01-Introduction To DSP

Addis Ababa Science and Technology University
College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering

Electrical & Computer Engineering Department
Digital Signal Processing (EEEg-3151)
Chapter One
Introduction to Digital Signal Processing
Introduction to Digital Signal Processing
Outline
 Introduction
 Limitations of Analog Signal Processing
 Applications of Digital Signal Processing
 Advantages and Disadvantages of DSP
 Sampling of Continuous-time Signals
Semester-II, 2017/18 2
Introduction
 Signal processing is a method of modifying one signal into

another signal.
 We encounter many types of signals in various applications
 Electrical signals: voltage, current, magnetic and electric fields,…
 Mechanical signals: velocity, force, displacement,…
 Acoustic signals: sound, vibration,…
 Other signals: pressure, temperature,…
 Most real-world signals are analog

 They are continuous in time and amplitude
 Convert to voltage or currents using sensors and transducers
Introduction Cont’d……
 Signal processing can be classified into two broad categories:

Analog Signal Processing and Digital Signal Processing
 Analog signal processing can be done using analog circuit

elements such as:
 Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Amplifiers,…
 Analog signal processing examples

 Audio processing in FM radios
 Video processing in traditional TV sets
Limitations of Analog Signal Processing
 Accuracy limitations due to

 Component tolerances
 Undesired nonlinearities
 Limited repeatability due to

 Tolerances
 Changes in environmental conditions
• Temperature
• Vibration
Limitations of Analog Signal Processing….
 Sensitivity to electrical noise
 Inflexibility to changes
 Limited dynamic range for voltage and currents
 Difficulty of implementing certain operations

 Nonlinear operations
 Time-varying operations
 Difficulty of storing information
Digital Signal Processing
 Represent signals by a sequence of numbers
 Sampling or analog-to-digital conversions
 Perform processing on these numbers with a digital
processor
 Digital signal processing
 Reconstruct analog signal from processed numbers
 Reconstruction or digital-to-analog conversion
digital digital
signal signal
analog analog
signal A/D D/A signal
7
Digital Signal Processing……..
Forms or Types of Signal Processing:
 Analog input – analog output  Analog Signal Processing

 Digital recording of music
 Analog input – digital output  Mixed Signal Processing

 Touch tone phone dialing
 Digital input – analog output  Mixed Signal Processing

 Text to speech
 Digital input – digital output  Digital Signal Processing

 Compression of a file on computer
Applications of Digital Signal Processing
 Where is DSP applicable?
 DSP has wide range of applications in every area of
electrical engineering.
Applications of Digital Signal Processing…..
 Sound applications
 Compression, enhancement, special effects, synthesis, recognition,
echo cancellation,…
 Cell Phones, MP3 Players, Movies, Dictation, Text-to-speech,…
 Communication
 Modulation, coding, detection, equalization, echo cancellation,…
 Cell Phones, dial-up modem, DSL modem, Satellite Receiver,…
 Automotive
 ABS, GPS, Active Noise Cancellation, Cruise Control, Parking,…
Applications of Digital Signal Processing…..
 Medical
 Magnetic Resonance, Tomography, Electrocardiogram,…
 Military
 Radar, Sonar, Space photographs, remote sensing,…
 Image and Video Applications

 DVD, JPEG, Movie special effects, video conferencing,…
 Mechanical
 Motor control, process control, oil and mineral prospecting,…
Advantages and Disadvantages of DSP
Advantages:
 Accuracy can be controlled by choosing word length
 Repeatable
 Sensitivity to electrical noise is minimal
 Dynamic range can be controlled using floating point numbers
 Flexibility can be achieved with software implementations
 Non-linear and time-varying operations are easier to implement
 Digital storage is cheap
Advantages and Disadvantages of DSP…….
Advantages:
 Digital information can be encrypted for security
 Price/performance and reduced time-to-market

Disadvantages:
 Sampling causes loss of information
 A/D and D/A requires mixed-signal hardware
 Limited speed of processors
 Quantization and round-off errors
Sampling of Continuous-time Signals
 Most discrete-time signals come from sampling a continuous-

time signal, such as speech and audio signals, radar and sonar
data, and seismic and biological signals.
 The process of converting these signals into digital form is

known as analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion.
 The reverse process of reconstructing an analog signal from its

samples is known as digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion.
Sampling of Continuous-time Signals……..
 A discrete-time signal x(n) is obtained from a continuous-time

signal xa(t) according to the relation:
x(n)  x a (nTs ) ,    n  
where :
Ts : is the sampling period
 The reciprocal of the sampling period is known as the sampling
frequency.
1
fs 
Ts
where :
f s : is the sampling frequency
 A system that implements the above operation is known as an

ideal continuous-time to discrete-time (C/D) converter.
Fig. Ideal continuous-time to discrete-time (C/D) converter
 The sampling operation is generally not invertible.

 This is because many input continuous-time signals can produce
the same output discrete-time signal.
 The overall sampling process can be illustrated by the figure

given below.
Fig. Continuous-to-discrete (C/D) conversion
 First, the continuous-time signal is multiplied by a periodic

sequence of impulses to form a sampled signal.
 The periodic sequence of impulses is given by:

s a (t )    t  nT 
n  
s
 And the sampled signal is given by:
x s (t )  x a (t ) * s a (t )

 x s (t )   x nT  t  nT 
n  
a s s
 Then, the sampled signal is converted into a discrete-time signal
by mapping the impulses that are spaced in time by Ts into a
sequence x(n) where the sample values are indexed by the
integer variable n:
x(n)  xa nTs 
Fig. An example that illustrates the conversion process
 Consider a continuous-time sinusoidal signal given by:
xa (t )  cos m t   cos2f m t 
 The sampled discrete-time sinusoidal signal is given by:
x(n)  xa (nTs )  cos m nTs   cosm n

 Thus, the continuous-time angular frequency  m and discrete-
time angular frequency  m can be related as:
 m   mTs ,  m : continuous - time angular frequency
 m : discrete - time angular frequency

Nyquist Sampling Theorem:
 Let x a (t ) be a bandlimited signal with:
Xa ( f )  0 , for f  f m
 Then x a (t ) can be uniquely recovered from its
samples x(n)  x a (nTs ) only if:
fs  2 fm  f N
 The maximum frequency content of the continuous-time signal
fm is called the Nyquist frequency and the minimum sampling
frequency fN is known as the Nyquist rate.
Example-1:
Consider the continuous-time signal given by:
xa (t )  3 cos50t   5 cos100t   10 cos300t 
a. Find the Nyquist rate for xa(t).
b. What will be the resulting discrete-time signal, if xa(t) is

sampled at:
i. the Nyquist rate.
ii. a rate of twice the Nyquist rate.
Solution:
a. The maximum frequency of the continuous-time signal is
obtained as:
m 300
fm   fm   150 Hz
2 2
The Nyquist rate is then:
f N  2 fm  f N  2 *150  300 Hz
b. The discrete-time signal obtained by sampling the above

continuous-time signal can be calculated as follows:
Solution:
i. When the sampling frequency is equal to the Nyquist

rate:
f s  f N  f s  300 Hz
 1   2   3 
x(n)  3 cos n   5 cos n   10 cos n 
 fs   fs   fs 
 50   100   300 
 x(n)  3 cos n   5 cos n   10 cos n
 300   300   300 
 n   n 
 x(n)  3 cos   5 cos   10 cos n 
 6   3
Solution:
ii. When the sampling frequency is equal to twice the

Nyquist rate:
f s  2 f N  f s  2 * 300 Hz  600 Hz
 1   2   3 
x(n)  3 cos n   5 cos n   10 cos n 
 fs   fs   fs 
 50   100   300 
 x(n)  3 cos n   5 cos n   10 cos n
 600   600   600 
 n   n   n 
 x(n)  3 cos   5 cos   10 cos 
 12   6   2
Example-2:
Consider the discrete-time signal given by:
 n 
x(n)  cos 
 8 
Find two different continuous-time signals that would produce
the above discrete-time signal when sampled at a frequency of
fs=10 kHz.
Solution:
• Consider a continuous-time sinusoidal signal given by:
xa (t )  cos m t   cos2f m t 
Solution:
• Sampling the above continuous-time sinusoidal signal with a
sampling frequency of fs results in the discrete-time signal
given by:
 fm 
x(n)  xa (nTs )  cos 2 n 
 fs 
• However, for any integer k, we have:
 fm   f m  kf s 
cos 2 n   cos 2 n 
 fs   fs 
Solution:
• Therefore, any sinusoid with a frequency f  f mkf s will
produce the same discrete-time signal when sampled with a
sampling frequency fs.
• For the given discrete-time signal, we have:
fm  1
2   fm  f s  625 Hz
fs 8 16
• Therefore, two continuous-time signals that produce the given
discrete-time signal are:
x1 (t )  cos1250t  and x2 (t )  cos21250t 
Exercise
1. Describe some application areas of digital signal processing in

the field of:
a. Communication Engineering
b. Military
2. Consider the continuous-time signal given by:
xa (t )  cos650t   2 sin720t 
a. What is the Nyquist rate for xa(t) ?
b. If xa(t) is sampled at a rate of twice the Nyquist rate, what

will be the resulting discrete-time signal?
Exercise……..
3. Consider the continuous-time signal given by:

xa (t )  sin200t 
What will be the resulting discrete-time signal x(n), if the
above continuous-time signal is sampled with a sampling
1
period of Ts  seconds.
400
4. Find two different continuous-time signals that will produce

the discrete-time signal x(n)  cos(0.15n) when sampled
with a sampling frequency of 8 kHz.
Exercise……..
5. Consider the discrete-time signal given by:
 n 
x(n)  cos  ,   n  
 4
The above discrete-time signal was obtained by sampling the
following continuous-time signal at a sampling rate of 1000
samples/sec.
xa (t )  cos m t  ,   t  
What are the two possible positive values of  m that would

have resulted in the discrete-time signal x(n)?
Exercise……..
6. Consider a continuous-time signal given by:
xa (t )  sin(20t )  cos(40t )
The above discrete-time signal is sampled with a sampling

period Ts to obtain the discrete-time signal:
 n   2n 
x(n)  sin   cos 
 5  5 
Determine two possible values of Ts that would have resulted in
the discrete-time signal x(n)?

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Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering

Digital Signal Processing (EEEg-3151)

 Signal processing is a method of modifying one signal into

 Most real-world signals are analog

 Signal processing can be classified into two broad categories:

 Analog signal processing can be done using analog circuit

 Analog signal processing examples

 Video processing in traditional TV sets

 Accuracy limitations due to

 Limited repeatability due to

 Changes in environmental conditions

 Sensitivity to electrical noise

 Limited dynamic range for voltage and currents

 Difficulty of implementing certain operations

 Difficulty of storing information

Forms or Types of Signal Processing:

 Analog input – analog output  Analog Signal Processing

 Analog input – digital output  Mixed Signal Processing

 Digital input – analog output  Mixed Signal Processing

 Digital input – digital output  Digital Signal Processing

 Cell Phones, MP3 Players, Movies, Dictation, Text-to-speech,…

 Cell Phones, dial-up modem, DSL modem, Satellite Receiver,…

 Image and Video Applications

 Sensitivity to electrical noise is minimal

 Dynamic range can be controlled using floating point numbers

 Flexibility can be achieved with software implementations

 Non-linear and time-varying operations are easier to implement

 Digital storage is cheap

 Price/performance and reduced time-to-market

 A/D and D/A requires mixed-signal hardware

 Limited speed of processors

 Quantization and round-off errors

 Most discrete-time signals come from sampling a continuous-

 The process of converting these signals into digital form is

 The reverse process of reconstructing an analog signal from its

 A discrete-time signal x(n) is obtained from a continuous-time

 A system that implements the above operation is known as an

Fig. Ideal continuous-time to discrete-time (C/D) converter

 The sampling operation is generally not invertible.

 The overall sampling process can be illustrated by the figure

Fig. Continuous-to-discrete (C/D) conversion

 First, the continuous-time signal is multiplied by a periodic

 And the sampled signal is given by:

Fig. An example that illustrates the conversion process

 Consider a continuous-time sinusoidal signal given by:

x(n)  xa (nTs )  cos m nTs   cosm n

 m   mTs ,  m : continuous - time angular frequency

 m : discrete - time angular frequency

xa (t )  3 cos50t   5 cos100t   10 cos300t 

a. Find the Nyquist rate for xa(t).

b. What will be the resulting discrete-time signal, if xa(t) is

i. the Nyquist rate.

ii. a rate of twice the Nyquist rate.

b. The discrete-time signal obtained by sampling the above

i. When the sampling frequency is equal to the Nyquist

ii. When the sampling frequency is equal to twice the

1. Describe some application areas of digital signal processing in

b. If xa(t) is sampled at a rate of twice the Nyquist rate, what

3. Consider the continuous-time signal given by:

4. Find two different continuous-time signals that will produce

5. Consider the discrete-time signal given by:

What are the two possible positive values of  m that would