general flow for analysis. Such a bundle is called
stream tube and is very useful in analyzing flows. If one aligns a coordinate along the stream tube then the flow through it is one-
dimensional.

73
Pathlines
As its name says a pathline is the path traced by any fluid particle in the flow. To visualize pathline for any fluid particle it is
marked with a dye and then observed as it moves. To record the pathline a photograph with prolonged exposure can be taken or one
a move of it for analysis. This can help in tracking any particle of interest in the flow.

74
Streaklines
Streakline is the locus of the positions of the fluid particles, at a particular instant, which have passed through a same fixed point.
To obtain a streakline for any given point all the fluid particles passing through that point are marked with a dye or smoke. At any
particular instant, after we have started marking fluid particles, these fluid particles can be identified in the flow and the line joining
them will be the streakline passing through the given point.

75
Timelines
Visualization using timelines is started by marking adjacent fluid particles with a dye. Fluid particles are marked in any desired
shape or curve at the starting instant called as timeline. Then this timeline is observed in the subsequent motion of the fluid

particles in the fluid flow. The changes in the shape timeline as time pass can provide useful information about the variations in the
properties of the fluid as time pass. 76
Deformation of a fluid element

Consider a two-dimensional fluid element, a square ABCD for simplicity. when the fluid flows this element is subject to various
forces and as a result undergoes a complex motion and a possible deformation as indicated in figure shown below and assumes a
shape like A`B`C`D`. It appears that the complex deformation of the element can be split into four basic constituents -
1. Translation
2. Linear Deformation
3. Rotation
4. Angular Deformation

Translation
Translation is the type of motion where the element retains its shape. Its side does not undergo any change in length and the four 77
angles do remain square. The translation considers mainly the velocity and acceleration along the trajectory of fluid element in
linear motion
 For the fluid element moving along the trajectory r(t), the velocity is simply given by v =dr/dt = (u,v,w). As the description
is basically Lagrangian, the acceleration a is given by
Dv v v v v
a  u v  w
Dt t x y z
which, for steady flows, reduces to
Dv v v v
a u v w
Linear Deformation (Linear Strain) Dt x y z
 Deformation: change of shape of fluid element
 For better understanding, we illustrate here in two-dimensions. The results then can be easily extended to 3-dimensions.
Consider the rectangular fluid element at the initial time instant given in the following picture
 The initial distance between points A and B is ∆x and between A and C is ∆y. After a short time of ∆t, the distances then
become ∆x+∆Lx and ∆y+∆Ly due to different velocities at B and C from A


A u( x) ; B u( x)+ u  x
x 78
A v(y) ; C v( y)+  y v
y
 L x u
L x=(u B–u A)t= u xt  = x
x t x
L y u
L y=(v C–v A)t= v yt  = y
y t y
 The linear strain rate in x and y directions are then given by
L y v
Lx u  yy 
 xx  lim  lim yt  y
 Similarly, for 3-D flows we have in the z-direction, t0
xt x
t0
Lz w
 zz  lim zt 
z
Dilation
 Volumetric expansion & contraction
t0
 The fluid dilation is defined as the change of volume per unit volume. We are more interested in the rate of dilation that
determines the compressibility of fluids. For 2-D flows,
V  xy 1 ; V  (x  L )(y  L )  xy

x y
u v
(x  xt )( y  yt )  xy
1 V 1 x y
 Then, the rate of dilatation becomes, 
V t xy t
V Axy u v
lim  lim     v
Δt0 Vt Δt0 Axy t x y For 2-D flows
It is easy to generalize this dilation rate for 3-D flows and to reach

u v w
 For incompressible flow, the rate of dilation is zero,  v    79
x y z
v 0
Angular Deformation ( Shear Strain)
 Now consider the deformation between A and B caused by the change in velocity v, and the deformation between A and C
by change in u

A v (x ) , B v (x )+ v x ;  = v x t
x
Δη v x Δ u
Δα  tan(Δα)   Δt Δ  tan(Δ )   Δt
 Δx x Δy y
A u (y ) , C u (y )+ u y ; = u y t

y y
 For    , the counter clockwise rotation of AB is equal to clockwise rotation of AC; therefore, the fluid element is in
pure angular strain without net rotation and the angular strain is equal to either or . However, if  ≠  , the
strain then is equal to (   ) / 2
The rate of angular strain is then given by

 xy   yx  lim 1t ( 2 COLLEGE
) 1 v u
 (  )
t0 2 OF y
x ENGINEERING ADOOR
80
 Similarly, we can extend to other planes y-z and z-x to obtain:
1 w v 1 u w
 yz   zy  (  ) zx  xz  (  )
2 y z 2 z x
Thus Shear Strain Rate at a point is defined as half of the rate of decrease of the angle between two initially perpendicular
lines that intersect at a point.
Strain-rate tensor
We can combine linear strain rate and shear strain rate into one symmetric second-order tensor called the strain-rate
tensor.
 u 1  u v  1  u w  
    
 x 2  y x  2  z x  
  xx  xy  xz  
  1  v u  v 1  v w  
 ij    yx  yy  yz        z  y  
  zx  zy  2  x y  y 2  
  zz   
 1  w  u  1  w  v  w 
 2  x z  2  y z   
   z 
If the body undergoes a rigid-body motion, then every component of the strain tensor is zero
Rotation
 If    then the fluid element is under rigid body rotation on the x-y plane. No angular strain is experienced, i.e.,

81
xy   yx  0
v u

x y
 When ≠  , the rotation of fluid element in x-y plane is the average rotation of the two mutually perpendicular lines
AB and AC; therefore,
1 Δ  Δ  1  v u 
Ωz  lim    
Δt 0 t 2 2  x y 
where a counter clockwise rotation is chosen as positive and the rotation axis is in the z direction
 Rotation is a vector quantity for fluid elements in 3-D motion. A fluid particle moving in a general 3-D flow field may
rotate about all three coordinate axes, thus:
Ω  Ωx i  Ω y j  Ωz k

82
 The vorticity of a flow field is defined as
i j k
 w v   u w   v u 
ω    v   x 
y

z
   i     j    k
u v w  y z   z x   x y 
 Therefore, ω    v  2Ω
 The flow vorticity ω is twice the rotation Ω
 In 2-D flow, ∂/∂z=0 and w=0 (or const.), so there is only one component of vorticity, Ωz
 Irrotational flow is defined as having

 v  0

Review of Basic Concepts

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Review of Basic Concepts

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

03 ME 6021 Compressible and Incompressible Flows

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

Study of fluids either in motion (fluid dynamics) or at rest

Subsequent effects of the fluid upon the boundaries,

Gases and liquids are classified as fluids.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

States of Matter – Fluid & Solid

Technical distinction between a solid and a fluid

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

For liquids, it is stronger which is sufficient enough to hold the

The combination of cohesion forces between adjacent molecules

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

For gases, it is very weak which enables the gas to disintegrate

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

Fluid's properties such as density, or conditions such as

In other words, we refer to the average or macroscopic

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

Density is essentially a point function and fluid

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

The fluid behaviour in which its properties are continuous

As a consequence of the continuum assumption, each fluid

Thus the complete representation of density (the field

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

The continuum approach can be applied only when the

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

The continuum approach is usually not valid when the

A nondimensional number utilized to judge whether

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

Viscosity & its effects

Newton's law of viscosity

– μ –dynamic or absolute viscosity

1 Poise = 0.1 Pa.S

Viscosity & its effects

• The rate of deformation (velocity gradient) of a Newtonian fluid is

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

Viscosity & its effects

Viscosity & its effects

The big difference is that while μ is constant (except

Dilatant (or shear thickening) fluids,(n > 1)

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

• Variation of shear stress with the rate of deformation for

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

Viscosity & its effects

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

Momentum exchange due to migration of molecules causes forces of

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

Viscosity & its effects

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

Viscosity & its effects

Kinematic viscosity represents momentum diffusivity

d (ρu)/dy) is momentum flux in y direction

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

Viscosity & its effects

• This behavior of no-slip at the solid surface is not

• The wetting property results from surface tension,

– Hypothetical fluid with zero viscosity

• All the fluids in reality have viscosity (μ > 0) and hence

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

– The density for air at standard atmospheric conditions,