2 HALF LIFE PROBLEMS

1. The half-life of 222 Rn is 4 days. After how many days is the amount remaining ¼ of the original
amount?
0 days 1 whole remains
4 days (1 half-life) 1/2 • 1 whole remains
8 days (2 half-lives) 1/2 • 1/2 (i.e. 1/4) remains
After 8 days only ¼ of the original amt. remains

2. The half-life of a material is 100 years. If you have 1,000.0g, how much will remain after 500.0 years?
(1/2)(500/100)= .03125 → .03125 • 1,000g → 31.25g.

ATOMIC MASS/WEIGHT OF ELEMENT

MULTIPLY Mass of isotope by Abundance of isotope
Add each istope’s multipled result with eachother

MOLE MAP
 For mole conversions to ←amt. of particles or mass in grams→
Molecules, Atoms, ÷ Avogadro’s # → Moles of ← ÷ Substance’s Grams of
Ions, F. U. Substance Molecular Mass Substance
← • Avogadro’s # • Substance’s
Molecular Mass→
 Divide to return to moles
 Multiply to leave moles
 Note: This means→ 1 Mole = 6.02 • 1023 molecules

PERCENT MASS
MASS OF ELEMENT
% MASS OF COMPOUND / MASS OF COMPOUND • 100
 Divide each redeemed amt. by lowest one to find amt. of atoms (CH 2) in E.F.
 If you know molar mass + empirical formula: Divide molar mass by E.F.’s amu, then multiply this
value by each E.F. atom value (CH2 → C3H6 because 14 amu goes 3x into 42 g/mol)

NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
Right= release /// Left= absorption
(1) Natural Transmutation = alpha +4/+2, beta 0/-1, positron 0/+1 on right (released)
(2) Artificial Transmutation = alpha +4/+2, beta 0/-1, positron 0/+1 on left (bombarding)
(3) Fission = Neutron smacking an atom (EXOTHERMIC)
(4) Fusion = Two small form one big (EXOTHERMIC)
Gamma emission= energy release= exothermic rxn
BENEFITS: Diagnose Disease (I-131 and Thyroid Disorder Treatment)…Fission/Fusion R Energy Sources
RISKS: Storage Issue of Radioactive Waste … Accidents in Nuclear Power Plants (Meltdowns)

BONDING
Larger molecules= strongest LDF forces
Group 15= 2 Nonmetals // 2 Metalloids // 1 Metal
Group 17-Halogens= Highest Reactivity + All Phases
Al, At, and Ge= Not Metalloids … Se= Metalloid (7 IN ALL)

Gold foil experiment (Rutherford) concludes that: 1) Atom mostly composed of empty space (Most α
particles went through) 2) Atoms have small nuclei containing mass and positively charged protons
(Some α particles bounced/deflected)

PERCENT ERROR
|measured . value .−. accepted . value|
PE = accepted . value • 100

PRECISION VS. ACCURACY

Precision: proximity of several measurements to one another.
Accuracy: proximity of a measurement to the true/intended value of a quantity.

SPECTRUM
Continuous Spectrum: Contains all colors of visible light (ROY G BIV)
Light Spectrum: Contains specific wavelengths of light (Discontinuous Spectrum)
 Every element has its own line spectrum

PERIODIC TABLE PATTERNS/Notes

Reactivity of Metals, Atomic Radius: increase downward↓… then leftward←
Reactivity of Nonmetals, Ionization Energy, Electronegativity: increase upward↑… then rightward→
 Alkali Metals: Group 1… Produce white bases after chem rxn
 Alkaline Earth Metals: Group 2… Produce white bases after chem rxn